非离子表面活性剂在油溶液中的流变性质

反胶团是形成Ｗ／Ｏ乳液或微乳液的基础。通过对若干表面活性剂和油二元系溶液粘滞系数的实际测量,发现不同的表面活性剂与油的组合,其粘滞系数性质有不同的表现。从这个结果可以确定反胶团粒子出现与否,而反胶团粒子的出现能够提供了一个简单的方法,来判断某未知油能否被乳化成Ｗ／Ｏ型乳液或微乳液。     

一元和多元醇对非离子表面活性剂的雾点和临界胶束浓度的影响

测定了乙醇、丙醇、丙三醇、季戊四醇和甘露醇对ＴｒｉｔｏｎＸ １００（ＴＸ１００）水溶液的雾点和ＣＭＣ的影响，结果表明，丙醇使ＴＸ１００溶液的雾点升高最多，其次是乙醇，季戊四醇几乎无影响，丙三醇使雾点稍有下降，而甘露醇使雾点下降最多，雾点与各添加物的浓度都近似成线性关系。除了ＴＸ１００的ＣＭＣ随甘露醇浓度的增大单调下降外，其余四种添加物的影响都与其浓度有关，即ＴＸ１００的ＣＭＣ都随添加物浓度的增大先降后升。这些结果说明，添加物对雾点的影响和对ＣＭＣ的影响之间并不存在相应的关系，根据胶束化是表面活性分子之间的疏水相互作用引起的，而雾点现象是胶束聚集造成的，对上述结果作了可能的解释。     

新型非离子表面活性剂及其功能

本文概述了新型的以聚氧化乙烯亲水基的非离子表面活性剂的制备，特性及其应用。     

非离子表面活性剂的研究进展

综述了非离子表面活性剂的最新研究进展。并按照化学结构将非离子表面活性剂分为聚氨酯类、聚乙二醇类、氟碳类非离子表面活性剂以及其它类非离子表面活性剂;以此对各类表面活性剂的合成进行了介绍并讨论了其结构与性能的关联。     

非离子表面活性剂棕榈酸异丙酯的合成研究

棕榈酸异丙酯(IPP)是一种低粘度亲油类的非离子型表面活性剂,大量用于护肤霜和蜜类化妆品中.它的合成方法主要有4种[1,2]:1.在磺酸型离子交换树脂存在下,丙烯与棕榈酸并流通过反应床.2.以沸石负载锌作催化剂,在2758 kPa压力下,棕榈酸同丙烯快速合成棕榈酸异丙酯.3.以棕榈酸、异丙醇为反应物,直接酯化合成棕榈酸异丙酯.4.以含棕榈酸的油脂为原料(如椰子油或棕榈油),与过量的甲醇在常压下、催化剂存在下进行醇解反应,再经进一步酯交换、分馏制得.棕榈油是天然可再生资源,利用棕榈油提取得到的棕榈酸天然、安全、可靠.本文以棕榈油为原料,从中提取棕榈酸,再以棕榈酸、异丙醇为反应物,以改性氧化锆或SO42-/ZrO2固体超强酸作为催化剂直接酯化合成棕榈酸异丙酯.得到了直接酯化法合成棕榈酸异丙酯的最佳工艺参数.收率在90%以上,棕榈酸异丙酯纯度达98.6%.     

添加剂对非离子表面活性剂浊点的影响

研究了醇类、聚合物、离子型表面活性剂、有机复配物等添加剂对非离子表面活性剂浊点的影响,总结出几类添加剂对非离子表面活性剂浊点的影响规律。结果表明,有机醇对浊点的影响比较复杂,聚合物随着分子链的长短对浊点的影响而不同,离子型表面活性剂的加入会有效提高非离子表面活性剂的浊点。     

近代非离子表面活性剂合成及装置

本文讨论了近代多功能非离子表面活性剂的合成工艺条件,催化剂开发和筛选,尤其对乙氧基化反应器结构演变进程作了全面回顾。     

THE SPREADING OF AQUEOUS SURFACTANT SOLUTIONS ON GLASS

An investigation of the spreading behavior of drops of a number of aqueous anionic, cationic and non-ionic surfactant solutions has demonstrated, for the first-time, spreading to a maximum solid-solution contact area, and then contraction to a smaller final size. The nature and kinetics of the spreading and contraction are shown to be dependent on the type and concentration of the surfactant. Generally, the maximum contact area decreases with increasing surfactant concentration, to a minimum (or no spreading) in the vicinity of the CMC. Above the CMC, anionic and nonionic surfactant solutions spread with peripheral fingering, followed by contraction, while cationic surfactant solutions do not spread at these concentrations. The results are explained in terms of the thin primary film spreading ahead of the drop.     

THE SPREADING OF AQUEOUS SURFACTANT SOLUTIONS ON GLASS

An investigation of the spreading behavior of drops of a number of aqueous anionic, cationic and non-ionic surfactant solutions has demonstrated, for the first-time, spreading to a maximum solid-solution contact area, and then contraction to a smaller final size. The nature and kinetics of the spreading and contraction are shown to be dependent on the type and concentration of the surfactant. Generally, the maximum contact area decreases with increasing surfactant concentration, to a minimum (or no spreading) in the vicinity of the CMC. Above the CMC, anionic and nonionic surfactant solutions spread with peripheral fingering, followed by contraction, while cationic surfactant solutions do not spread at these concentrations. The results are explained in terms of the thin primary film spreading ahead of the drop.     

VISCOSITY OF MIXED SURFACTANT SOLUTIONS CONTAINING PETROLEUM SULFONATES AND LIGNOSULFONATES

The effect of addition of lignosulfonates on the viscosity of petroleum sulfonate solutions was investigated in relation to potential applications of such mixtures in enhanced oil recovery. Substantial viscosity increases were recorded. For example, the viscosity of a 4% solution of Petrostep-420 increased from 2 mPa·s to about 15mPa·s upon the addition of 1.5% of Marasperse C-21. The effect of sodium chloride concentration on the viscosity was also studied. It was found that only calcium, or mixed calcium-sodium based lignosulfonates, were effective in increasing the viscosity of petroleum sulfonates. The viscosity effects observed are discussed in reference to the phase behavior observed in the systems.     

VISCOSITY OF MIXED SURFACTANT SOLUTIONS CONTAINING PETROLEUM SULFONATES AND LIGNOSULFONATES

The effect of addition of lignosulfonates on the viscosity of petroleum sulfonate solutions was investigated in relation to potential applications of such mixtures in enhanced oil recovery. Substantial viscosity increases were recorded. For example, the viscosity of a 4% solution of Petrostep-420 increased from 2 mPa·s to about 15mPa·s upon the addition of 1.5% of Marasperse C-21. The effect of sodium chloride concentration on the viscosity was also studied. It was found that only calcium, or mixed calcium-sodium based lignosulfonates, were effective in increasing the viscosity of petroleum sulfonates. The viscosity effects observed are discussed in reference to the phase behavior observed in the systems.     

一种新型的荧光探针及其在表面活性剂溶液胶束形成过程中的应用

一种新型的荧光探针及其在表面活性剂溶液胶束形成过程中的应用姜永才，汪鹏飞，吴世康（中国科学院感光化学研究所，北京１００１０１）关键词荧光探针，表面活性剂，分子集合体，极性，粘度近年来，具有分子内共轭的电荷转移化合物用作荧光探针来研究微环境的特性得到较...     

表面活性剂溶液起泡性研究Ⅱ．正负离子表面活性剂混合体系

对全氟辛酸、ω－氯代氧杂全氟癸酸、癸酸钠及三种ａ－磺基癸酸盐与烷基三甲铵盐混合水溶液起泡性质进行了研究。结果表明，ω－氯代氧杂全氟癸酸有很低的临界胶团浓度，仟低水表面张力的能力很强，并有很好的起泡性能。它与溴化辛基三甲铵混合体系的起泡性却与一般正负表面活性剂混合体系迥异，混合体系的起泡性反劣于单一体系。这破归之于ω－氯代结构的特殊影响。全氟辛酸和三种ａ－磺基癸酸衍生物与烷基三甲铵盐混合水溶肤泡沫性质比单一溶液均显著增强，而癸酸钠与烷基三甲铵盐混合水溶液起泡性却明显削弱。     

改进的UNIQUAC模型在非离子表面活性剂溶液中的应用

将非离子表面活性剂划分为链节,建立了一个计算混合Gibbs自由能的分子热力学模型,对不同温度下的5个非离子表面活性剂-水体系的临界胶束浓度进行了关联,并利用得到的参数预测了不同温度下其他14个表面活性剂体系的临界胶束浓度,关联与预测结果均令人满意。与Chen-NRTL模型相比,本模型计算精度较好,具有预测功能。     

气泡长大技术测定表面活性剂溶液的动表面张力

在理论分析的基础上,采用计算机图像采集技术,实时记录气泡的长大过程,用图像分析技术确定气泡边缘形状,即采用局部阈值的边缘跟踪算法识别气泡的边缘井进行优化,建立了根据气泡图像测定动表面张力的实验装置,可直接测量动表面张力随时间的变化.测定了十二烷基硫酸钠溶液的动表面张力.     

基于微扰理论的表面活性剂水溶液表面状态方程

应用微扰理论并借鉴二维气体理论的处理方法,建立了非离子表面活性剂水溶液的表面状态方程。将微扰理论与压力方程相结合,建立了离子表面活性剂水溶液的表面状态方程。运用提出的状态方程,分别对6种烷基聚氧乙烯醚、辛基酚聚氧乙烯醚、十二烷基硫酸钠等表面活性剂水溶液的表面压数据进行了关联,并利用关联所得的参数预测了其他种类的烷基聚氧乙烯醚及辛基酚聚氧乙烯醚和十二烷基硫酸钠水溶液在不同温度下的表面压。关联和预测的精度均较高,结果令人满意。     

罗丹明－B及其烷基衍生物在表面活性剂溶液中探针功能的研究

罗丹明－Ｂ及其烷基衍生物在表面活性剂溶液中探针功能的研究顾新华，戴光松，吴世康（中国科学院感光化学研究所，北京１００１０１）关键词罗丹明－Ｂ衍生物，表面活性剂，分子探针近十年来，人们除对高度有序的分子晶体进行持续的深入研究外，对另一类有组织的分子集合...