大震前重力地脉动异常分析

研究了高台地震台和兰州地震台在2008年5月12日汶川8.0级、2009年8月28日青海海西6.4级、2009年9月30日撒摩亚群岛8.1级地震前重力记录资料脉动幅度及频谱变化,总结了重力地脉动在时间域和频率域上的临震前兆异常特征,发现有与宽带地震仪低频波异常对应的异常信息,即震前时域脉动曲线出现纺锤型或喇叭口形态,0.1～0.14Hz的频幅最大值在震前几天加速增大直到发震.跟踪地脉动异常变化可以为地震短临预报提供有用信息.     

汶川地震前地脉动信号的单台法研究

汶川地震前,我国及周边地区地震台站记录的地脉动信号显著增强,对这段时期内的地脉动信号进行频谱分析发现,它们的能量主要集中在0.20Hz附近.通过单台法对该频段信号进行定向,发现多个大陆和海岛台站记录的地脉动信号来源方向均指向我国东部海域,且方向变化与同期的威马逊台风路径保持很好的一致性.结合已有的地脉动信号强度随与台风...     

汶川大震前数字地震仪位移地脉动低频异常现象研究

选取了2008年4月25日至5月12日间的四川台网14个台宽频带地震仪记录到的地脉动波形资料,把速度波形做适当的数据校正和滤波处理后,经积分转换成位移波形.频谱分析结果表明:地震发生前存在低频异常颤动,地震前2～3天开始0.1～0.3Hz频段傅里叶谱幅值逐渐增大;各个台的位移振幅值逐渐增强.其中靠近龙门山断裂带的台站记录到的地脉动变化较明显.     

汶川大地震前非台风扰动现象的研究

为了区分汶川大地震的震前扰动现象中的台风因素和非台风因素,本文研究了中国大陆宽带地震仪在汶川大地震前记录到的异常扰动信号的时频特征.研究结果表明汶川大地震的震前扰动主要由两种扰动构成,二者动态特征完全不同.其中优势频率为0.2～0.25 Hz的扰动主要与台风Rammasun有关.这种台风扰动在沿海地区较强,在内陆地区较弱,其震动源在靠近台风运动路径的海底.另一种优势频率为0.1～0.18 Hz的扰动与台风无关,这种非台风扰动在地震发生前约10 h突然急剧增强,其最大值出现在地震爆发时刻.非台风扰动在靠近震中的地区较强,在沿海和西部地区较弱.震源扰动扫描算法计算初步定位的结果显示其震动源不在海底,而是分散在震中附近的内陆地区.汶川大地震前的非台风扰动是否与汶川大地震有关,值得进行更深入的研究.     

地脉动记录中台风扰动和低频波前兆信息的频带区别研究

通过对宽频带数字资料在昆仑山口西8.1级、汶川8.0级、民乐—山丹6.1级地震前地脉动幅度和频谱变化的研究,发现在震前几天地脉动有明显的扰动变化,初步认为是大震的低频波前兆异常。而强台风对地脉动也有类似的扰动现象。从频率域对比研究后初步认为:低频波前兆异常的可能频带范围是0.1~0.14 Hz,而强台风对地脉动的扰动频率范围是0.15~0.30 Hz。区别对待这两个频带,对跟踪强震临震异常有现实意义。     

地脉动在大震前的异常变化研究

利用2008年4月28日0时至5月12日13时许昌地震台地震连续波形资料,对安德列亚诺夫群岛7.0级、日本东海岸近海7.1级和汶川8.0级地震3次M≥7.0地震前地脉动变化情况进行了频域、振幅的量化分析,得出如下结论:3次地震前三分向都记录到了地脉动异常,水平向较垂直向明显;傅立叶谱0.2~0.3 Hz谱振幅值出现较大变化,进程上具有快速增大—达到最大值—下降—下降过程中发震的特征;地脉动异常分别在3次地震前2.3、3.3、2.9 d出现,属临震异常。     

云南测震记录数据对台风登陆过程的响应

针对云南省香格里拉县发生的2次地震的"震前扰动"现象,以及同时期在关岛西南部海面上发生的超强台风Utor活动情况,对云南省部分数字地震台站观测到的异常扰动信号的频谱特征及持续时间进行分析研究,探讨震前低频扰动现象是否与台风引起的巨浪产生的地脉动效应有关。结果显示,"震前扰动"现象确与台风路径以及台风的强度密切相关,异常扰动信号开始时间基本与台风进入大陆架时间一致,台风引起的异常扰动信号的优势频率为0.15~0.3Hz。     

灯塔M5.1地震前沈阳地震台地脉动研究

对2013年灯塔M5.1地震前沈阳地震台JCZ-1T超宽频带地震计数字记录地脉动变化进行频域分析,经过大量多组不同频段的频域对比分析,确定了1.4~1.6 Hz和2~3 Hz频段在灯塔M5.1地震前沈阳地震台有地脉动异常变化,利用振幅值和频率做出了地震前地脉动幅度和频率变化曲线,并总结了灯塔地震前沈阳地震台地脉动的变化特征。     

利用DEMETER卫星数据分析强震前后的电离层异常

基于法国DEMETER卫星观测的离子温度(T_i)、 VLF电磁场单频点频谱数据探索了2008年5月12日汶川M_S8.0、 2010年1月12日海地M_S7.3和2010年2月27日智利M_S8.8等3次强震前后与地震有关的电离层异常现象. 结果发现, 汶川地震前3天(5月9日)震中北偏西方向离子温度明显升高, 震前4天(5月8日)VLF磁场低于200 Hz的频段范围频谱在震中2°以内有明显突升; 智利地震前9天(2月18日)震中北东方向离子温度有剧烈扰动, 震前4天(2月23日)VLF磁场100—160 Hz频段范围内出现突升; 海地地震震前没有观测到明显的异常现象, 但地震发生当天(震后约4—5小时)的T_i, 40—160 Hz频段电场频谱, 以及120—480 Hz磁场频谱均有明显突升, 应为地震发生后能量释放所引起. 分析认为, 不同地震由于发震机制等各种情况的不同, 其地震前后的表现也各不相同. 虽然目前没有直接的证据表明本文研究的异常变化是由地震的孕育和发生引起的, 但在数据处理中已尽可能排除了太阳、 地磁等因素的影响, 并且研究结果与前人的研究经验吻合, 因此本文发现的异常可能与地震发生的关系较大.      

阿拉善左旗5.8级地震前地脉动信号特征分析

本文针对2015年4月15日发生在南北地震带北端的阿拉善左旗5.8级地震,利用乌海台、东升庙台、石嘴山台的连续数字地震波形资料,采用快速傅里叶变换对三个台站的2015年4月1日00时—4月15日23时波形数据进行分析,并持续跟踪0~0.25 Hz包络幅值极大值的变化形态。结果显示:(1)在5.8级地震前,震中附近的乌海地震台、东升庙地震台、石嘴山地震台记录的地震波形均出现频谱向低频偏移的现象;(2)三个台站出现低频异常的包络幅值极大值跟踪形态不一致,其中只有乌海台在震前出现明显的持续不稳定异常,异常持续时间约120h;(3)三个台站距离震中由近及远包络幅值极大值的跟踪形态差异明显。     

A Monte Carlo study of rainfall forecasting with a stochastic model

A procedure for short-term rainfall forecasting in real-time is developed and a study of the role of sampling on forecast ability is conducted. Ground level rainfall fields are forecasted using a stochastic space-time rainfall model in state-space form. Updating of the rainfall field in real-time is accomplished using a distributed parameter Kalman filter to optimally combine measurement information and forecast model estimates. The influence of sampling density on forecast accuracy is evaluated using a series of a simulated rainfall events generated with the same stochastic rainfall model. Sampling was conducted at five different network spatial densities. The results quantify the influence of sampling network density on real-time rainfall field forecasting. Statistical analyses of the rainfall field residuals illustrate improvement in one hour lead time forecasts at higher measurement densities.     

Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration Aims And Scope

正This journal is established by the Institute of Engineering Mechanics(IEM),China Earthquake Administration,to promote scientific exchange between Chinese and foreign scientists and engineers so as to improve the theory and practice of earthquake hazards mitigation,preparedness,and recovery.To accomplish this purpose,the journal aims to attract a balanced number of papers between Chinese and     

Solute concentrations in the lower niger river and the source rock contribution

Water quality analyses for the Niger River for the 1980/81 hydrological year are presented. The samples were collected from the main river at Lokoja, and from two main tributaries, the Kaduna and the Benue Rivers. Different water types were distinguished by the concentrations of major ions. The type Ca > Na > Mg > K - HCO₃ > SO₄ > Cl was represented at all stations during at least part of the year. Chloride was found to dominate the sulphate ion in the Kaduna and Niger, while the Benue maintained a higher concentration of sulphate relative to chloride all year round. Distinct patterns of seasonal variation in the ion concentrations were observed, particularly for the samples collected at Lokoja. Low ion concentrations were prominent during periods of high discharge, while low flow periods coincided with high dissolved ion concentrations. The contribution of rainwater to the total dissolved solids in the river waters was assessed indirectly using rainwater chemistry data from the Gulf of Guinea. The estimated rainwater contribution to the Lower Niger amounts to 5.15 mg 1^?1. Geochemical weathering calculations involving reactions of the four major minerals of granitic rocks - anorthite, biotite, albite, and K-feldspar - with carbon dioxide and water, can account for the average water composition of the Lower Niger. The proportion of the ionic components was also related to the occurrence of the respective element in the minerals.     

Scenario predictions for potential near-field and far-field earthquakes affecting Hong Kong

Historical earthquakes noted in the written records of the South China region, including Hong Kong, are not well delineated along identified prominent fault sources. Despite the lack of any definitive, localised trend in the spatial distribution of seismic activity in the region, there does appear to be some major disparity in the seismic activity rates (especially for large magnitude earthquakes) between the near-field and the far-field regions of Hong Kong. Despite this observation, previous studies of the regional seismic activity and seismic ground motion hazard (the latter using a probabilistic seismic hazard assessment, PSHA) have considered very broad source zone regions, in which uniform levels of seismic activity have been assumed. The present paper further scrutinises this broad source zone (BSZ) approach by adopting a novel expanding circular disc (ECD) method to determine the rates of earthquake recurrence. Such a method is intended to counter-check previously developed models by determining earthquake scenario events in terms of magnitude–distance (M–R) pairs or combinations, having defined values of average return period. Unlike the BSZ approach, the ECD method specifically accounts for the supposed variations in the seismic activity rates between events in the near-field and the far-field of Hong Kong.The form of the developed method is particularly suited to the determination of design-level earthquake ground motions for bedrock sites, since it assumes a directionally-independent attenuation model as described in the companion paper. It is found that, whilst the BSZ approach may indicate the overall average levels of hazard that are representative of the South China region as a whole, it does not capture the large disparity in seismic activity rates between near-field and far-field events. This important feature is expected to have a significant impact upon engineering assessments of the seismic safety of structures in Hong Kong and elsewhere in the South China region. For example, it is found that for events with M≥6, the seismic activity rate (normalised by time and area) in the very far-field is around 3.5 times larger than in the near-field and medium-field of Hong Kong. The resulting design M-R combinations, covering a range of return periods from 70 to 2500 years, are limited, for very long return periods and for distant events, by the maximum credible earthquake (MCE) magnitude. Intensive research to determine this seismic hazard parameter is recommended, in order to refine further the results of the ECD analysis, which presently conservatively assumes the MCE to range between M=6 in the near-field of Hong Kong to M=8 in the very far-field, at distances greater than 280 km from Hong Kong.     

Depositional ages and characteristics of Middle–Upper Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous lacustrine deposits in southeastern Mongolia

Lower Cretaceous lacustrine oil shales are widely distributed in southeastern Mongolia. Due to the high organic carbon content of oil shale, many geochemical studies and petroleum exploration have been conducted. Although most of the oil shales are considered to be Early Cretaceous in age, a recent study reveals that some were deposited in the Middle Jurassic. The present study aims at establishing depositional ages and characteristics of the Jurassic and Cretaceous lacustrine deposits in Mongolia. The Lower Cretaceous Shinekhudag Formation is about 250 m thick and composed of alternating beds of shale and dolomite. The Middle Jurassic Eedemt Formation is about 150 m thick and composed of alternating beds of shale, dolomitic marl, and siltstone. The alternations of shale and dolomite in both formations were formed by lake level changes, reflecting precipitation changes. Shales were deposited in the center of a deep lake during highstand, while dolomites were formed by primary precipitation during lowstand. Based on the radiometric age dating, the Shinekhudag Formation was deposited between 123.8 ±2.0 Ma and 118.5 ±0.9 Ma of the early Aptian. The Eedemt Formation was deposited at around 165–158 Ma of Callovian–Oxfordian. The calculated sedimentation rate of the Shinekhudag Formation is between 4.7 ±2.6 cm/ky and 10.0 ±7.6 cm/ky. Shales in the Shinekhudag Formation show micrometer‐scale lamination, consisting of algal organic matter and detrital clay mineral couplets. Given the average thickness of micro‐laminae and calculated sedimentation rate, the micro‐lamination is most likely of varve origin. Both Middle–Upper Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous lacustrine oil shales were deposited in intracontinental basins in the paleo‐Asian continent. Tectonic processes and basin evolution basically controlled the deposition of these oil shales. In addition, enhanced precipitation under humid climate during the early Aptian and the Callovian–Oxfordian was another key factor inducing the widespread oil shale deposition in Mongolia.     

THEORETICAL APPROACH TO THE SOLUTION OF THE INFILTRATION PROBLEM

ABSTRACT

The one-dimensional transient downward entry of water in unsaturated soils is investigated theoretically. The mathematical equation describing the infiltration process is derived by combining Darcy's dynamic equation of motion with the continuity and thermodynamic state equations adjusted for the unsaturated flow conditions. The resulting equation together with the corresponding initial and boundary conditions constitues a mathematical initial boundary value problem requiring the solution of a nonlinear partial differential equation of the parabolic type. The volumetric water content is taken as the dependent variable and the time and the position along the vertical direction are taken as the independent variables. The governing equation is of such nature that a solution exists for t > 0 and is uniquely determined if two relationships are defined, together with the specified state of the system, at the initial time t = 0 and at the two boundaries. The two required relations are those of pressure versus permeability and pressure versus volumetric water content.

Since the partial differential equation has strong non-linear terms, a discrete solution is obtained by approximating the derivatives with finite-differences at discrete mesh points in the solution domain and integrated for the corresponding initial and boundary conditions. The use of an implicit difference scheme is employed in order to generate a system of simultaneous non-linear equations that has to be solved for each time increment. For n mesh points the two boundary conditions provide two equations and the repetition of the recurrence formula provides n—2 equations, the total being n equations for each time increment. The solution of the system is obtained by matrix inversion and particularly with a back-substitution technique. The FORTRAN statements used for obtaining the solution with an electronic digital computer (IBM 704) are presented together with the input data.

Analysis of the errors involved in the numerical solution is made and the stability and convergence of the solution of the approximate difference equation to that of the differential equation is investigated. The method applied is that of making a Fourier series expansion of a whole line of errors and then following the progress of the general term of the series expansion and also the behavior of each constituent harmonic. The errors (forming a continuous function of points in an abstract Banach space) are represented by vectors with the Fourier coefficients constituting a second Banach space. The amplification factor of the difference equation is shown to be always less than unity which guarantees the stability of the employed implicit recurrence scheme.

Experiments conducted on a vertical column packed uniformly with very fine sand, show a satisfactory agreement between the theoretically and experimentally obtained values. Many experimental results are shown in an attempt to explain the infiltration phenomenon with emphasis on the shape and movement of the wet front, and the effects of the degree of compaction, initial water content and deaired water on the infiltration rate.     

Late Permian post‐ophiolitic trondhjemites from Central Iran: a mark of subduction role in growth of Paleozoic continental crust

Late Permian trondhjemites in the Anarak area occur as stocks and dykes, which cross cut the Anarak ophiolite and its overlying metasedimentary rocks, and are exposed along the northern Anarak east–west main faults. These leucocratic intrusive bodies have enclaves of all ophiolitic units and metamorphic rocks. They are composed of amphibole, plagioclase (oligoclase), quartz, zircon and muscovite. Secondary minerals are chlorite (pycnochlorite), epidote, albite, magnetite and calcite. Whole‐rock major‐ and trace‐element analyses reveal that they are characterized by high SiO ₂ (67.8–71.0 wt%), Al ₂ O ₃ (14.9–17.1 wt%) and Na ₂ O (5.3–8.6 wt%), low K ₂ O (0.1–1.5 wt%; average: 0.8 wt%), low Rb/Sr ratio (0.01–0.40; average: 0.09), low Y (3–6 ppm), negative Ti, Nb and Ta anomalies, slightly negative or positive Eu anomaly, LREE enrichment and fractionated HREE. These rocks present 2 to 40 times enrichment in inclined chondrite‐normalized REE patterns. Geochemical characteristics of the Anarak trondhjemites all reflect melting of a mafic protolith at more than 10 kbar. The field evidence and whole‐rock chemistry reveal that these rocks have been crystallized from magmas derived from melting of subducted Anarak oceanic crust. This study reveals that melting of garnet amphibolite was an important element of continent formation in the study area.