甲氨蝶呤/层状双金属氢氧化物的粒径调控及缓释性能研究

在乙醇-水混合体系中, 以氨水为沉淀剂共沉淀合成了甲氨蝶呤/层状双金属氢氧化物(MTX/LDH)纳米复合物, 首次采用控制沉淀剂滴加速率的方式来调控其粒径. 利用X-射线衍射(XRD)、透射电镜(TEM)和红外光谱(FT-IR)等表征手段, 对其结构及形貌进行了表征. 研究表明: MTX分子以单层倾斜方式插入LDH层间, 随着滴加速率不同, MTX在层间的倾斜角度发生了变化; 沉淀剂滴加速率对产物的结晶度、粒径和层间排列方式都有影响, 当沉淀剂滴加速率为0.100 mL/s时, 得到的MTX/LDH纳米复合物的结晶度最高, 粒径最大. 在磷酸缓冲液中考察了不同粒径MTX/LDH纳米复合物的缓释性能, 结果表明: 小粒径的MTX/LDH纳米复合物的载药量要高于大粒径的; 当MTX阴离子在层间的倾斜角度相似时, 粒径小的粒子释放速率较慢, 缓释效果优于粒径大的. 尤为重要的是我们探索出一条保证复合物阴离子在层间的倾斜角度相似的情况下, 制备不同粒径纳米复合物的新途径.     

一氧化氮供体纳米复合物的合成与性质研究

一氧化氮供体纳米复合物由谷胱甘肽(GSH)包覆的Mn掺杂的Zn Se量子点和一氧化氮(NO)光敏供体复合而成.它通过双光子激发诱导RBS分解释放NO可以实现NO的可控释放.本方法顺利实现了静电自组装,合成的纳米复合材料作为智能药物载体具有很大的开发潜力.该量子点纳米复合材料对NO释放采用双光子激发的可控释放,释放的一氧化氮表现出显著的癌症细胞杀伤活性.     

甲氨蝶呤/层状双金属氢氧化物的性能调控及细胞生物实验研究

在乙醇-水混合体系中,以氨水为沉淀剂共沉淀合成了甲氨蝶呤/层状双金属氢氧化物(MTX/LDH)纳米复合物,采用控制水热处理时间的方式来调控其性能。利用X-射线衍射(XRD)、透射电镜(TEM)和红外光谱(FT-IR)等表征手段,对其结构及形貌进行了表征。研究表明:MTX分子以单层倾斜或垂直方式插入LDH层间,随着水热处理时间的不同,MTX在层间的倾斜角度发生了变化;水热处理时间对产物的结晶度、粒径和层间排列方式都有影响,当水热处理时间为12h时,得到的MTX/LDH纳米复合物的结晶度最高,单分散性最好。在磷酸缓冲液中考察了MTX/LDH纳米复合物的缓释性能,结果表明样品均呈现出良好的缓释性能,释放速率先快后慢。重点考察了这几种MTX/LDH纳米复合物作用于肺癌细胞A549的细胞生物实验,研究表明这几种复合物对肺癌细胞A549都具有良好的抑制作用,其效果与纳米复合物的单分散性和粒径有密切的关系,单分散性越好,粒径分布越均匀,对A549癌细胞的抑制效果越好。     

离子交换法合成MTX/LDHs复合物的研究及体外细胞实验的探索

研究了不同水热温度下合成的层状双金属氢氧化物(layered double hydroxides,LDHs)对离子交换法制备的MTX/LDHs纳米复合物的影响.并利用透射电镜(TEM)、X-射线衍射(XRD)、MTT等手段,对纳米复合物的结构及载药量、控释-缓释性、生物细胞活性母体等性质进行了系统研究.结果表明,不同LDHs母体对离子交换后复合物的形貌和性质起着至关重要的作用.在磷酸缓冲液中考察了MTX/LDHs纳米复合物的药物控释性能并进行了动力学拟合,结果表明,采用离子交换法制备MTX/LDHs纳米复合物的释药过程是Fick扩散控制的离子交换和粒内扩散过程.最后,采用MTT法探究了MTX/LDHs纳米复合物对肺癌细胞A549增殖的抑制作用,结果表明,复合物较纯的MTX具有更好的抑制癌细胞增殖的作用.     

一种阿霉素/NO供体光敏纳米复合物的合成与性质研究

以硫化铜纳米晶(CuS-NCs)为核心,聚N-异丙基丙烯酰胺接枝壳聚糖(PNIPAM-g-CS)微粒为壳合成一种新型光敏纳米复合材料.在温度的调节下,N-异丙基丙烯酰胺(NIPAM)包覆CuS纳米晶,并接枝壳聚糖(CS),合成CuS杂PNIPAM-g-CS纳米复合材料.CuS在近红外光(980 nm)照射下具有光热效应,导致纳米复合物中PNIPAM-g-CS微粒受热体积收缩.负载阿霉素,这种纳米复合物就可作为光热诱导释放阿霉素的多功能纳米载体.再负载NO光敏供体(RBS),就可制备出阿霉素/RBS双负载的CuS杂PNIPAM-g-CS纳米载体.在可见光(365 nm)照射下,RBS光解释放NO.近红外光和可见光分别触发纳米载体释放阿霉素和NO,加上CuS纳米晶的光热效应,这种纳米载体可实现光触发双药物释放协同光热化疗杀伤肿瘤细胞.     

细胞内氧化还原响应型肝靶向嵌段聚合物的合成及纳米自组装性能

通过两步可逆加成-断裂链转移自由基聚合(RAFT)和缩醛脱保护反应合成了一种亲水段含半乳糖侧基和疏水段含吡啶环二硫键侧基的两亲性嵌段聚合物PMAIg GP-b-PPDSMA(PMg PP),用核磁共振氢谱(~1H NMR)和凝胶渗透色谱(GPC)分析验证了目标产物的化学结构.利用纳米沉淀技术和巯基氧化自交联反应制备内核二硫键交联的PMg PP纳米粒(PMg PP-CC NPs).动态光散射(DLS)和透射电子显微镜(TEM)测定结果表明,PMg PP-CC NPs粒径较小(30 nm),且粒径分布较窄.在谷胱甘肽(GSH)还原环境下,PMg PPCC NPs粒径不断增大,发生了解组装.以阿霉素(DOX)为模型药物制备了PMg PP-CC/DOX NPs,载药量可达12.5%,对应包封率为83.3%,其粒径与空白PMg PP-CC NPs粒径大小相近,且粒径分布均匀.体外药物释放实验表明,PMg PP-CC/DOX NPs在体液条件下46 h释放了4.47%的DOX,而在10 mmol/L GSH条件下累积释放量达到了50.6%.细胞胞吞实验进一步验证了PMg PP-CC/DOX NPs可高效入胞并在细胞内快速释放DOX.体外细胞毒性(MTT)实验表明,PMg PP-CC/DOX NPs对肝癌Hep G-2细胞表现出良好的增殖抑制活性.因此,多功能PMg PP-CC NPs在实现肝靶向纳米精准给药上呈现出良好的应用前景.     

不同溶剂对甲氨蝶呤/类水滑石复合物性质的影响

采用共沉淀法将甲氨蝶呤(MTX)插层组装到类水滑石(LDHs)层间,分别考察了不同溶剂(如:水、乙醇/水、聚乙二醇-400/水、聚乙二醇-4000/水)对合成的甲氨蝶呤/类水滑石(MTX/LDHs)纳米复合物性质的影响.利用透射电镜(TEM)和原子力显微镜(AFM)观察产物形貌,利用X-射线衍射(XRD)、傅里叶变换红外(FTIR)、热重/差式扫描量热(TG-DSC)和紫外光谱(UV-Vis)等表征手段,对纳米复合物的结构及热力学性质进行了系统的研究.在pH=7.4的磷酸盐缓冲溶液中测定不同时间点药物累积释放量,考察了不同溶剂中合成的MTX/LDHs纳米复合物的药物控释性能.结果表明,短链聚乙二醇的加入保证了纳米粒子的稳定生长,能有效控制产物形貌,合成出的产物呈规则的圆片状,单分散性好,药物缓释性能平稳,释放过程属于药物扩散控制过程.当聚乙二醇分子链过长时,由于其自身容易发生缠绕,反而不利于纳米粒子的生长.     

PbS@P(NIPAM-co-TSt)功能复合物的合成及其荧光性能研究王成志李润成浩姜韬殷明

以4-氯亚甲基苯乙烯和硫脲为原料,获得含有烷基异硫脲盐的苯乙烯类可聚合单体(TSt),然后将其与N-异丙基丙烯酰胺(NIPAM)共聚合合成温敏性聚合物P(NIPAM-co-TSt),进一步在弱碱性条件下使得有机异硫脲盐与Pb(AcO)2 3H2O中的铅源反应生成含有PbS纳米粒子的PbS@P(NIPAM-co-TSt)聚合物复合材料.利用红外光谱(FTIR)、核磁(1H NMR)、X射线衍射(XRD)、荧光光谱(FL)等手段对聚合物及复合物进行了各项表征,以确认PbS@P(NIPAM-co-TSt)复合物的合成,并用纳米粒度仪和透射电镜法等对聚合物胶束及复合物颗粒的大小与形貌进行了测定.结果表明PbS@P(NIPAM-co-TSt)纳米聚合物复合物既具有良好的荧光性能,且其荧光特征可随体系的温度和浓度而发生变化、具有LCST(低临界溶解温度)特征.同时发现当聚合物体系中引入了PbS形成复合物后,复合物的粒径较之前聚合物的粒径分布明显减小.我们认为类似的环境敏感型复合物能拓展聚合物的应用领域并在很多地方具有广泛的应用前景.     

壳聚糖基多功能纳米药物载体的体外研究

制备了一种壳聚糖基多功能纳米药物载体系统, 并探讨了其体外释药性质. 合成了甲氨蝶呤-壳聚糖偶联物(MTX-CS), 甲氨喋呤(MTX)的取代度为6.3%; MTX-CS具有两亲性, 在水性介质中能自组装形成纳米粒子, 平均粒径为(269.5±18.3) nm, zeta电位为(25.7±0.9) mV. MTX-CS纳米粒子能有效包载抗血管生成药Combretastatin A-4(CA-4), 当药物/载体材料投料比为1∶4 时, 载药量为15.7%, 包封率为62.8%. 体外释放实验结果显示, CA-4释放较快, MTX释放缓慢, 有利于发挥2种药物的协同抗肿瘤作用.     

弱酸介质中类球形谷氨酸/镁铝层状双氢氧化物的制备

在弱酸性介质中,采用阴离子交换法合成了类球形的谷氨酸(Glu)/镁铝层状双氢氧化物(MgAl-LDH)复合物,研究了介质pH值对所得Glu/LDH纳米复合物性质和形貌的影响。结果表明,与碱性介质中阴离子交换法得到的不规则六角形粒子相比,该法制备的纳米粒子呈类球形,且粒径较小,最佳pH值为5.0,探讨了可能的反应机理。     

Superoxide Dismutase-Loaded PLGA Nanoparticles Protect Cultured Human Neurons Under Oxidative Stress

The objective of our study was to investigate the neuroprotective efficacy of superoxide dismutase (SOD), loaded in poly(D,L-lactide co-glycolide; PLGA) nanoparticles (NPs), in cultured human neurons challenged with hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2))-induced oxidative stress. We hypothesized that the protected and sustained intracellular delivery of SOD encapsulated in NPs would demonstrate better neuroprotection from oxidative stress than either SOD or pegylated SOD (PEG-SOD) in solution. SOD-NPs (approximately 81 +/- 4 nm in diameter, 0.9% w/w SOD loading) released the encapsulated SOD in an active form with 8.2% cumulative release during the first 24 h, followed by a slower release thereafter. The results demonstrated that PLGA-NPs are compatible with human neurons, and the neuroprotective effect of SOD-NPs is dose-dependent, with efficacy seen at >100 U SOD, and less significant effects at lower doses. Neither SOD (25-200 U) nor PEG-SOD (100 U) in solution demonstrated the neuroprotective effect under similar conditions. The neuroprotective effect of SOD-NPs was seen up to 6 h after H(2)O(2)-induced oxidative stress, but the effect diminished thereafter. Confocal microscopic studies demonstrated better intracellular neuronal uptake of the encapsulated model protein (fluorescein isothiocyanate-labeled BSA) than the protein in solution. Thus, the mechanism of efficacy of SOD-NPs appears to be due to the stability of the encapsulated enzyme and its better neuronal uptake after encapsulation.     

Chemiluminescence detection of superoxide anion release and superoxide dismutase activity: modulation effect of<Emphasis Type="Italic"> Pulsatilla chinensis</Emphasis>

A novel flow-injection chemiluminescence-based method has been developed for determination of superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity. An in-vitro superoxide anion generation xanthine/xanthine oxidase stable source was established on line with FIA/CL-detection apparatus, for measuring SOD activity. This method can detect SOD in the linear range of 0.002–2.00 U mL^–1 with a detection limit of 0.001 U mL^–1. Another method for detection of superoxide anion is based on the luminol–FeCl₃ chemiluminescence (CL) reaction. This method was used to evaluate superoxide release and SOD activity in rats treated with the traditional Chinese herb Pulsatilla chinensis, which resulted in high clearance of hepatitis B virus (HBV) after treatment of a hepatitis B patient. Interestingly, we found that treatment with Pulsatilla chinensis can specifically increase superoxide release by liver tissues and, at the same time, slightly increase extracellular SOD (ECSOD) activity in plasma; in particular it can markedly increase MnSOD activity in mitochondria in liver tissue. This work revealed a possible mechanism whereby Pulsatilla chinensis prevents possible infection (for example HBV) by specifically increasing superoxide release in the liver and increasing MnSOD activity to minimize superoxide-mediated toxicity.     

Possible mechanism for nitric oxide and oxidative stress induced pathophysiological variance in acute myocardial infarction development: A study by a flow injection-chemiluminescence method

The acute myocardial infarction (AMI) model was established through rabbits, and this kind of model was used to investigate the possible mechanism for the AMI mediated damage, induced by NO release and oxidative stress. The biomedical parameters nitric oxide (NO), total antioxidant capacity (TAC) variation in vivo and the enzymatic activity of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) and superoxide dismutase (SOD), which are considered as the major markers for pathophysiological variation, were detected. The results obtained gave evidence that AMI can lead to the NO excess release and compensation by excess cellular respiration, and both of them can result in oxidative stress and further generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The latter can bring a series of damages to the organism, including decrease of the TAC value, and NOS and SOD activity.     

Biologically Active Constituents from Salix viminalis Bio-Oil and Their Protective Activity Against Hydrogen Peroxide-Induced Oxidative Stress in Chinese Hamster Ovary Cells

The protective antioxidative effect of the phenolic extract (PE) isolated from Salix viminalis pyrolysis derived bio-oil was shown in vitro on the Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells exposed to hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂). Cells pretreated with 0.05 μg/ml PE after exposure to different concentrations of H₂O₂ (300–900 μM) showed up to 25 % higher viability than the unpretreated ones. The antioxidative effect of PE was also observed in a time-dependent manner. The results were confirmed by visual examination of the specimens using microscopy. Finally, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity modulation was shown by SOD assay, designed to determine the activity of enzymes removing free radicals.     

Determination of superoxide dismutase in erythrocytes by a chemiluminescent assay

A highly rapid chemiluminescent assay for the determination of superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in erythrocytes was developed. The inhibition of the luminescent emission caused by the decrease of generated superoxide anions was measured. The aim of this work was to verify the application of a non amplified luminol SOD luminescent assay (CLM) in erythrocytes starting from an amplified method already used for the determination of XOD activity in milk (CLME). Both the assays had a detection limit of 3x10(-2)+/-7x10(-3) U/ml of SOD at 2sigma level, and a linear range of activity from 5.2 to 0.03 U/ml of SOD. The imprecision of assays (repeatability) presented coefficients of variations ranging from 3.1 to 7.9% for the CLME method and from 0.6 to 17.7% for CLM method. Both luminescent techniques were compared using a spectrophotometric kit, that had a detection limit of 0.3 U/ml, and showed good agreement.     

PS胶体粒子表面逐层自组装固定化SOD及其生物活性

通过逐层自组装技术成功地把超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)吸附在聚苯乙烯(PS)胶体粒子表面.zeta电位和TEM证明了聚阳离子或聚阴离子型SOD与相反电荷的聚电解质在PS胶体粒子表面的交替吸附.通过测定SOD被胶体粒子吸附后上清液的生物活性,得到聚阴离子型SOD(pH=8.0)和聚阳离子型SOD(pH=4.3)在PS胶体粒子表面的吸附量分别为12和51IU,相对活性分别为23.4%和2.9%.聚阴离子型SOD在PS胶体粒子表面能形成平滑规整的膜,导致较高的相对活性.研究结果表明,通过调节pH值,可以优化自组装固定化酶的聚集状态和生物活性     

PLA/MSM缓释微球的制备及生物活性

采用膜乳化-液中干燥法制备出担载二甲基砜(MSM)的聚乳酸(PLA)微球(PLA/MSM), 并研究了膜孔径、 搅拌转速和MSM浓度对载药微球形貌、 尺寸、 载药量、 体外释放及细胞活性的影响; 采用场发射环境扫描电子显微镜(ESEM)观察微球形貌、 尺寸及分布, 用等离子体发射光谱(ICP-AES)法检测PLA/MSM微球载药量、 包封率及体外释放, 采用ESEM观察微球内部结构, 并通过体外细胞培养和噻唑蓝(MTT)法检测MC-3T3-E1细胞的增殖能力. 研究结果表明, 膜乳化法制备的载药微球规整, 呈典型的圆球状, 表面光滑, 内部有多孔结构. 当膜孔径为5.1 μm且搅拌转速为500 r/min时, PLA/MSM微球大小更为均一; 当体系中MSM质量分数为8.6%时, 载药量可达到77.43%. 随着膜孔径减小及药物浓度的增加, 体外释放速率加快, 但初期均无明显的突释现象, 约10 d后累积释放量达到89.2%. 细胞实验结果显示, 在膜孔径为5.1 μm且MSM质量分数为8.6%的条件下, 制备的载药微球在细胞培养7 d时表现出明显的促增殖作用.     

Zinc deficient bovine erythrocyte superoxide dismutase has low specific activity.

Zinc deficient bovine superoxide dismutase (Cu2E2SOD (E = empty)) was prepared and purified by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Each peak was characterized as to protein, copper content and specific activity. The Cu2E2SOD peak fractionated by HPLC has a low specific activity at pH 7.8 (about 10% of the native enzyme (Cu2Zn2SOD)). With the addition of zinc ions, the specific activity of Cu2E2SOD was quantitatively restored to that of the native enzyme. This behavior implies that the zinc ion is very important for the appearance of enzyme activity.     

Synthesis and characterization of PEG modified N-trimethylaminoethylmethacrylate chitosan nanoparticles

Chitosan-N-trimethylaminoethylmethacrylate chloride-PEG (CS-TM-PEG) copolymers were synthesized in order to improve the solubility of chitosan in physiological environment, and enhance the biocompatibility of quaternized chitosan. The result of ¹H NMR confirmed that PEG had been combined with amino groups of quaternized chitosan. The profile of hemolysis assay showed that Chitosan-N-trimethylaminoethylmethacrylate chloride (CS-TM) copolymer exhibited hemolytic activity from 10.31% to 13.58%, while CS-TM-PEG copolymer had hemolytic activity from 4.76% to 7.05% at copolymer concentrations from 250 to 2000 μg/ml. Through PEG modification, the hemolytic activity could be reduced to a half. CS-TM-PEG copolymer-insulin nanoparticles were prepared based on ionic gelation process of positively charged copolymers and negatively charged insulin. The nanoparticles were characterized in terms of particle size, TEM, association efficiency and in vitro release. These nanoparticles were 200-400 nm in size and insulin association efficiency of optimal formulations was found up to 90%. In vitro release showed that the nanoparticles provided an initial burst release followed by a sustained release with the sensitivity of ionic strength and pH values.     

Sesbania drummondii cell cultures: ICP-MS determination of the accumulation of Pb and Cu

Sesbania cell cultures grown in the presence of different concentrations of Pb (0-1000 mg/L) and Cu (0-500 mg/L) were assayed for growth, metal accumulations and activities of antioxidative enzymes: superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and guaiacol peroxidase (GPX). These cultures tolerated Pb up to a concentration of 500 mg/L, registering a fresh weight growth of 500% in 3 weeks. At the same time, cultures registered a growth of 200% in 3 weeks at a Cu concentration of 100 mg/L showing less tolerance than Pb. However, Sesbania cells accumulated more Cu than Pb, as determined by ICP-MS, at all the treatments tested. Cu accumulation reached 3000 mg/kg (dry weight) at a Cu treatment of 100 mg/L, while Pb accumulation was only over 150 mg/kg (dry weight) at 500 mg Pb/L. Metal accumulations were positively correlated with induction of SOD and CAT activities in both the metal treatments. SOD activity of callus was 105 U/mg (fresh weight) at a Pb treatment of 500 mg/L and the corresponding Pb accumulation of 160 mg/kg (dry weight), while the activity rose to 300 U/mg (fresh weight) at a Cu treatment of 100 mg/L and the corresponding Cu accumulation of 3000 mg/kg (dry weight). The pattern of GPX activities was, however, different, particularly in Pb treatments where activities declined with increasing concentrations of Pb in the cells as well as growth medium. This study shows how Sesbania cells withstand heavy metal stress by induction of antioxidative enzyme activities.