A modified split ring resonator based printed compact monopole UWB antenna with spiked elliptical radiator having five band rejection features

A coplanar waveguide (CPW) fed printed compact monopole antenna with five band rejection features is presented. Wide bandwidth was achieved by beveling the lower part and adding a modified ellipse on the upper portion of the patch. An inverted circular arc, single circular split ring resonator (SRR) with wide opening and two symmetrical circular single SRRs were embedded for obtaining three stop‐band characteristics. Two symmetrical slits were inculcated in the ground forming defected ground structure (DGS) to get another stop‐band characteristic. Two concentric rectangular modified SRRs were etched to obtain a higher frequency stop‐band feature. The proposed antenna was designed, fabricated, and experimentally tested for the validation of results. The overall dimensions of the proposed antenna were 29 mm × 24 mm × 1.6 mm. The measured impedance bandwidth of the antenna was 2.87 to 13.3 GHz at | S₁₁ |< ? 10 dB. The measured results show that the proposed antenna has five band notches centred at 3.96, 4.35, 5.7, 8.54, and 9.95 GHz to reject WiMAX band (3.65‐4.04 GHz), ARN band (4.29‐5.18 GHz), WLAN band (5.5‐6.9GHz), ITU‐8 band (7.37‐8.87), and amateur radio band (9.2‐10.3 GHz) respectively. The proposed antenna maintains omnidirectional radiation pattern in H‐Plane and dumbbell‐shape radiation pattern in E‐plane. Further, stable gain over the whole UWB except at notched frequency bands was reported.     

Design of wideband antenna with band notch characteristics based on single notching element

In this article, a coplanar waveguide (CPW) fed planner monopole antenna with a compact size of 0.32λ × 0.30λ × 0.0056λ mm³ is presented. The radiator is fed with 50 Ω CPW feed line that provides impedance matching from 1.7 to 30 GHz for VSWR ≤2. In addition, three narrow bands are filtered out in the ultra‐wideband (UWB) range. The narrow notched bands are filtered for WiMAX (3.52‐4.2 GHz), WLAN (5.04‐5.40 GHz), and X band (8.22‐9.10 GHz) application. The rejecting bands are achieved by loading a single tri‐square ring resonator (SRR) on the backside of the feed line. The dimensions of SRR control the notch resonance frequencies. A single‐, dual‐, and tri‐notch frequencies have been achieved by using single‐, dual‐, and tri‐SRR, respectively. The measured results of antenna structures in the absence and presence of the SRR are compared with the simulations. The measured results validate the proposed design.     

A simple planar monopole UWB slot antenna with dual independently and reconfigurable band‐notched characteristics

An extremely simple and compact planar monopole ultrawideband (UWB) slot antenna with dual band‐notched characteristics is proposed. The antenna is composed of a circular radiation patch, a microstrip‐fed line, and a partial ground. By etching an arc‐shaped slot on the radiation patch and a C‐like slot on the feed line, dual notched frequency bands at 3.3–3.7 GHz for WiMAX and 5.15–5.825 GHz for WLAN are achieved. And, the two notched bands can be adjusted independently by varying the length of the slots. Moreover, the band‐notched characteristics can be reconfigurable by shorting the corresponding slots. So, the antenna is capable of operating in one of multiple modes which makes it an excellent candidate for UWB applications. Meanwhile, experimental results indicate that the antenna has an available impendence bandwidth from 2.9 to 11 GHz which covers the UWB frequency band, and nearly omnidirectional patterns, stable gains, small group delay in operating band except rejected bands. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J RF and Microwave CAE 24:706–712, 2014.     

Design and analysis of slot antenna with band notch function

In this article, the design, simulation, and construction of a novel wide rectangular slot antenna fed by a 50 Ω coplanar waveguide (CPW) are presented and investigated for multifunctional communication systems. The physical dimension of the antenna is 29 mm (length) × 32 mm (width) × 1.6 mm (thickness). Detailed simulations and experimental investigations are performed to understand its behavior and to optimize for 2.4 GHz wireless local area network (WLAN) and ultra wideband (UWB) operations. The proposed slot antenna is etched on an FR4 substrate with a thickness of 1.6 mm and relative permittivity of 4.4. To improve the impedance matching, a stepped stub structure with CPW feed technique is used. According to the measured results, the proposed antenna has a large bandwidth from 2.1 to 11.6 GHz for voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) less than 2, totally satisfying the requirement of 2.4 GHz WLAN and UWB systems, while providing the required band notch function from 5.1 to 5.9 GHz. The study of time domain characteristics and surface current distributions also indicate the band‐notched function of the antenna. The radiation patterns display nearly omnidirectional performance and the antenna gain is stable except for the rejected frequency band (5.1–5.9 GHz). Moreover, group delays are within 1.5 ns except for the notch‐band. It is observed that the simulated and experimental results have good agreement with each other. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J RF and Microwave CAE, 2012.     

Compact multiband planar monopole antenna for Bluetooth,LTE, and reconfigurable UWB applications including X‐band and Ku‐band wireless communications

In this article, a small‐printed Bluetooth/LTE/UWB/X‐band/Ku‐band monopole antenna with high rejection triple band‐notch is presented. Notched bands include WiMAX (IEEE802.16 3.30‐3.80 GHz), WLAN IEEE802.11a/h/j/n (5.15‐5.35 GHz, 5.25‐5.35 GHz, 5.47‐5.725 GHz, and 5.725‐5.825 GHz), and downlink satellite system (7.1‐7.9 GHz). By including inverted T‐shaped stub and etching two C‐shaped slots on the radiating patch, triple band‐notch function is obtained with measured high band rejection (VSWR = 14.59 at 3.69 GHz, VSWR = 39.40 at 5.42 GHz, and VSWR = 6.43 at 7.57 GHz) and covers a UWB useable fractional bandwidth of 157.75% (2.285‐19.35 GHz = 17.065 GHz). Reconfigurable characteristics are obtained using PIN diodes, which control the individual notched bands. Proposed antenna is printed on Rogers RT/duroid5880 substrate with compact dimensions of 20 × 22 mm². Proposed antenna finds its applications for Bluetooth, LTE, UWB, other multiple wireless applications for close range radar (8‐12 GHz) in X‐band, and satellite communication in Ku‐Band with omnidirectional pattern in H‐plane.     

A new modified CPW‐fed wideband circularly polarized half‐split cylindrical dielectric resonator antenna with different permittivity of two layers in radial direction

In this article, a wideband circularly polarized half‐split cylindrical dielectric resonator antenna (HS‐CDRA) having two layers with different permittivity in radial direction is investigated. Designed antenna is excited by a new modified CPW fed which consists of signal line, helps to realization of circular polarization, half‐split cylindrical dielectric resonator (HS‐CDR), to confirm that circular polarization in proposed antenna. HS‐CDR is made of two different materials which can supports to enhance the input impedance bandwidth and 3‐dB axial ratio bandwidth. From the distributions of E‐fields in HS‐CDRA, it is observed that TM_11δ mode has been excited. To confirmed the circular polarization in proposed antenna, E‐field distribution on different phases (φ = 0º, 90º, 180º, and 270º) have been plotted. This antenna provides measured ?10 dB input impedance bandwidth of 25.94% (centered on 4.70 GHz) and 3‐dB axial ratio bandwidth in broadside direction of 17.34% (centered on 4.90 GHz). The average gain and radiation efficiency in working band are 1.56 dBi and 93.43% in broadside direction, respectively. CP radiation pattern shows that the proposed antenna has left hand circular polarization and this developed antenna could be useful for wireless applications like WLAN/Wi‐MAX bands.     

Compact C‐shaped MIMO diversity antenna for quad band applications with hexagonal stub for isolation improvement

A compact MIMO antenna was proposed in this article. The designed antenna is compact in size with dimensions of 20 × 34 × 1.6 mm. In this proposed antenna model the patch consisting of two counter facing C‐shaped elements facing each other in which a hexagonal ring attached to a strip line which is placed in between the two C‐shaped patch acts as the stub. The novelty of the antenna elements lies isolation improvement by using the ground stub with the use of circular ring resonator. The proposed antenna operates in four bands in which 2.66 to 3.60 GHz (Wi‐Max, Wi‐Fi), 4.52 to 5.78 GHz (WLAN), 6.59 to 7.40 GHz (satellite communication), and 9.55 to 10.91 GHz and having bandwidth of 0.94, 1.26, 0.81, and 1.36 GHz at four bands. The envelope correlation coefficient is ECC ≤ 0.3 and diversity gain > 9.8 dB for the operating bands of antenna proposed. This antenna can work in the bands of Wi‐Max, Wi‐Fi, WLAN, satellite communication in X‐band and for radio location, and astronomy applications.     

Fork‐shaped patch printed ultra‐wideband slot antenna with dual band‐notched characteristics using metamaterial unit cells

In this article, a miniaturized fork‐shaped patch ultra‐wideband (UWB) planar wide‐slot antenna with dual band‐notched characteristics is proposed. With fork‐shaped patch, ultra‐wideband impedance matching from 3.1 to 13.2 GHz is easily achieved. Then, two novel and simple methods are applied to solve the difficulty for UWB slot antennas with fork‐shaped patch to realize band‐notched characteristics. By etching one pair of I‐shaped resonators on both branches of the fork‐shaped structure and adding a rectangular single split‐ring resonator in the rectangular openings of fork‐shaped patch, the wireless local area network (WLAN) band from 5.5 to 6.1 GHz and the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) 8 GHz band from 7.9 to 8.7 GHz are rejected, respectively. The coplanar waveguide‐fed UWB antenna is successfully designed, fabricated, and measured. The measured and simulated results show a good agreement. The antenna provides nearly stable radiation patterns, high gains and high radiation efficiency.     

Spur line integrated single‐/dual‐/triple‐notched ultra‐wideband monopole antenna

Design and realization of spur line loaded frequency‐notched planar ultra‐wideband (UWB) antenna is proposed in this article. Accommodating the spur line (lines) of quarter wavelength long on the feeding microstrip line of UWB antenna, contributes to the notch‐filtering action in the feeding section itself which in turn can provides single/double/triple notch (notches) within the UWB spectrum of the antenna. The proposed technique is very simple and radiator independent as the filtering is performed in the feed region and hence the UWB radiator can be independently designed. The spur line based filtering sections are first separately designed and verified by S‐parameter measurements of the fabricated prototypes. Single, double, and triple spur line loaded microstrip sections are separately used as the feed section of a circular monopole antenna (MPA) to invoke single‐, dual‐, and triple‐notched UWB response of the MPA. All the designed prototypes are fabricated and characterized in terms of impedance and radiation parameter measurements, yielding very close correspondence with that of results obtained from full wave simulation.     

Metamaterial inspired CPW‐fed compact antenna for ultrawide band applications

A small size, planar and co‐planar waveguide fed metamaterial inspired antenna is proposed for ultra‐wideband (UWB) application. The main radiating element consists of three split‐ring resonators (SRR) and placed along one axis. Moreover, coplanar waveguide (CPW)‐fed line along with modified ground plane is used to improve the impedance matching. The physical size of proposed antenna is 25(W) × 22 (L) × 1.6 (H) mm³. The CPW‐fed metamaterial inspired antenna provides bandwidth of 10.4 GHz from 3.1 to 13.5 GHz based on the 3:1 (voltage standing wave ratio [VSWR] <2). Over the range of UWB frequency, peak realized gain varies from 2.5 to 4 dBi. The proposed antenna provides omnidrectional radiation patterns. Further, fidelity factor of the proposed antenna is also calculated and measured. The calculated fidelity factor is suitable for UWB applications. Finally, prototype of the antenna is developed and tested using network analyzer. The simulated and measured results are in good agreement.     

A coplanar waveguide‐fed flexible antenna for ultra‐wideband applications

This paper presents a novel ultra‐wideband (UWB) antenna printed on a 70 μm thick flexible substrate. The proposed antenna consists of a hybrid‐shaped patch fed by coplanar waveguide (CPW). The ground planes on opposite sides of the feeding line have different height to improve antenna bandwidth. Simulation shows that the proposed antenna maintain wide bandwidth when changing its substrate's thickness and dielectric constant, as well as bending the antenna on a cylindrical foam. The proposed antenna is fabricated in laboratory with a simple and low‐cost wet printed circuit board (PCB) etching technique. Measured bandwidths cover 3.06 to 13.58, 2.8 to 13.55, and 3.1 to 12.8 GHz in cases of flat state and bent with radii of 20 and 10 mm, respectively. Measured radiation patterns show the antenna is omnidirectional in flat and bent cases.     

A WLAN band‐notched compact four element UWB MIMO antenna

A compact four‐element multiple‐input‐multiple‐output (MIMO) antenna for ultra‐wideband (UWB) applications with WLAN band‐notched characteristics is proposed here. The proposed antenna has been designed to operate from 2 to 12 GHz while reject the frequencies between 4.9 to 6.4 GHz. The four antenna elements are placed orthogonal to attain the polarization diversity and high isolation. A thin stub connected to the ground plane is deployed as a LC notch filter to accomplish the rejected WLAN band in each antenna element. The mutual coupling between the adjacent elements is at least 17 dB while it has low indoor and outdoor envelop correlation (<0.45) and high gain with compact size of two boards, each measuring 50 × 25 mm². To validate the concept, the prototype antenna is manufactured and measured. The comparison of the simulation results showed good agreement with the measured results. The low‐profile design and compact size of the proposed MIMO antenna make it a good candidate for diversity applications desired in portable devices operating in the UWB region.     

Compact frequency reconfigurable triple band notched monopole antenna for ultrawideband applications

A compact ultra‐wideband (UWB) reconfigurable microstrip fed monopole antenna having size of 0.22 λ₀ × 0.28 λ₀ × 0.005 λ₀ with switchable frequency bands is presented. Triple band notched characteristics are achieved by inserting two stubs at top of radiator and one slot in between the radiator and microstrip feed line. Proposed antenna achieves reconfigurability with three PIN diodes at strategic positions to obtain eight different operational modes. In one of the operational modes, antenna operates in the entire UWB (3‐14 GHz) with fractional bandwidth of 127.5%. Two stubs are used to notch two frequency bands worldwide interoperability for microwave access (3.3‐3.6 GHz/WiMAX) and C‐band (3.7‐4.2 GHz). T‐shaped slot is also inserted to notch wireless local area network (5.725‐5.825 GHz/WLAN) frequency band. Proper biasing of PIN diodes is done by using suitable chip inductors and capacitors. Proposed antenna exhibits stable radiation patterns with average gain of around 3 dBi. Simulation and measurement results are in good agreement. Proposed antenna is suitable for on‐demand band rejection of parasitic bands coexisting in UWB.     

Wideband circularly polarized dielectric resonator antenna coupled with meandered‐line inductor for ISM/WLAN applications

A new meandered‐line inductor fed wideband circularly polarized rectangular dielectric resonator antenna (DRA) with partial ground plane has been developed in this work. Meandered‐line inductor feed and partial ground plane are used for generation of orthogonal modes, hence circular polarization (CP) in DRA. By controlling the length of meandered‐line inductor, three different CP DRA have been designed for different wireless applications such as Wi‐MAX and WLAN/ISM 2400 band. Distribution of electric field inside rectangular DRA shows that all three antenna having TE_11δ mode. Finally, a lower frequency band application at 2.4 GHz (ISM) called here as Proposed Antenna, has been considered for fabrication. This designed antenna shows measured ?10 dB input impedance bandwidth of 20.67% and 3‐dB axial ratio bandwidth of 27.95% in broadside direction. All these three CP antennas (Antenna‐1 to Proposed Antenna) are showing stable gain and right hand circular polarization in broadside direction.     

Design of tri‐notched UWB antenna based on elliptical and circular ring resonators

This article presents the design of a compact coplanar waveguide (CPW) fed Monopole Antenna for ultra‐wideband (UWB) applications. The semi‐circular shaped radiator is fed with a 50‐Ω line that resonates within the UWB frequency range. Two notching elements are used to reduce narrowband interferences. An elliptical ring resonator is etched out from the radiator to suppress 3.97‐4.48 GHz narrowband interference whereas, narrow bands from 5.79 to 6.57 GHz (WLAN) and 7.30‐7.60 GHz (X band downlink) were suppressed by loading a metamaterial inspired circular ring resonator behind the feed line. Moreover, the lower notching band due to the elliptical ring resonator can be further tuned to lower resonance frequencies by controlling the capacitance of the embedded varactor diode. The antenna has a compact size of 36 × 34 × 1 mm³. The antenna is simulated, fabricated and measured in an Anechoic Chamber. The measured results are in good agreement with the simulated results.     

Miniaturized dual‐band metamaterial inspired antenna with modified SRR loading

A miniaturized dual‐band CPW‐fed Metamaterial antenna with modified split ring resonator (SRR) loading has been presented in this paper. Proposed antenna comprises a tapered rectangular patch with a slot in which an elliptically SRR has been loaded to achieve miniaturization. Proposed antenna shows dual band operations in the operating band 3.25‐3.42 and 3.83‐6.63 GHz, respectively. It has been observed that lower mode (at 3.36 GHz) is originated by means of modified SRR. SRR is being modified by small meandered line inductor which is placed instead of strip. This provides an extra inductance to SRR resulting miniaturization. Overall electrical size of the proposed antenna is 0.222 × 0.277 × 0.017 λ₀ at 3.36 GHz. Second band is due to coupling between feed and ground planes. The antenna offers an average peak gain of 1.72 and 3.41 dB throughout the first and second band respectively. In addition to that this antenna exhibits perfect omnidirectional and dipolar radiation patterns at xz‐ and yz‐ plane respectively. Due to consistent radiation pattern, ease of fabrication, and compact nature this antenna can be used for wireless applications such as worldwide interoperability for microwave access (WiMAX), industrial, scientific and medical (ISM) band, WLAN/Wi‐Fi bands.     

Compact tri‐notched ultrawideband bandpass filter design using CSRR,DGS, and FMRR configurations

The folded multiple‐mode resonators with complementary split ring resonator (CSRR), and defected ground structures (DGS) are introduced for notched ultrawideband (UWB) bandpass filter (BPF) design in this article. Using the CSRR, FMRR, notched wide‐band BPF, a notch response can exist in the UWB passband for blocking the interference. Adjusting the size factor of CSRR, the wide tuning ranges of notch frequencies included the desired frequencies of 5.2/5.8 GHz are achieved. The lower insertion loss (0.31 dB), higher rejection level (?48.40 dB), wider bandwidth (FBW 75%), and wider stopband (extended to 2.01 f₀ below ?20 dB rejection level) of UWB band at the central frequency f₀ = 4.58 GHz are obtained. Second, design a CSRR, DGS, FMRR, tri‐notched UWB filter, the wider bandwidth (3.1–9.8 GHz) with FBW = 126%, lower insertion loss (0.26 dB), and higher rejection level (?44 dB) of UWB band at central frequency f₀ = 5.6 GHz are presented. Using the CSRR and interdigital couple, three notch responses can exist in the UWB passband for blocking the interference signals. Adjusting the size factor of CSRR and interdigital couple, the wide tuning ranges of notch frequencies included the desired frequencies of 5.18/6.10/8.08 GHz are achieved. The wide tuning ranges of three notched frequencies cover from 5.0 to 8.4 GHz. It is a simple way to control the notch responses. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J RF and Microwave CAE 24:571–579, 2014.     

Design of a novel compact modified‐circular printed antenna for high data rate wireless sensor networks

This paper presents a novel compact circular patch Ultrawideband (UWB) antenna for sensor node applications. The microstrip‐fed low‐profile antenna comprises an elliptical ring slot, two crescent‐shaped slots and two dumbbell‐shaped slots in feedline. The antenna miniaturization is achieved by a novel combination of an elliptical ring slot, two crescent‐shaped slots in circular patch. The proposed prototype has been fabricated on inexpensive FR4 substrate and the relative permittivity is (ε_r = 4.3) with 1.6 mm thickness. The overall size of the proposed miniaturized antenna is about (0.1 λ_r × 0.15 λ_r), where λ_r is the resonating wavelength of the lowest UWB frequency (ie, 3.1 GHz). The measured radiation performances of the proposed antenna are nearly an omnidirectional pattern in H‐plane and bidirectional pattern in E‐plane for all the frequencies in the whole UWB band. The development process of the antenna, radiation properties and group delay is completely analyzed and discussed.