Variation among physical,chemical and technological properties in three Sicilian cultivars of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)

Three Sicilian chickpea cultivars (‘Calia’, ‘Etna’ and ‘Principe’) were evaluated for physical, chemical and technological properties. Whereas no substantial differences were ascertained on seeds chemical composition, the cultivars greatly differed in terms of seed size, specific surface area (SSA) and seed coat incidence. These last two properties affected the technological properties of the seeds. In particular, a high SSA (‘Calia’) contributed to a faster softening, whilst a great coat thickness (‘Etna’) delayed both hydration and softening rate. The time required to obtain an acceptable firmness (cooking time) was greatly reduced by presoaking the seeds in salt solution (0.5% NaCl or NHCO₃). ‘Calia’ required the lowest cooking time when soaked in distilled water or in 0.5% NaCl. Presoaking seed in NaHCO₃ allowed halving the cooking time in all cultivars.     

Variation in seed protein content in the annual wild Cicer species

In a search for higher seed protein content than in cultivated chickpea (Cicer arietinum L), the authors evaluated a collection of 228 accessions from the International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA), representing the eight annual wild species of the genus Cicer, along with 20 cultivated chickpea check lines. Variation in seed protein content ranged from 168 g kg⁻¹ in C cuneatum Hochst ex Rich to 268 g kg⁻¹ in C pinnatifidum Jaub & Spach, with an average seed protein content of 207 g kg⁻¹ over the eight wild species. C yamashitae Kitamura had the highest mean (217 g kg⁻¹), while C echinospermum PH Davis had the lowest (192 g kg⁻¹). The mean protein content of the cultivated checks was 188 g kg⁻¹. Significant variation was present in C judaicum Boiss, C pinnatifidum and C reticulatum Ladiz. C pinnatifidum had the highest number of accessions with high protein content. Overall, protein content showed negative association with harvest index, but little association with leaf area, days to maturity and canopy width. Although the variation for seed protein content of the collection showed accessions with higher protein content than with the cultivated checks, it falls within the range reported for cultivated chickpea. It is expected that agronomically superior selections from interspecific hybrids involving C arietinum and its annual relatives should not be inferior to the cultigen in protein content. Moreover, as usually occurs in distant hybridisation, unexpected epistatic effects could produce positive transgressive segregants, as has already been reported in Cicer. © 1998 Society of Chemical Industry     

Effects of ripening and parching on the quality characteristics,the chemical composition and the nutritive value of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L)

Physical properties and various chemical constituents of chickpea seeds were determined before and after ripening (malana and dry seeds of Giza 1 cultivar) and before and after parching (dry and parched seeds of Giza 2 cultivar). The raw dry seeds of Giza 2 were much smaller, lighter in mass and higher in seed coat percentage than those of Giza 1. Malana (green seeds at physiological maturity) seeds were large and uniform in size; they became smaller with much variation in seed size upon ripening. Parching significantly reduced the seed mass, but increased the seed volume. Marked differences in the chemical composition of the raw dry seeds were observed between the two cultivars which were grown under different environmental conditions. Ripening resulted in significant decreases in crude protein and polyphenol content but significant increases in nonreducing sugars, raffinose, neutral detergent fibre (NDF), add detergent fibre, cellulose, and phytic acid content. A considerable increase in Ca and Cu, a significant increase in in-vitro protein digestibility, but significant reductions in NDF, trypsin inhibitor activity and phytic acid content occurred upon parching.     

利用牛奶过敏者血清检验牛奶中过敏原酶解程度的研究

利用对牛奶过敏者和对牛奶不过敏者的血清作为“一抗”,采用酶联免疫吸附实验(ELISA)的方法,检测牛奶水解后对牛奶过敏者血清的结合能力,从而确定牛奶中过敏原蛋白的最佳水解消除条件,降低牛奶及奶制品对牛奶过敏者的致敏性,达到牛奶过敏人群可以饮用的标准。结果表明:胃蛋白酶、胰蛋白酶和木瓜蛋白酶共同水解牛奶的最佳条件是酶与底物质量比W(E/S)=4%,pH1.5(胃蛋白酶)和pH8.0(胰蛋白酶和木瓜蛋白酶),温度40℃(胃蛋白酶和胰蛋白酶)和45℃(木瓜蛋白酶),水解时间3h,用酶标仪在492nm测得其水解后奶样与过敏者血清结合的OD值已降到了牛奶不过敏者血清与未水解牛奶结合的OD值水平,达到了消除过敏原的效果。     

α-Amylase inhibitors in chick pea (cicer arietinum L)

The α-amylase inhibitory activity of 28 varieties of chick pea (Cicer arietinum L) was determined, and KGT/GBS-8 was found to have the greatest activity (81.4 units g^?1). The inhibitor was heat labile and the inhibitory activity decreased during germination.     

Vicilin and the basic subunit of legumin are putative chickpea allergens

IgE-mediated reactions to food allergens constitute a major health problem in industrialized countries. Chickpea is consumed in Mediterranean countries, and reportedly associated with IgE-mediated hypersensitivity reactions. However, the nature of allergic reactions to chickpea has not been characterized.     

3种不同方法提取芒果致敏原组分分析

评价3种芒果致敏原提取方法,分析与血清特异性IgE结合的芒果蛋白成分,为临床检测sIgE提供最佳抗原制备方法。方法 分别用三氯乙酸沉淀法、三氯乙酸/丙酮沉淀法、裂解液提取法粗提芒果蛋白,并通过SDS-PAGE和二维电泳技术分析不同提取方法提取的芒果蛋白组分,用免疫印迹和二维免疫印迹的方法鉴定粗提液中与患者特异性IgE结合的蛋白成分。结果 3种方法提取的蛋白组分不同,单例病人血清与3种不同方法提取的蛋白结合的强度和所识别的蛋白组分存在一定差异,三氯乙酸沉淀法和三氯乙酸/丙酮法提取的蛋白反应条带主要是30、40、44、47和90 kD,而裂解液提取的蛋白反应条带主要是23、32、40、46、73、90 kD。结论 3种提取方法各有特点,三氯乙酸沉淀法提取的芒果蛋白粗提液致敏原组分较完整,重复性好,操作简便,能够满足检测芒果sIgE所需已知抗原的要求。     

Development of a Biological Assay to Determine the Allergenic Potential of Foods

Food allergies represent a risk for many people in industrialized countries. Unrecognizable allergenic proteins of foodstuffs may be present as ingredients that are not labeled or as unknown cross-contamination. Such hidden allergens can cause severe reactions in allergics, even at minute quantities, sometimes with fatal outcome. For the verification of the presence of allergenic food constituents, analytical methods such as ELISA and PCR have been developed. However, these tests cannot measure allergenic potential. For this reason, a test system that measures the biological activity of allergens has been developed. It is based on the cellular mechanisms of the type I allergy. Rat basophilic leukemia cells (RBL-2H3) were transfected with the genes of the human high affinity receptor for IgE. The resulting cell line expressed the human receptor α-chain and could bind allergenspecific IgE from allergic subjects, in contrast to the parent cell line. After cross-linking of receptor-bound, allergen-specific human IgE by allergens, the cells released measurable inflammatory mediators. These cells were used for the analysis of a variety of allergen extracts, including extracts prepared from foods containing allergenic hazelnut and peanut. The comparative validation with existing ELISA and PCR for hazelnut and peanut demonstrated similar sensitivity and specificity. The established cell line will be a novel tool in the detection of allergens in complex mixtures, especially to address the issue of their allergenic potential, which cannot be accomplished by classical analytical methods. This will add valuable information about the allergenic potential of food constituents to the risk assessment of foods.

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Zusammenfassung. Allergene Lebensmittelbestandteile stellen für viele Nahrungsmittelallergiker in industrialisierten L?ndern ein reales Gesundheitsrisiko dar, wenn sie als nicht deklarierte Zutaten oder unerkannte Kontaminationen in Lebensmitteln enthalten sind. Diese so genannten versteckten Allergene k?nnen, teilweise in geringsten Mengen, schwere Reaktion bei sensibilisierten Personen auszul?sen, manchmal auch mit t?dlichem Ausgang. Zum Nachweis allergener Lebensmittelbestandteile wurden bereits verschiedene analytische Methoden, wie z. B. ELISA- und PCR-Verfahren, entwickelt. Allerdings sind diese Methoden nicht in der Lage, das allergene Potenzial solcher Bestandteile zu erfassen. Um jedoch die biologische Aktivit?t von Allergenen messen zu k?nnen wurde ein Testsystem entwickelt, das auf dem Mechanismus der Typ-I Allergie basiert. Dazu wurden basophile Leuk?miezellen der Ratte mit den Genen des humanen hochaffinen Rezeptors für IgE transfiziert. Die daraus resultierende Zelllinie exprimiert einen chim?ren Rezeptor (mit der IgE-bindenden humanen α-Kette) stabil auf ihrer Oberfl?che und ist somit in der Lage, auch allergenspezifisches IgE aus Allergikerseren zu binden, was mit der Ausgangszelllinie nicht m?glich ist. Die Vernetzung des rezeptorgebundenen IgEs durch das Allergen führt in der Folge zur Freisetzung entzündungsausl?sender Mediatoren, die im Zellkulturüberstand gemessen werden k?nnen. Diese transfizierte Zelllinie wurde zur Analyse einer Vielzahl von Allergenextrakten eingesetzt, darunter auch Extrakte von Lebensmitteln, die Haselnuss- oder Erdnussallergene enthielten. Der Vergleich des biologischen Testsystems mit den ELISA- und PCR-Verfahren für Hasel- und Erdnuss ergab eine ?hnliche Sensitivit?t und Spezifit?t. Die etablierte Zelllinie ist ein neues, wertvolles Hilfsmittel für den Nachweis von Allergenen in komplexen, zusammengesetzten Lebensmitteln und im Besonderen zur Erfassung des allergenen Potenzials solcher Nahrungsmittelbestandteile. Somit kann dieses neue Nachweisverfahren helfen, zus?tzliche wichtige Informationen für die Risikobewertung von Lebensmitteln zu gewinnen.

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超临界CO2萃取鹰嘴豆工艺研究及应用

采用超临界CO_2对鹰嘴豆中脂溶性成分进行萃取,对提取物进行高效气相色谱和高效液相色谱分析;并对萃余物采用酸碱法从中分离出蛋白质、淀粉和纤维,进而对鹰嘴豆这一特色食品进行全面评价。     

鹰嘴豆多糖抗疲劳生物功效及其机制研究

探讨鹰嘴豆多糖的抗疲劳生物功效及其机制。采用水浸提法提取鹰嘴豆多糖后,对小鼠进行分组灌胃试验:将小鼠分为对照组及鹰嘴豆多糖低、中、高三个不同浓度剂量组灌胃25d,进行负重游泳试验,并对其血清与肝脏的超氧化歧化酶(Superoxide Dismutase SOD)活性、丙二醛(Maleic Dialdehyde MDA)含量及肌糖原、肝糖原、血清尿素氮、血乳酸水平等进行测试。结果显示:鹰嘴豆多糖能延长小鼠的负重游泳时间,增强小鼠血清和肝脏的SOD活性,降低MDA含量,提高肝糖原、肌糖原储备量,降低小鼠运动后血清尿素和血乳酸水平。说明鹰嘴豆多糖具明显的抗疲劳功能。