关节镜下胫骨交锁髓内钉融合术治疗类风湿踝关节炎

目的观察关节镜下胫骨交锁髓内钉融合术治疗类风湿踝关节炎的临床疗效。方法 2008年6月至2011年10月,选择30例(30踝)类风湿踝关节炎患者,在关节镜下行普通胫骨交锁髓内钉踝关节融合手术。术后平均随访20个月(6～36个月),根据美国足踝外科协会(AOFAS)踝与后足功能评分对所有患者进行评分。结果手术前后AOFAS踝与后足功能评分由术前平均54.3分(40～65分)提高到术后平均79.6分(61～89分)。术后无疼痛27例,轻度疼痛3例。未出现血管神经损伤、骨不连、骨延迟愈合和感染等并发症。所有患者踝后足对线良好,30踝均获骨性融合,融合率100%。结论关节镜下胫骨交锁髓内钉融合术可有效缓解踝关节疼痛,改善关节功能,对患侧下肢活动、负重未见不良影响,是一种治疗类风湿踝关节炎的安全有效方法。     

关节镜跟腱360°清理并跟骨成形术治疗跟腱Haglund综合征

目的研究关节镜跟腱360°清理并跟骨成形术治疗跟腱Haglund综合征的临床疗效。方法 2013年12月至2015年3月24例跟腱Haglund综合征患者采用关节镜跟腱360°清理并跟骨成形术治疗。男17例,女7例;年龄18~59岁,平均42.5岁。术前摄全足负重侧位X线片及跟腱MRI,根据跟腱Haglund综合征MRI分级,Ⅰ级5例,Ⅱ级10例,Ⅲ级4例,Ⅳ级5例。术前、术后进行美国足踝外科协会(American orthopaedic foot and ankle society,AOFAS)踝-后足功能评分。结果 24例均获随访,随访时间5~16个月,平均9.3个月。术前AOFAS踝-后足功能评分平均50分,术后末次随访时平均88.2分,与术前相比AOFAS踝-后足功能评分明显提高。优18例,良4例,可2例,优良率为91.7%。结论关节镜跟腱360°清理并跟骨成形术治疗跟腱Haglund综合征可获得良好的临床疗效。     

关节镜监视下踝关节植骨融合术的疗效分析

目的：探讨关节镜辅助下踝关节清理、植骨融合术的手术方法和临床疗效。方法：2001年1月至2009年5月,采用关节镜辅助踝关节植骨融合术治疗踝关节病变25例,男18例,女7例;年龄32～70岁,平均47.5岁;左踝10例,右踝15例;其中创伤后骨关节炎13例,地方性大骨节病10例,类风湿性关节炎2例。手术前后采用疼痛视觉模拟评分（VAS）对踝关节疼痛进行评定,根据美国足踝关节协会评分系统（AOFAS）从疼痛、自主活动、最大步行距离、地面步行、步态、活动度、稳定性及踝关节对线等方面进行评价。结果：25例均获随访,时间20～35个月,平均27.5个月。术后踝关节无疼痛,步态明显改善,无神经血管损伤、感染和固定失败等并发症,平均骨性融合时间为11.7周（8～15周）。术后VAS评分为（1.20±0.82）分,较术前的（8.60±0.96）分明显降低（t=27.326,P=0.000）;术后AOFAS评分中客观项目均较术前改善,术后AOFAS评分为（82.44±4.96）分,较术前的（36.44±9.90）分明显增加（t=-19.178,P=0.000）。结论：关节镜监视下踝关节植骨融合术操作简单,术中创伤小,术后恢复快、并发症少,是踝关节融合的理想方法。     

Hepple Ⅲ~Ⅴ型距骨软骨损伤的手术疗效分析

目的探讨经内外踝截骨、自体松质骨植骨、微型注射硫酸钙植骨填充术治疗HeppleⅢ~Ⅴ型距骨软骨损伤的手术技巧及预后疗效。方法回顾性分析2012年7月至2015年10月,采用取同侧髂骨松质骨植骨术或微型可注射型硫酸钙植骨填充术治疗,且获得完整随访的距骨软骨损伤HeppleⅢ型及以上的25例(25足)的病例资料。男19例,女6例;年龄16~59岁,平均年龄39.5岁;左足11例,右足14例。按照MRI的Hepple距骨软骨损伤分型,Ⅲ型7例,Ⅳ型12例,Ⅴ型6例。所有患者术前及术后均行CT及MRI检查。采用美国足与踝协会踝与后足评分(American orthopaedic foot and ankle society,AOFAS)及视觉模拟评分(visual analogue scale,VAS)评定治疗效果。结果25例患者术后随访4~39个月,平均18.6个月。术前AOFAS评分(54.04±17.42)分,VAS评分(7.80±1.38)分;术后AOFAS评分(89.12±8.87)分,VAS评分(1.96±1.67)分;术前及术后比较,差异具有统计学意义(P0.000 1)。术后随访未见伤口感染、皮肤坏死、内固定失效、截骨端不愈合或畸形愈合等并发症。结论对于HeppleⅢ型及以上的距骨软骨损伤,采用内外踝截骨、自体松质骨植骨、微型注射硫酸钙植骨填充术是有效的治疗方式,手术治疗可以改善踝关节的功能、缓解踝关节疼痛。     

关节镜清理并跟骨成形减压术治疗跟腱Haglund综合征

目的探讨关节镜清理并跟骨成形减压术治疗跟腱Haglund综合征的临床疗效。方法采用关节镜清理并跟骨成形减压术治疗37例跟腱Haglund综合征患者。术前及术后3、6、12个月进行AOFAS踝-后足功能评分和疼痛VAS评分。随访观察复发情况及踝关节功能。结果术中手术野清晰,手术时间21～45(34. 0±2. 7) min。X线片显示:斜平行线(跟骨下表面骨皮质连线与通过距骨后下缘的平行线)术前阳性,术后阴性。患者均获得随访,时间12～19(13. 0±1. 9)个月。术后3、6、12个月与术前比较,AOFAS踝-后足功能评分明显提高(P 0. 05),VAS评分明显降低(P 0. 05)。结论关节镜清理并跟骨成形减压术治疗跟腱Haglund综合征安全可行,临床效果良好。     

自体胫骨远端松质骨植骨治疗Hepple Ⅲ~Ⅳ型距骨软骨损伤

目的回顾性分析经自体胫骨远端松质骨植骨治疗Hepple Ⅲ～Ⅳ型距骨软骨损伤的手术方法及其临床效果。方法自2014年6月至2017年8月,对20例(20足)获得完整随访的Hepple Ⅲ～Ⅳ型距骨软骨损伤,采用自体同侧胫骨远端松质骨植骨手术方式。其中,男12例,女8例;年龄18～52岁,平均年龄42.4岁;左足9例,右足11例。根据Hepple分型,Ⅲ型7例,Ⅳ型13例。采用美国足踝外科协会踝与后足评分(Amercian orthopaedic foot and ankle society,AOFAS)及疼痛评分(visual analogue scale,VAS)对手术疗效进行评定。结果 20例患者术后随访时间4～28个月,平均16.7个月。术前AOFAS评分平均(53.02±10.06)分,VAS评分平均(8.02±1.14)分;术后AOFAS评分平均(88.04±7.45)分,VAS评分平均(1.26±1.74)分;术前及术后各评分比较,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论采用自体胫骨远端松质骨植骨治疗HeppleⅢ～Ⅳ型距骨软骨损伤是一种较有效的治疗方式,该手术可以有效缓解踝关节疼痛并改善踝关节功能。     

踝关节镜治疗创伤性踝前软组织撞击征

目的 探讨创伤性踝前软组织撞击征的关节镜下诊断和治疗.方法 对12例踝关节创伤性软组织撞击征的关节镜下诊治经验进行总结.术前Mazur踝关节功能评分平均75分,AOFAS踝-后足评分平均77分.关节镜下见到关节腔内大量滑膜增生,内外踝可见条索状滑膜增生组织,均在关节镜下予以切除并清理关节.结果 本组获得2～15个月随访.术后Mazur踝关节功能评分平均93分,AOFAS踝-后足评分平均94分.结论 踝关节镜检查成为诊断踝关节软组织撞击综合征最直接、有效的方法还具有手术治疗意义.     

关节镜下距下关节融合术治疗跟骨骨折畸形愈合

目的探讨关节镜下距下关节融合术治疗跟骨骨折畸形愈合的治疗效果。方法 2006年7月-2008年12月,对12例跟骨骨折畸形愈合患者行关节镜下距下关节融合术治疗。男10例,女2例;年龄38～54岁,平均44.8岁。左足5例,右足7例。致伤原因:高处坠落伤8例,交通事故伤3例,其他伤1例。跟骨畸形愈合按照Stephens分型标准均为Ⅱ型。根据美国足踝关节协会(AOFAS)的踝-后足评分系统,术前总评分为(35.68±10.35)分,疼痛评分为(8.14±1.83)分。伤后至手术时间为3～7个月。结果术后切口均Ⅰ期愈合。12例术后均获随访,随访时间14～32个月,平均18个月。X线片示距下关节于术后10～14周(平均11.5周)获骨性融合。根据AOFAS的踝-后足评分系统,总评分为(76.45±9.83)分,疼痛评分为(1.52±1.48)分,与术前比较差异均有统计学意义(P0.01)。结论关节镜下距下关节融合术治疗跟骨骨折畸形愈合可获得满意的融合率,且无明显并发症。     

关节镜监视下液态人工骨治疗距骨坏死的临床报道

目的探讨关节镜下液态人工骨治疗距骨坏死的临床疗效。方法 2006年1月至2013年5月,本组收治了25例距骨坏死患者,均采用关节镜监视下行病灶清除,并注射液态人工骨的治疗方法。术前、术后分别评估患者的VAS评分、ROM、踝关节功能评分及MRI。结果所有患者均获得随访,平均随访时间23.3个月,其中男19例,女6例;年龄23-40岁,平均30.5岁;左踝13例,右踝12例。本组患者手术时间平均65 min（55-80 min）,术中出血平均2 ml（0-3 ml）,术后患者伤口均为一期愈合,术前VAS评分平均7.25分,术后平均2.73分;术前ROM为46.7°,术后为57.9°;术前AOFAS评分为21.9分,术后评分为81.4分;术前MRI提示距骨坏死面积为23.9 mm^2,术后随访时复查MRI提示距骨坏死面积为11.4 mm^2;以上每组差异均有统计学意义（P〈0.01）。结论关节镜监视下距骨坏死病灶清除、液态人工骨填充术,操作简单、创伤小、病灶清除彻底,能早期功能锻炼,是一种较好的选择。     

截骨复位治疗踝关节骨折畸形愈合的疗效分析

目的：探讨采用截骨复位治疗踝关节骨折畸形愈合的临床疗效。方法：回顾性分析2018年3月至2021年6月收治的30例采用截骨复位治疗踝关节骨折畸形愈合的患者资料。男9例,女21例;手术时年龄18～70岁,平均（40.5±15.5）岁;受伤或第一次手术到截骨手术间隔9(6.3,22.5)个月。比较患者术前及末次随访时的美国足踝外科协会（AOFAS）踝与后足评分、疼痛视觉模拟评分（VAS）、足部功能指数（FFI）、距骨倾斜角（TT）、距踝角（TCA）和踝关节活动范围（ROM）,记录患者满意度及并发症。结果：所有患者术后随访18～57个月,平均（40.5±12.0）个月。末次随访时AOFAS踝与后足评分为（86.5±7.6）分、VAS为1.0(1.0,2.0)分、FFI为18.5(9.2,23.8)分、TT为1.4°（1.0°,2.1°）、TCA为79.2°±3.3°,较术前均显著改善,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。踝关节ROM术前和末次随访比较,差异无统计学意义。1例踝关节炎发生了进展,总体满意度86.7%(26/30)。结论：采用截骨复位治疗踝关节骨折畸形愈合具有良好的临床疗效,...     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.     

Intraoperative autotransfusion is associated with modest reduction of allogeneic transfusion in prosthetic hip surgery

Background: The efficacy of intraoperative salvage and washing of wound blood and the predictors of allogeneic red cell transfusions in prosthetic hip surgery are insufficiently known.
Methods: In 96 patients, undergoing primary or revision surgery, salvaged and washed red cells and, if necessary, allogeneic blood were used to keep haematocrit not lower than 33%. The bleeding of red cells during hospital stay was calculated from the red cell balance. The preoperative red cell reserve (millilitres of red cells in excess of a haematocrit of 33%) was estimated and the difference between this volume and the total bleeding of red cells was retrospectively used to classify patients with regard to the need for red cells. Stepwise regression analysis was used to define patient-related variables associated with allogeneic blood transfusion.
Results: Preoperative knowledge of the type of operation (primary, revision), the preoperative red cell reserve, and the body mass could predict roughly half of the need for banked blood (r²=0.45). Only one-third of the total bleeding of red cells was retransfused. For complete avoidance of allogeneic blood, autotransfusion was most effective in patients with a moderate need (0–4 u). However, 32% of such patients required allogeneic blood.
Conclusions: Autotransfusion has a limited efficacy to decrease the need for allogeneic blood, and other blood-saving methods should be added for this purpose. It is difficult to predict the need for allogeneic blood preoperatively.     

缺氧对肾小管上皮细胞分泌外泌体的影响

目的    观察缺氧对肾小管上皮细胞分泌外泌体的影响,探讨外泌体在缺氧致肾脏损伤中的作用及机制。 方法    （1）常氧（21% O₂）及缺氧（1% O₂）分别处理大鼠肾小管上皮细胞（NRK-52E）48 h,收集细胞上清液并使用高速梯度离心法分离外泌体。采用透射电镜、纳米示踪分析、Western印迹、蛋白浓度定量鉴定并比较两组外泌体的基本特性。（2）在共培养实验中,以不同浓度（1、10、50、100、300 mg/L）的常氧外泌体、缺氧外泌体分别干预脂多糖（LPS）诱导的大鼠原代腹腔巨噬细胞,使用实时荧光定量PCR与酶联免疫吸附试验（ELISA）法分别检测巨噬细胞白细胞介素6（IL-6）、肿瘤坏死因子α（TNF-α）、诱导型氮氧化物合酶（iNOS）水平;使用Western印迹法检测巨噬细胞磷酸化（p）STAT/STAT及细胞因子信号传导抑制蛋白1（SOCS1）的蛋白表达;最后,使用实时荧光定量PCR法检测常氧外泌体与缺氧外泌体中炎性反应相关微RNA（microRNA,miR）的表达差异。 结果    （1）离心得到的囊泡具有外泌体典型的结构,粒径小于150 nm,表达外泌体标志蛋白CD63,说明分离得到外泌体。缺氧对肾小管上皮细胞分泌的外泌体形态、粒径分布比例无明显影响,但提高了外泌体的分泌量。（2）缺氧外泌体相比于常氧外泌体促进了LPS诱导的M1型巨噬细胞IL-6、TNF-α、iNOS 的表达和分泌（均P＜0.01）,同时提高STAT的磷酸化水平并减少SOCS1的蛋白表达（均P＜0.01）;对炎性反应相关microRNA检测发现缺氧外泌体中miR-155、miR-27a表达量较常氧外泌体明显升高（P＜0.05）。 结论    缺氧可改变外泌体的生物学功能,表现为协同促进LPS诱导的M1型巨噬细胞的表型转化,这可能是慢性肾脏病微炎性反应状态持续的原因之一。     

In Vitro Function and Durability Assessment of a Novel Polyurethane Heart Valve Prosthesis

Abstract While flexible-leaflet, central-flow prosthetic heart valves promise relief from anticoagulation therapy, they continue to be restricted by inadequate durability. In consequence, a novel trileaflet valve, made entirely from polyurethane, has been developed. A batch of 6 consecutively manufactured polyurethane valves was subjected to hydrodynamic function and accelerated fatigue testing. Computerized data acquisition and control systems have been introduced to improve valve testing methodologies. In terms of hydrodynamic function, the polyurethane valve demonstrates transvalvular pressure gradients similar to those for a bioprosthetic valve (Carpentier-Edwards) and levels of retrograde flow significantly less than those for either the bioprosthetic valve or a bileaflet mechanical valve (St Jude Medical). The equivalent of 10 years of cycling without failure has been exceeded by all 6 polyurethane valves in accelerated fatigue tests with 2 valves remaining intact after 674 million cycles (equivalent to approximately 17 years) in continuing tests. Highspeed photography revealed considerable differences in leaflet motion between valves cycled at accelerated and physiological rates.     

Negative pressure ventilation vs. spontaneous assisted ventilation during rigid bronchoscopy: A controlled randomised trial

Background: Ventilation during interventional rigid bronchoscopy (IRB) under general anaesthesia (jet ventilation, positive pressure ventilation and spontaneous assisted ventilation) may offer some difficulties. This study compares the effectiveness during IRB of intermittent negative pressure ventilation (INPV) and spontaneous assisted ventilation (SAV). Methods: Thirty-eight patients submitted to IRB were randomised into two groups: SAV or INPV. All patients received a total intravenous anaesthesia; INPV patients were paralysed. Pre-and intra-operative arterial blood gases and O₂ flow through a rigid bronchoscope were assessed. The endoscopist applying a subjective score evaluated the operating conditions. Results: Patients of the INPV group, as compared to the SAV group, required a lower dosage of fentanyl (2.6 ± 1.8 (μg · kg^?1· h^?1 vs. 6.6 ± 4.8 μg · kg^?1· h^?1), a lower O₂ supply (3.3 ± 2.8 1/min vs. 11.6 ± 3.4 1/min), a shorter recovery time (5.4 ± 2.9 min vs. 9.8 ± 7.1 min) and no manually assisted ventilation (0 ± 0 vs. 1 ± 1.1 nd?/procedure). Intraoperative PaCO₂ was higher in the SAV (8.1 ± 1.3 kPa) than in the INPV group (5.0 ± 1.6 kPa) and intraoperative pH differed in the two groups (7.26 ± 0.05, SAV vs. 7.47 ± 0.08, INPV). Operating conditions, as assessed by a subjective score, were considered better with INPV than with SAV (4.9 vs. 4.3). Conclusions: As compared to SAV, INPV in paralysed patients during IRB reduces administration of opioids, shortens recovery time, prevents respiratory acidosis, excludes the need for manually assisted ventilation, reduces 02 need and affords optimal surgical conditions. INPV appears a safe, non-invasive and effective ventilatory management during IRB.