大鼠急性肾损伤模型的建立及意义

目的探讨建立大鼠缺血再灌注急性肾损伤模型。方法采用切除大鼠右肾,左肾蒂夹闭45分钟,再灌注2、6、12、24 h测定血尿素氮(BUN)、肌酐(Scr)的水平,观察肾组织病理形态学改变,TUNEL法检测肾小管凋亡细胞,确定大鼠缺血再灌注急性肾损伤模型。结果 IRI组BUN、Scr在再灌注后2h开始上升,在24 h达到高峰;肾组织24 h后肾小管上皮细胞凋亡、坏死脱落,小管可见细胞碎片及管型,小管排列稀疏、紊乱,管腔明显扩张,肾小球无明显改变;与Sham组相比,IRI各亚组肾小管凋亡细胞指数与损伤评分,差异有统计学意义(P0.05),且随缺血再灌注时间延长及肾功能损伤的加重,肾小管凋亡细胞指数与损伤评分增加。结论切除大鼠右肾、夹闭左肾动脉的方法可成功建立缺血再灌注急性肾损伤动物模型。     

晚期缺血预适应促进低氧诱导因子的表达减轻肾脏缺血再灌注损伤

目的: 探讨晚期缺血预适应对肾脏缺血再灌注损伤的作用,以及低氧诱导因子1α(HIF-1α)在其中的作用。方法: 将雄性C57/BL6N小鼠随机分为3组:假手术组(sham)、缺血再灌注组(IR)和缺血预适应组(IPC)。采用夹闭双侧肾蒂30 min后恢复灌注的方法建立肾缺血再灌注小鼠模型;缺血预适应组4 d前给予肾脏15 min预缺血。观察缺血预处理对再灌注后不同时点血肌酐(Scr)、尿素氮(BUN)、肾组织形态学和细胞凋亡的影响。采用免疫组化及Western印迹法,分析HIF-1α在肾组织的表达;采用实时定量RT-PCR法,检测血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)和葡萄糖转运子-1(Glut-1)的mRNA表达。结果: 再灌注24 h后,IPC组小管间质损伤程度较IR组显著减轻,Scr、BUN水平以及小管上皮细胞凋亡明显下降。IPC组的HIF-1α核内表达显著高于IR组,且HIF-1下游靶基因VEGF和Glut-1的mRNA表达亦显著增加。结论: 晚期缺血预适应能够显著改善缺血再灌注后肾脏的形态和功能,这种保护作用可能与促进低氧诱导因子高表达有关。     

BALB/c小鼠肾缺血再灌注损伤模型的建立与评价

背景：对于一些药物研究,小鼠是理想的造模工具,但由于小鼠耐受性相对较差,肾脏及肾蒂小且难于寻找,容易增加实验误差,导致造模失败。 目的：探讨BALB/c小鼠肾缺血再灌注损伤模型的建立方法,评价肾脏缺血时间对肾缺血再灌注损伤的影响。 方法：采用微型动脉夹夹闭小鼠双侧肾蒂的方法建立雄性BALB/c小鼠肾缺血再灌注损伤模型,根据肾缺血时间不同分为    0 min组(对照组)、30 min组、35 min组、45 min组,肾再灌注后24 h观察肾功能和肾脏病理组织学的变化,比较不同的肾脏缺血时间对上述指标的影响;观察45 min组小鼠肾缺血再灌注损伤后的生存率。 结果与结论：模型成功率95.9%,与对照组相比,肾缺血30 min组、35 min组和45 min组再灌注后24 h血清肌酐、尿素氮和肾脏病理组织学评分均升高,肾缺血45 min组生存率明显下降,差异均有显著性意义(P < 0.05)。结果提示,应用微型动脉夹夹闭小鼠双侧肾蒂的方法可制备稳定肾缺血再灌注损伤模型,雄性小鼠肾缺血35~45 min是造模较为理想的肾缺血时间,所得模型效果满意。     

不同缺血后处理方案对大鼠肾脏缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用

目的 试建立恰当的大鼠肾脏缺血再灌注损伤（IRI）的缺血后处理模型。方法 选8 ～ 12周健康60只SD雄性大鼠,体质量220 ～ 260 g。随机分为6组：对照组（S组）、缺血再灌注组（IR组）及IR缺血后处理A、B、C、D组,每组10只。S组：分离出双侧肾蒂,仅行右肾蒂结扎和左肾蒂游离;IR组：结扎右侧肾蒂,夹闭左侧肾蒂60 min后恢复灌注;缺血后处理A、B、C、D组在肾脏缺血60 min后分别进行6次（开放10 s ＋ 阻断10 s）、5次（开放20 s ＋ 阻断20 s）、3次（开放10 s ＋ 阻断10 s）、3次（开放2 min ＋ 阻断2 min）的循环,然后充分开放灌注。再灌注24 h后监测肾功能,对肾组织结构损伤程度评分。结果 与IR组相比,A、B、C、D组后处理的血尿素氮（BUN）、血肌酐（SCr）及肾小管损伤程度评分均降低（P 〈 0.05）,肾组织损伤明显减轻。处理组中,A、B两组的BUN、SCr及肾小管损伤程度评分相当（P 〉 0.05）,且缺血后处理效果优于C、D两组（P 〈 0.05）。结论： 采用缺血后处理A组方法和B组方法均可以成功制作出缺血后处理模型。     

P53在急性肾损伤小鼠肾脏的表达及其与细胞凋亡的关系

 目的：探讨缺血再灌注致急性肾损伤（AKI）小鼠肾脏不同部位P53的表达及其与细胞凋亡的关系。方法：采用随机对照动物实验方法,将18只小鼠随机分为假手术组、AKI组及P53抑制剂pifithrin-alpha（PFT-α）组,每组6只。采用双侧肾蒂夹闭45 min后松开动脉夹的方法建立小鼠AKI模型,PFT-α组于建模前5 min腹腔注射PFT-α  2.2 mg/kg,并于建模后48 h采血检测尿素氮和肌酐,取肾脏组织行HE染色观察肾组织病理学变化,采用Western blotting法测定P53蛋白含量,免疫荧光法确定肾脏不同部位P53的表达,TUNEL法检测肾脏细胞凋亡,免疫组化方法检测肿瘤坏死因子受体（TNFR）、caspase-3及Bcl-2蛋白水平 。结果：（1）PFT-α组和AKI组小鼠血尿素氮和肌酐水平均明显高于假手术组,而PFT-α组与AKI组比较血尿素氮和肌酐水平明显降低（P<0.05）;肾组织HE染色显示假手术组肾组织细胞形态完整,排列整齐,无明显病理改变,AKI组肾小管上皮细胞刷状缘脱落、空泡及滴状变性,皮髓质间有明显淤血带;PFT-α组肾小管上皮部分刷状缘脱落消失,空泡及滴状变性减轻,皮髓质间无明显淤血带;（2）假手术组小鼠肾脏有少量P53表达且未检测到凋亡细胞,而AKI组小鼠缺血再灌注48 h后P53蛋白水平及凋亡细胞明显增加（P<0.05）,并且均主要定位在肾皮质,PFT-α组较AKI组小鼠肾脏P53蛋白含量及凋亡细胞指数均减少（P<0.05）;（3）与假手术组相比,AKI组小鼠肾脏TNFR蛋白及caspase-3蛋白水平升高（P<0.05）,Bcl-2蛋白水平下降（P<0.05）,PFT-α组较AKI组小鼠肾脏TNFR蛋白及caspase-3蛋白水平降低（P<0.05）,Bcl-2蛋白水平升高（P<0.05）。结论：急性肾损伤时,肾组织P53表达增加,主要定位于皮质,通过调控凋亡蛋白Bcl-2和TNFR的水平,促进caspase-3的释放,从而介导细胞凋亡。     

小鼠急性缺血-再灌注肾损伤模型的建立及体会

目的观察应用小鼠制备急性缺血-再灌注性肾损伤模型的效果。方法应用微型动脉夹夹闭小鼠双侧肾动脉制备急性缺血-再灌注肾损伤模型,其中两组分别于术后24h和48h后处死观察肾功能及肾脏病理变化,另一组观察其病情及存活情况14天。结果各次造模成功率均达85%以上;术后24h及48h实验组血清肌酐(Scr)和血尿素氮(BUN)水平明显升高,与对照组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.01);实验组肾脏外观出现典型"大白肾"表现,镜下出现典型急性肾小管坏死表现,并有较多炎症细胞浸润,肾小管组织学评分与对照组比较差异有统计学意义(P均<0.01);实验组在观察期间逐渐出现典型急肾衰竭表现,至14天末,死亡率达91.7%,而对照组全部正常存活。结论应用微型动脉夹夹闭小鼠双侧肾动脉可制备稳定急性缺血-再灌注肾损伤模型,而且成功率较高。     

1,2-二甲磺酸乙烷预处理对雄性SD大鼠肾脏缺血再灌注损伤的影响

目的:探究1,2-二甲磺酸乙烷(EDS)预处理是否对雄性SD大鼠缺血再灌注肾脏损伤有保护作用及其可能机制。方法:夹闭双侧肾蒂45 min,构建雄性SD大鼠肾脏缺血再灌注模型;48只雄性SD大鼠随机分为6组:空白对照组(blank)、假手术组(sham)、肾脏缺血再灌注组(I/R)、EDS预处理+肾缺血再灌注组(EDS+I/R)、EDS预处理+睾酮+肾缺血再灌注组(EDS+TST+I/R)和阉割+肾缺血再灌注组(Cast+I/R)。术前1 h及再灌注后24 h采血检测血清黄体生成素、睾酮、血肌酐、血尿素氮以及尿液肾损伤分子1(KIM-1)水平;取肾脏组织,检测TNF-α水平、Fas mRNA与caspase-3蛋白表达情况。结果:(1)EDS+I/R与Cast+I/R组比较,血肌酐和尿素氮无显著差异(P0.05),但KIM-1水平却低于Cast+I/R组(P0.05),2组血肌酐、血尿素氮和KIM-1均高于另外3组(P0.05)。(2)与术前1 h相比,再灌注术后24 h,EDS+I/R、Cast+I/R及EDS+TST+I/R组均伴睾酮及黄体生成素下降(P0.05)。(3)EDS+I/R组TNF-α水平、Fas mRNA及caspase-3蛋白表达水平均显著低于Cast+I/R与I/R组(P0.05)。结论:EDS预处理可大幅降低血清睾酮水平,从而减轻雄性SD大鼠肾脏缺血再灌注损伤,其机制可能与TNF-α介导的Fas/Fas L通路有关。     

17β-雌二醇对大鼠肾缺血再灌注损伤肾小管细胞凋亡及炎症的影响

目的探讨17β-雌二醇对肾缺血再灌注损伤大鼠肾小管细胞凋亡及炎症的影响及机制。方法将所有去卵巢处理后的雌性SD大鼠随机分为正常组(Control)、假手术组(Sham组)、缺血再灌注损伤组(I/R组)及缺血再灌注雌激素治疗组(E2+I/R)(每组8只)。切除右肾,夹闭左侧肾动脉45 min,再灌注24 h后留取各组大鼠血和肾脏标本。全自动生化分析仪测定血尿素氮(BUN)及血肌酐(Cr)水平,采用HE染色观察肾组织病理学形态,原位末端标记法(TUNEL)检测肾小管细胞凋亡率,Western blot法检测肾组织Cleaved-Caspase-3蛋白表达水平,肾组织病理学观察炎性反应及免疫荧光法检测各组肾组织CD4+T淋巴细胞的浸润数量。结果与Sham组相比,I/R组血BUN和Cr水平升高(P0.05),肾组织病理学损伤明显(P0.05),凋亡细胞数增加(P0.05),Cleaved-Caspase-3蛋白表达显著升高(P0.01),炎症反应加重(P0.05),CD4+T淋巴细胞浸润增加(P0.05);与I/R组相比,E2+I/R组血BUN和Cr水平降低(P0.05),肾组织病理学损伤减轻(P0.05),凋亡细胞数减少(P0.05),Cleaved-Caspase-3蛋白表达水平降低(P0.01),炎症反应减轻(P0.05),CD4+T淋巴细胞浸润减少(P0.05)。结论雌激素可抑制缺血再灌注损伤后肾组织Cleaved-Caspase-3蛋白表达,减少肾小管细胞凋亡,并且可以减轻炎症反应和CD4+T淋巴细胞浸润,对肾缺血再灌注损伤发挥保护作用。     

促红细胞生成素对急性肾损伤中干细胞因子及其受体表达的影响

背景：细胞因子在减轻肾脏缺血再灌注损伤中的作用日益受到重视,干细胞因子具有造血系统以外的器官保护作用。目的：探讨大鼠急性肾损伤模型中干细胞因子及其受体c-Kit表达的变化和促红细胞生成素预处理对其表达的影响。方法：成年雄性Wistar大鼠34只,采用夹闭双侧肾蒂建立缺血再灌注模型,缺血45 min后再灌注24 h,随机分为假手术组(n=10)、缺血再灌注组(n=12)和促红细胞生成素组(n=12),促红细胞生成素组于造模前2 h一次性尾静脉注射重组人促红细胞生成素5 000 U/kg。免疫组化及图像分析技术检测各组肾组织中干细胞因子及c-Kit的表达变化,测定血清肌酐和尿素氮水平,苏木精-伊红染色观察肾组织病理学改变并计算肾小管损伤积分。结果与结论：干细胞因子及c-Kit在肾组织中的表达仅限于肾小管区域。与假手术组比较,干细胞因子和c-Kit在缺血再灌注组和促红细胞生成素组的表达均明显增高(P < 0.05),促红细胞生成素组干细胞因子表达高于缺血再灌注组(P < 0.01),但两组c-Kit表达差异无显著性意义(P > 0.05);促红细胞生成素组血清肌酐与尿素氮水平明显低于缺血再灌注组(P < 0.05),但高于假手术组(P < 0.05)。与缺血再灌注组比较,促红细胞生成素组肾组织病变减轻。说明缺血再灌注导致急性肾损伤发生时干细胞因子及c-Kit表达升高,而促红细胞生成素对急性肾损伤的保护作用可能与上调干细胞因子及c-Kit表达有关。中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：肾移植;肝移植;移植;心脏移植;组织移植;皮肤移植;皮瓣移植;血管移植;器官移植;组织工程全文链接：     

姜黄素预处理及缺血后处理对大鼠肾脏缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用

背景：有研究发现姜黄素预处理、缺血后处理对大鼠肾脏缺血再灌注损伤具有保护作用。 目的：建立大鼠肾脏缺血再灌注损伤模型,观察姜黄素预处理、缺血后处理、姜黄素预处理联合缺血后处理对大鼠肾脏缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用。 方法：60只SD雄性大鼠随机均分为5组,假手术组、肾脏缺血再灌注模型组、姜黄素组、缺血后处理组以及联合处理组。肾脏再灌注24 h后,取下腔静脉血测定肌酐和尿素氮。肾组织测定超氧化物岐化酶活性和丙二醛含量,并行苏木精-伊红染色观察各组肾组织病理学变化。 结果与结论：与假手术组比较,其余各组肌酐、尿素氮均升高(P < 0.05)。与缺血再灌注模型组比较,姜黄素组、缺血后处理组和联合处理组的肌酐、尿素氮值在再灌注24 h后均下降(P < 0.05)。与姜黄素组和缺血后处理组比较,联合处理组的肌酐更低(P < 0.05)。与假手术组比较,缺血再灌注模型组超氧化物歧化酶活性明显降低,丙二醛含量明显升高,差异有显著性意义(P < 0.05)。与缺血再灌注模型组比较,姜黄素组、缺血后处理组和联合处理组的超氧化物歧化酶活性升高,丙二醛含量降低,差异有显著性意义(P < 0.05)。与姜黄素组和缺血后处理组比较,联合处理组的超氧化物歧化酶活性升高,差异有显著性意义(P < 0.05)。与假手术组比较,缺血再灌注模型组肾小管损伤明显;与缺血再灌注模型组比较,姜黄素组、缺血后处理组和联合处理组肾小管损伤减轻明显,与姜黄素组和缺血后处理组比较,联合处理组损伤更轻。说明示姜黄素预处理和缺血后处理联合应用具有协同作用,可以更好的保护大鼠缺血再灌注损伤肾脏。     

Methods of the National Athletic Treatment,Injury and Outcomes Network Surveillance Program (NATION-SP), 2014–2015 Through 2018–2019

BackgroundThe National Athletic Treatment, Injury and Outcomes Network Surveillance Program (NATION-SP) was established in 2011 to provide a comprehensive appraisal of injuries sustained by high school student-athletes who received services from athletic trainers (ATs). The purpose of this article is to update the surveillance methods of the NATION-SP for data reported during the 2014–2015 through 2018–2019 academic years.Surveillance System StructureThe NATION-SP used a rolling recruitment model to identify a convenience sample of US high schools with access to ATs. The ATs at participating institutions volunteered to contribute data via electronic medical records systems; common data elements were then pushed to and maintained by the Datalys Center for Sports Injury Research and Prevention. The ATs completed detailed reports on each injury, including the condition and circumstances. The treatments component was used to comprehensively assess the services provided to athletes by ATs. The outcomes companion component was developed to monitor patient-reported outcomes after athletic injury.SummaryThe NATION-SP continues to serve a critical purpose in informing injury-prevention and treatment efforts among high school athletes.     

An epidemiologic comparison of high school sports injuries sustained in practice and competition

CONTEXT: More than 7 million US high school students play sports. OBJECTIVE: To compare practice and competition injury rates and patterns in 5 boys' sports (football, soccer, basketball, wrestling, and baseball) and 4 girls' sports (soccer, volleyball, basketball, and softball) during the 2005-2006 school year. DESIGN: Prospective injury surveillance study. SETTING: Injury data were collected from 100 nationally representative United States high schools via High School RIO (Reporting Information Online). PATIENTS OR OTHER PARTICIPANTS: Athletes from participating high schools injured while participating in a school-sanctioned practice or competition in one of the above sports. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Practice and competition injury rates, body site, diagnosis, and severity. RESULTS: High school athletes participating in these 9 sports at participating schools sustained 4350 injuries during the 2005-2006 school year, which corresponds to an estimated 1 442 533 injuries nationally. The rate of injury per 1000 athlete-exposures was higher in competition (4.63) than in practice (1.69) (rate ratio [RR] = 2.73, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 2.58, 2.90). Of all sports, football had the highest competition (12.09) and practice (2.54) injury rates per 1000 athlete-exposures. Compared with injuries sustained during practice, higher proportions of competition injuries were head/face/neck injuries (proportion ratio [PR] = 1.61, 95% CI = 1.34, 1.94), particularly in boys' soccer (PR = 7.74, 95% CI = 2.53, 23.65) and girls' basketball (PR = 6.03, 95% CI = 2.39, 15.22). Competition injuries were more likely to be concussions (PR = 2.02, 95% CI = 1.56, 2.62), especially in boys' soccer (PR = 6.94, 95% CI = 2.01, 23.95) and girls' basketball (PR = 5.83, 95% CI = 2.06, 16.49). Higher proportions of competition injuries caused the athlete to miss more than 3 weeks of play (PR = 1.28, 95% CI = 1.08, 1.52), particularly in baseball (PR = 3.47, 95% CI = 1.48, 8.11) and volleyball (PR = 2.88, 95% CI = 1.01, 8.24). CONCLUSIONS: Rates and patterns of high school sport injuries differed between practice and competition. Providing athletic trainers with this information is a crucial step in developing the targeted, evidence-based interventions required to effectively reduce injury rates among the millions of high school student-athletes.     

Diffuse axonal injury in head injury: definition, diagnosis and grading

Diffuse axonal injury is one of the most important types of brain damage that can occur as a result of non-missile head injury, and it may be very difficult to diagnose post mortem unless the pathologist knows precisely what he is looking for. Increasing experience with fatal non-missile head injury in man has allowed the identification of three grades of diffuse axonal injury. In grade 1 there is histological evidence of axonal injury in the white matter of the cerebral hemispheres, the corpus callosum, the brain stem and, less commonly, the cerebellum; in grade 2 there is also a focal lesion in the corpus callosum; and in grade 3 there is in addition a focal lesion in the dorsolateral quadrant or quadrants of the rostral brain stem. The focal lesions can often only be identified microscopically. Diffuse axonal injury was identified in 122 of a series of 434 fatal non-missile head injuries--10 grade 1, 29 grade 2 and 83 grade 3. In 24 of these cases the diagnosis could not have been made without microscopical examination, while in a further 31 microscopical examination was required to establish its severity.     

足踝运动损伤2023年度研究进展

足踝运动医学是近年来逐渐兴起并蓬勃发展的学科,主要聚焦于足踝部韧带、肌腱、软骨损伤的诊断和治疗。本文检索了2023年发表于国际著名期刊中关于足踝运动损伤的相关文献,并对相关最新研究进展进行综述,为今后的研究、诊断及治疗提供新的思路。     

腹部撞击伤时肝脏损伤生物力学效应的初步探讨

本文采用自由落体式撞击载荷对１７只狗下腹部撞击致伤，动态实时测量了动物各主干血管内血流的压力变化过程：并通过高速摄影和高速Ｘ线摄影技术同步记录和分析了狗腹腔的压缩变形过程和肝实质局部的变形位移，对腹部撞击伤时肝脏损伤的生物力学作了一定的分析和讨论。     

Mechanisms of noncontact anterior cruciate ligament injury

OBJECTIVE: To examine and summarize previous retrospective and observational studies assessing noncontact anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury mechanisms and to examine such reported ACL injury mechanisms based on ACL loading patterns due to knee loadings reported in in vivo, in vitro, and computer simulation studies. DATA SOURCES: We searched MEDLINE from 1950 through 2007 using the key words anterior cruciate ligament + injury + mechanisms; anterior cruciate ligament + injury + mechanisms + retrospective; and anterior cruciate ligament + injury + mechanisms + video analysis. STUDY SELECTION: We selected retrospective studies and observational studies that specifically examined the noncontact ACL injury mechanisms (n = 7) and assessed ACL loading patterns in vivo, in vitro, and using computer simulations (n = 33). DATA EXTRACTION: The motion patterns reported as noncontact ACL injury mechanisms in retrospective and observational studies were assessed and critically compared with ACL loading patterns measured during applied external or internal (or both) forces or moments to the knee. DATA SYNTHESIS: Noncontact ACL injuries are likely to happen during deceleration and acceleration motions with excessive quadriceps contraction and reduced hamstrings co-contraction at or near full knee extension. Higher ACL loading during the application of a quadriceps force when combined with a knee internal rotation moment compared with an external rotation moment was noted. The ACL loading was also higher when a valgus load was combined with internal rotation as compared with external rotation. However, because the combination of knee valgus and external rotation motions may lead to ACL impingement, these combined motions cannot be excluded from the noncontact ACL injury mechanisms. Further, excessive valgus knee loads applied during weight-bearing, decelerating activities also increased ACL loading. CONCLUSIONS: The findings from this review lend support to ACL injury prevention programs designed to prevent unopposed excessive quadriceps force and frontal-plane or transverse-plane (or both) moments to the knee and to encourage increased knee flexion angle during sudden deceleration and acceleration tasks.     

Analysis of Injury Rates and Treatment Patterns for Time-Loss and Non-Time-Loss Injuries Among Collegiate Student-Athletes

OBJECTIVE: To compare the injury rates for time-loss and non-time-loss injuries among selected intercollegiate athletic programs and to describe the number of treatments associated with these injuries. DESIGN AND SETTING: A volunteer, cross-sectional cohort study of 50 collegiate athletic programs representing the 3 National Collegiate Athletic Association divisions, the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics, and the National Junior College Athletic Association during the 2000-2002 academic years. SUBJECTS: Individuals listed on the team rosters for the participating institutions and representing the sports associated with the institution's athletic programs. MEASUREMENTS: The athletic training staff and students recorded the injury and treatment data for the participating institutions. The data included information for time-loss and non- time-loss injuries, daily treatments, and daily athlete-exposures. RESULTS: Non-time-loss injury rates were 3.5 (confidence interval = 3.4, 3.6) times the time-loss rate for men and 5.1 (confidence interval = 4.9, 5.2) times the time-loss rate for women. Non-time-loss injuries required more treatments over the course of the year than did time-loss injuries. For men's sports, 22% of the injuries resulted in loss of participation time, with 47% of the treatments associated with these injuries. For women's sports, 16% of the injuries and 34% of the treatments were associated with time-loss injuries. CONCLUSIONS: Throughout the sports medicine year, athletic training staff and students spent more time delivering treatments to athletes who were not missing participation time than to athletes who were missing time. A noteworthy difference in the workforce available to provide health care among the various levels of intercollegiate athletics may contribute to the frequency of injury and treatments reported.     

The ACL injury response: A collagen-based analysis

Background

Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries do not effectively heal. Tendon graft tissue after reconstruction shows rapid tissue turnover and ‘ligamentization.’ It is unknown whether native torn ACL tissue undergoes significant collagen turnover after injury or is arrested by the intraarticular environment. It is also unknown whether injury mechanism or chronicity affect torn ligament tissue turnover.

兔胸部爆炸伤后早期IL-6、IL-8和TNFα水平的变化

目的　研究实验性胸部爆炸伤后体内IL 6、IL 8和TNFα三种炎性细胞因子的变化。方法利用标准爆炸当量的 1 0g铝制雷管 ,电触发引爆造成家兔胸部爆炸伤模型 ,酶标免疫吸附法 (ELISA)测定血浆及支气管肺泡灌洗液中IL 6、IL 8和TNFα活性变化。结果胸部爆炸伤后肺泡灌洗液中上述三种细胞因子水平显著升高 ;外周血中上述因子水平亦升高 ,但程度较肺泡灌洗液中轻。不同程度爆炸伤组间肺泡灌洗液中三种细胞因子水平有统计学差异。结论IL 6、IL 8和TNFα三种炎性细胞因子与肺损伤关系密切 ,其水平变化在肺泡灌洗液中最为显著     

Ice Hockey Injuries in a Japanese Elite Team: A 3-Year Prospective Study

Context:

As the Asian Ice Hockey League gradually expands and becomes more competitive, ice hockey-related injuries may increase. However, no reports have been published on ice hockey injuries in Japan, including the method of injury and the daily supervision of the players during the regular season.

Objective:

To prospectively study the incidence, types, and mechanisms of ice hockey injuries in an elite Japanese ice hockey team.

Design:

Prospective observational cohort study design.

Setting:

An elite ice hockey team, Tokyo, Japan.

Patients or Other Participants:

Ninety-four players during the 2002–2005 seasons.

Main Outcome Measure(s):

Data were collected for 3 consecutive seasons using an injury reporting form.

Results:

The overall game injury rate was 74.3 per 1000 player-game hours and 11.7 per 1000 player-game hours for injuries resulting in any time loss. The overall practice injury rates were 11.2 per 1000 player-practice hours and 1.1 per 1000 player-practice hours for injuries resulting in any time loss. Forwards had the highest rate of injury, followed by defensemen and then goalkeepers. Contusions were the most common injury, followed by strains, lacerations, and sprains.

Conclusions:

Most injuries among Japanese ice hockey players occurred during games. Game or play intensity may influence the injury rate during games.