精确膜解剖在开放前入路腹膜前无张力腹股沟疝修补术的临床应用：附视频

目的通过对腹股沟管内、外环和腹膜前间隙膜的精确解剖,辨认开放前入路腹膜前腹股沟疝修补术的正确入路层面,减少术后复发率和并发症。方法对600例(628侧)原发性腹股沟疝患者进行术中解剖观察和术后长期随访。切开腹股沟管第一外环显露腹股沟管,切开第二内环进入Bogros间隙,在此分离还纳疝囊并精索壁化,然后切开腹壁下血管内下侧的腹横筋膜进入Retzius间隙。最后切断间隙韧带,将两个不同解剖层面的间隙贯通为一体的腹膜前间隙,放置补片修补耻骨肌孔。结果本组600例平均手术时间(50±10)min,平均住院时间(7±2.1)d。术中腹膜损伤23例(3.8%),均立即缝合。术后血肿16例(2.6%),血清肿11例(1.8%),5例慢性疼痛患者中有1例行腹股沟神经封闭理疗。随访12～100个月,平均53个月(随访率83.3%),复发4例。结论腹股沟管内、外环及其膜结构和腹膜前间隙膜的精确辨认和解剖,有助于提高开放前入路腹膜前疝修补术的安全性和可靠性,减少手术并发症和复发率。     

基于膜解剖的开放前入路腹膜前腹股沟疝修补术

目的通过对腹股沟区膜解剖的了解，辨认开放腹膜前入路手术的正确层面，减少术后复发率和并发症。 方法对2006年1月至2018年3月东莞茶山医院450例原发性腹股沟疝患者进行术中观察、组织学分析和术后长期随访。 结果腹股沟管有两个内环（中间环和内环）。进入Bogros间隙的"门户"是腹膜和腹膜前筋膜深层之间，而进入Retzius间隙的层面则是腹横筋膜和腹膜前筋膜浅层之间，这两个不连续的膜层面通过切开腹壁下血管处间隙韧带而贯通为一体的腹膜前间隙。术后随访平均53个月，慢性疼痛发生率和复发率均低于1%。 结论熟悉腹股沟区膜结构的解剖有助于提高开放腹膜前疝修补术的安全性和可靠性，减少手术并发症和复发率。     

人工弓状线切开技术在弓状线变异腹腔镜全腹膜外腹股沟疝修补术中的应用：附视频

目的探讨人工弓状线切开技术在变异弓状线病例腹腔镜全腹膜外腹股沟疝修补术（TEP）应用的可靠性、安全性和有效性。 方法回顾性分析2016年7月至2019年8月广东医科大学茶山医院施行TEP的60例弓状线变异患者资料,在脐与耻骨联合连线中点人为切开腹直肌后鞘及其后面的腹横筋膜创建一条人工弓状线,并对其后面的腹膜前间隙进分离。影像记录弓状线的形态和手术步骤。 结果低位弓状线50例（83.3%）,位于脐下8~12 cm,表现为不完整的腹直肌后鞘,向下呈逐渐变薄、变少的散在纤维。无弓状线10例（16.7%）,有完整的腹直肌后鞘并一直延伸至耻骨。以人工弓状线为界分为两个层面,前面的是腹直肌后间隙,后面是腹膜前间隙,位于腹横筋膜（含有后鞘）与腹膜前筋膜浅层之间,是TEP理想的分离层面,沿此间隙向下分离与Retzius间隙相连,然后向外分离Bogros间隙。本组平均手术时间（130±15）min,术中腹膜损伤率8.3%（5/60）。术后发生血肿3例,血清肿2例,皮下气肿3例,无慢性疼痛病例。术后平均随访25个月,无复发病例。 结论人工弓状线切开技术在低位和无弓状线患者的TEP手术中安全有效、简单可靠,值得推广。     

基于膜解剖的腹腔镜全腹膜外腹股沟疝修补术

正【内容简介】腹腔镜全腹膜外疝修补术(totally extraperitoneal, TEP)是目前较为理想的疝修补术,但面临腹膜前间隙结构解剖复杂、空间狭小、手术难度大、学习曲线长等问题。该手术视频案例直观细致地剖析了腹股沟区的膜结构与弓状线、腹壁下血管、Retzius和Bogros间隙关系等,旨在通过充分熟悉腹股沟区膜结构的解剖情况从而提高手术的安全性和有效性,减少手术并发症和复发率。     

膜解剖平面在腹腔镜全腹膜外修补术中临床意义

全腹膜外腹股沟疝修补术(TEP)是腹膜前间隙手术,可将腹横筋膜(TF)和腹膜组成的间隙理解为单层TF和多层次腹膜前筋膜(PPF)所构成的筋膜间平面.PPF将腹膜前间隙分为壁平面和脏平面.中央区域分离应在壁平面操作,过浅或过深有损伤腹壁下血管或膀胱的风险.壁平面是TEP的“神圣”平面,但在斜疝区域时,为了分离疝囊和保护精...     

腹腔镜腹股沟疝修补术的初期应用体会

目的:探讨初期开展腹腔镜腹股沟疝修补术的注意事项,术中、术后常见并发症及其处理措施。方法:回顾分析2012年10月至2013年5月为21例患者行腹腔镜腹股沟疝修补术的临床资料,其中19例行全腹膜外疝修补术(totally extraperitoneal,TEP),2例行经腹腹膜前疝修补术(transabdominal preperitoneal,TAPP)。结果:1例TEP患者中转行TAPP。手术时间TEP平均(92±41.38)min,TAPP平均(122±26.38)min,术中腹壁下血管损伤1例,腹膜撕裂5例,均无血清肿、内脏损伤、尿潴留及输精管损伤,未见切口及深部创面感染,术后未使用止痛剂。患者均于术后第1天恢复正常饮食并下床活动。患者术后第1、3、6个月获得电话随访,无腹股沟区慢性疼痛及复发。结论:熟悉、掌握腹腔镜下腹膜前间隙及其重要结构、选择合适的手术方式是避免腹腔镜腹股沟疝修补术中、术后并发症发生的关键。     

解剖定位标志在腹腔镜完全腹膜外疝修补术中的临床应用

目的探讨腹膜前间隙中解剖定位标志的解剖特点,为腹腔镜腹股沟疝修补术提供手术解剖依据。方法对2009年1月~2015年12月620例腹腔镜完全腹膜外疝修补术中腹膜前间隙的解剖定位标志进行观察,并对部分手术视频进行回顾性分析。结果 620例术中均能清楚地暴露腹白线、耻骨结节、腹壁下动脉、Cooper韧带、精索、输精管等解剖标志,将它们作为腹腔镜完全腹膜外疝修补术中重要的解剖定位标志。11例术后疝囊残端血肿和积液,4例保守治疗无效二次手术切除远端残留疝囊,7例经无菌下抽吸或热敷保守治愈。620例术后随访6~36个月,平均28个月,术后复发12例,复发时间为术后3~24个月,其中8例在腰-硬联合麻醉下行开放平片腹股沟疝修补术,其余4例在全麻下行腹腔镜经腹腹膜前腹股沟疝修补术,二次手术后随访6~24个月,未再出现并发症和复发。结论熟悉腹膜前间隙中区域解剖定位标志,对腹腔镜完全腹膜外疝修补术的操作具有重要的临床指导意义。     

腹腔镜下腹膜前修补术治疗双侧腹股沟疝17例

目的探讨双侧腹股沟疝腹腔镜下腹膜前修补术的效果。方法 2011年7月~2012年6月我院行腹腔镜经腹腹膜前双侧腹股沟疝修补术17例,全麻后建立气腹,回纳疝内容物,切开腹膜并分离腹膜前间隙,游离疝囊和腹膜返折,分离耻骨后间隙(Retzius间隙)和腹股沟后间隙(Bogrus间隙),将补片完整覆盖双侧的耻骨肌孔,补片的内缘在耻骨联合处重叠,并使用钉枪固定确切,随后关闭腹膜裂口,关闭气腹完成手术。结果 17例均成功完成腹腔镜双侧腹股沟疝修补。手术时间73~115 min,平均95 min。术中出血量9~53 ml,平均24 ml。术后疝囊内血清肿1例,皮下穿刺抽吸后包块消失;术后下腹壁疼痛1例,未特殊处理,术后1个月疼痛消失。无补片排异反应,无肠梗阻,肠粘连等发生。16例随访19~26个月,平均22个月,无复发。结论腹腔镜下经腹腹膜前双侧腹股沟疝修补术安全有效,在修复复发疝和巨大疝有独到优势,值得临床推广。     

腹膜前间隙的解剖和手术的发展史

腹股沟疝和股疝的腹膜前修补的历史可以分为两个部分:腹膜前间隙的解剖历史和腹膜外疝修补术的手术历史.外科手术又可分为两种手术入路:经腹膜入路(后入路)和经腹股沟入路(前入路).由于腹膜前间隙解剖认识上的日益完善,经腹股沟手术入路取得很大进步.反之,外科手术也进一步加强解剖上的认识.上述两方面的知识导致了腹股沟手术自经腹入路到经前后入路到腹膜前间隙的手术方法.腹腔镜下腹股沟疝修补也是腹膜前修补方法之一.     

后腹腔镜下肾筋膜应用解剖分型

目的:观察后腹腔镜下肾筋膜的应用解剖分型,为泌尿外科后腹腔镜手术的深入开展提供活体形态学基础.方法:2000年2月～2009年2月,对453例行后腹腔镜根治性肾切除术.术中采用自制气囊扩张腹膜后间隙,建立人工气腹后,常规清理腹膜外脂肪组织,观察肾筋膜外侧延伸和附着的后腹腔镜下解剖特点,并用照片和(或)视频的方式记录解剖学特征.421例镜下肾筋膜外侧延伸和附着方式的解剖资料记录完整.结果:肾筋膜外侧延伸和附着的镜下解剖形态分为三型.Ⅰ型:肾前、后筋膜在肾外侧融合成单一的侧锥筋膜;Ⅱ型:肾后筋膜的外侧份分为前、后两层.前层于肾外侧续于肾前筋膜,后层向外侧续为侧锥筋膜,肾前筋膜和侧锥筋膜亦相延续;Ⅲ型:肾前、后筋膜分别经肾前和肾后行向外侧,观察不到侧锥筋膜结构.421例手术观察肾后筋膜外侧延伸和附着方式的后腹腔镜下分型,其中Ⅰ型93例(22%),Ⅱ型最常见,273例(65%),Ⅲ型55例(13%).本组结果与文献报道的小样本尸体研究结果存在差异.结论:肾后筋膜外侧延伸和附着方式的后腹腔镜下分型研究有利于正确定位肾旁前间隙(肾前筋膜和后腹膜之间的间隙).根据不同的肾筋膜结构类型,选择合适的分离层面准确地解剖该间隙,可减少腹膜间位器官损伤,降低手术风险.     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.     

Intraoperative autotransfusion is associated with modest reduction of allogeneic transfusion in prosthetic hip surgery

Background: The efficacy of intraoperative salvage and washing of wound blood and the predictors of allogeneic red cell transfusions in prosthetic hip surgery are insufficiently known.
Methods: In 96 patients, undergoing primary or revision surgery, salvaged and washed red cells and, if necessary, allogeneic blood were used to keep haematocrit not lower than 33%. The bleeding of red cells during hospital stay was calculated from the red cell balance. The preoperative red cell reserve (millilitres of red cells in excess of a haematocrit of 33%) was estimated and the difference between this volume and the total bleeding of red cells was retrospectively used to classify patients with regard to the need for red cells. Stepwise regression analysis was used to define patient-related variables associated with allogeneic blood transfusion.
Results: Preoperative knowledge of the type of operation (primary, revision), the preoperative red cell reserve, and the body mass could predict roughly half of the need for banked blood (r²=0.45). Only one-third of the total bleeding of red cells was retransfused. For complete avoidance of allogeneic blood, autotransfusion was most effective in patients with a moderate need (0–4 u). However, 32% of such patients required allogeneic blood.
Conclusions: Autotransfusion has a limited efficacy to decrease the need for allogeneic blood, and other blood-saving methods should be added for this purpose. It is difficult to predict the need for allogeneic blood preoperatively.     

缺氧对肾小管上皮细胞分泌外泌体的影响

目的    观察缺氧对肾小管上皮细胞分泌外泌体的影响,探讨外泌体在缺氧致肾脏损伤中的作用及机制。 方法    （1）常氧（21% O₂）及缺氧（1% O₂）分别处理大鼠肾小管上皮细胞（NRK-52E）48 h,收集细胞上清液并使用高速梯度离心法分离外泌体。采用透射电镜、纳米示踪分析、Western印迹、蛋白浓度定量鉴定并比较两组外泌体的基本特性。（2）在共培养实验中,以不同浓度（1、10、50、100、300 mg/L）的常氧外泌体、缺氧外泌体分别干预脂多糖（LPS）诱导的大鼠原代腹腔巨噬细胞,使用实时荧光定量PCR与酶联免疫吸附试验（ELISA）法分别检测巨噬细胞白细胞介素6（IL-6）、肿瘤坏死因子α（TNF-α）、诱导型氮氧化物合酶（iNOS）水平;使用Western印迹法检测巨噬细胞磷酸化（p）STAT/STAT及细胞因子信号传导抑制蛋白1（SOCS1）的蛋白表达;最后,使用实时荧光定量PCR法检测常氧外泌体与缺氧外泌体中炎性反应相关微RNA（microRNA,miR）的表达差异。 结果    （1）离心得到的囊泡具有外泌体典型的结构,粒径小于150 nm,表达外泌体标志蛋白CD63,说明分离得到外泌体。缺氧对肾小管上皮细胞分泌的外泌体形态、粒径分布比例无明显影响,但提高了外泌体的分泌量。（2）缺氧外泌体相比于常氧外泌体促进了LPS诱导的M1型巨噬细胞IL-6、TNF-α、iNOS 的表达和分泌（均P＜0.01）,同时提高STAT的磷酸化水平并减少SOCS1的蛋白表达（均P＜0.01）;对炎性反应相关microRNA检测发现缺氧外泌体中miR-155、miR-27a表达量较常氧外泌体明显升高（P＜0.05）。 结论    缺氧可改变外泌体的生物学功能,表现为协同促进LPS诱导的M1型巨噬细胞的表型转化,这可能是慢性肾脏病微炎性反应状态持续的原因之一。     

In Vitro Function and Durability Assessment of a Novel Polyurethane Heart Valve Prosthesis

Abstract While flexible-leaflet, central-flow prosthetic heart valves promise relief from anticoagulation therapy, they continue to be restricted by inadequate durability. In consequence, a novel trileaflet valve, made entirely from polyurethane, has been developed. A batch of 6 consecutively manufactured polyurethane valves was subjected to hydrodynamic function and accelerated fatigue testing. Computerized data acquisition and control systems have been introduced to improve valve testing methodologies. In terms of hydrodynamic function, the polyurethane valve demonstrates transvalvular pressure gradients similar to those for a bioprosthetic valve (Carpentier-Edwards) and levels of retrograde flow significantly less than those for either the bioprosthetic valve or a bileaflet mechanical valve (St Jude Medical). The equivalent of 10 years of cycling without failure has been exceeded by all 6 polyurethane valves in accelerated fatigue tests with 2 valves remaining intact after 674 million cycles (equivalent to approximately 17 years) in continuing tests. Highspeed photography revealed considerable differences in leaflet motion between valves cycled at accelerated and physiological rates.     

Negative pressure ventilation vs. spontaneous assisted ventilation during rigid bronchoscopy: A controlled randomised trial

Background: Ventilation during interventional rigid bronchoscopy (IRB) under general anaesthesia (jet ventilation, positive pressure ventilation and spontaneous assisted ventilation) may offer some difficulties. This study compares the effectiveness during IRB of intermittent negative pressure ventilation (INPV) and spontaneous assisted ventilation (SAV). Methods: Thirty-eight patients submitted to IRB were randomised into two groups: SAV or INPV. All patients received a total intravenous anaesthesia; INPV patients were paralysed. Pre-and intra-operative arterial blood gases and O₂ flow through a rigid bronchoscope were assessed. The endoscopist applying a subjective score evaluated the operating conditions. Results: Patients of the INPV group, as compared to the SAV group, required a lower dosage of fentanyl (2.6 ± 1.8 (μg · kg^?1· h^?1 vs. 6.6 ± 4.8 μg · kg^?1· h^?1), a lower O₂ supply (3.3 ± 2.8 1/min vs. 11.6 ± 3.4 1/min), a shorter recovery time (5.4 ± 2.9 min vs. 9.8 ± 7.1 min) and no manually assisted ventilation (0 ± 0 vs. 1 ± 1.1 nd?/procedure). Intraoperative PaCO₂ was higher in the SAV (8.1 ± 1.3 kPa) than in the INPV group (5.0 ± 1.6 kPa) and intraoperative pH differed in the two groups (7.26 ± 0.05, SAV vs. 7.47 ± 0.08, INPV). Operating conditions, as assessed by a subjective score, were considered better with INPV than with SAV (4.9 vs. 4.3). Conclusions: As compared to SAV, INPV in paralysed patients during IRB reduces administration of opioids, shortens recovery time, prevents respiratory acidosis, excludes the need for manually assisted ventilation, reduces 02 need and affords optimal surgical conditions. INPV appears a safe, non-invasive and effective ventilatory management during IRB.