模块装药研究近期进展

模块装药研究近期进展王国强（西安近代化学研究所，西安７１００６５）在现代火炮的发展中，模块装药（也称作刚性组合装药）系统越来越受到世界各国的重视，欧洲、美国及南非研究得很广泛。模块装药系统的优点是，能够代替长期使用的布袋式装药，可以根据射程范围和身管...     

小型火箭发动机毛刷式装药结构参数对初速的影响

为了得到稳定可靠的飞行初速,研究了某小型火箭发动机毛刷式装药结构参数对初速的影响。选取该装药15个批次的产品,就影响火箭飞行初速的装药结构中药管尺寸、固药胶胶板厚度、装药量等要素的变化进行了理论分析和实验验证,得到满足该类装药技术指标和提高火箭飞行初速可靠性的最佳装药结构参数。适当增加装药质量,合理匹配药管外径和装药根数．保持固药胶胶板厚度一致,可保证飞行初速的一致性。     

刚性组合装药可燃传火管性能试验研究

本文针对刚性组合装药的点传火技术进行了一些基础性试验研究和理论分析，建立了自然环境下刚性组合装药的点传火试验系统，并对多种点传火方案进行了模拟试验，获得了点传火系统在自然环境下的重要性能参数。     

高能气体压裂弹发射药装药压力波对压裂效果的影响

根据中国专利８９２０８９１５．６“套管井高能压裂弹”所存在的深井压裂易发生掉弹、卡弹等事故，通过靶场试验分析研究了压力波和该种装药结构的关节及对压裂效果的影响，并依此提出了发射药包覆装药结构。该种装药克服了前的弊端，具有广泛的推广应用价值。     

新型大口径火炮全装药膛内压力波问题研究

为研究新型大口径火炮全装药膛内压力波存在的问题,通过理论分析、内弹道试验以及对装药结构优化设计等研究工作,摸清了膛内压力波过大产生的原因。在不改变原火炮药室结构的情况下,通过改进装药结构设计,改善了装药床的通气性,减小弹后自由空间,最大负压差由初期的80MPa左右降到20MPa以下,较好地解决了新型火炮装药膛内压力波过大、弹道性能不稳定的问题。     

灰度理论与二次规划算法组合模型对LEFP的几何优化

为了得到线性爆炸成型弹丸(LEFP)的预期形状,运用灰度理论和二次规划算法优化了线性装药战斗部的几何结构,建立了针对线性装药结构优化的灰度理论与二次规划算法组合模型。将线性装药视为装配体,药型罩、外壳以及炸药为具有相互配合关系的组件,用灰度理论对每个组件以及每个组件的几何特征进行权重计算,通过二次规划算法构建包含所有组件的目标函数。以某小型几何特征线性装药为例,用灰度理论与二次优化的组合模型所得的数值计算结果验证了优化线性装药几何结构的有效性。     

装药结构参数对轴向预制破片抛掷速度的影响

为研究柱形装药长径比与装药壳体厚度等结构参数对轴向预制破片抛掷速度的影响规律,以Gurney公式的假设为基础,提出爆轰产物二维运动假设条件,推导并得到轴向预制破片抛掷速度与装药长径比和装药壳体厚度之间的关系式.模拟了柱形带壳装药结构对轴向驱动预制破片抛掷速度的影响,所得结果与文献值吻合.用数值模拟结果修正关系式,得到柱形带壳装药结构参数对轴向预制破片抛掷速度的影响规律,以及轴向预制破片抛掷速度沿径向的分布规律.     

紧凑型聚能装药的数值模拟及实验研究

分析了K式装药的结构特性,对紧凑型聚能装药和波形调整器的小型化进行了探索研究,设计了偏心亚半球形状的药型罩结构,并采用硅橡胶、铝片与装药组合的薄型波形调整器,获得了对称性很好的环形波.实验表明,紧凑型聚能装药可大幅度减小战斗部的长度和质量,而且在对付新型间隔靶及轻型装甲目标时,与常规同口径聚能射流方案相比,虽然穿深能力稍低,但是对靶后目标的毁伤作用有明显提高.     

通过阻燃与组合装药方法优化开裂棒装药的弹道性能

通过分析及理论计算表明,阻燃与组合装药方法是优化按序开裂棒状药弹道性能的有效途径,它至少可从两个方面改善ＰＳＳ装药的弹道性能：（１）能消除装药双峰压力时间曲线的“Ｖ”字形低谷,形成类平台压力曲线,甚至形成平台压力曲线,从而在膛内最大压力基本保持不变的条件下,大幅度提高火炮示压效率及弹丸初速;（２）可以减小装药的温度系数,使ＰＳＳ装药在火炮中的应用更具有现实性。     

钝感复合装药结构枪击试验尺寸效应的数值模拟

利用有限元软件AUTODYN对钝感复合装药药柱进行枪击感度数值模拟。结果表明,外层采用TATB钝感炸药,内层采用PBX-9404高能炸药的复合装药结构既可减小炸药的枪击感度,又能得到比单一钝感炸药高的能量输出。通过分析装药结构的尺寸效应,得到装药结构与枪击感度的对应规律。     

不同射击工况下膛内模块装药的热安全性预测

为研究火炮多发连续射击情况下模块装药滞留膛内的热安全性问题,建立了膛内模块装药二维非稳态烤燃模型,采用FLUENT软件对模块装药在膛内的烤燃过程进行了数值模拟,分析了3种射击工况下多发连续射击后继续装填模块装药留膛时的烤燃特性。结果表明,常温下不同射击工况对膛内模块装药的烤燃响应时间影响较大,对烤燃起始响应位置影响较小,对烤燃响应温度几乎无影响;采用5发/min射速射击32发后模块装药的烤燃响应时间为399.2s,采用1发/min射速射击43发和采用混合射速射击41发后模块装药的烤燃响应时间分别为176.4s和179.6s。3种射击工况下均是靠近模块盒右侧端面处的单基药最先着火,并形成环形烤燃响应区,单基药的烤燃响应温度分别为459.2、462.7和460.0K。     

Tensile behavior of PVC‐coated woven membrane materials under uni‐ and bi‐axial loads

Tensile characteristics are the most significant mechanical properties for coated woven fabrics as membrane materials used in lightweight constructions. Factors that might affect test results of the material under uni‐ and bi‐axial tensile loads are examined. After series of tensile tests on PVC‐coated membrane materials, it is demonstrated that (1) to measure the strains in the two perpendicular directions, the contact method by the needle extensometer does not interfere the correct data recording; (2) the positions where the strains are measured on specimens have a great influence on the test results of the stiffness and Poisson's ratio in warp direction under uni‐axial load; (3) to perform bi‐axial tensile tests the size of the cruciform specimen in bi‐axial tensile test can be much smaller than those suggested in the literature. The tensile behavior of coated membrane materials under bi‐axial loads are affected dramatically by the stress ratio in the warp and fill directions. Besides the residual strains of coated membrane materials are affected not only by the properties of the constituent yarns and woven structure but also by loading conditions during the coating process. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008     

水泥工程项目个性模块化设计建设模式介绍

主要介绍了中材国际工程股份有限公司(南京)近几年基于全面服务水泥生产企业理念为主而建立和发展起来的个性模块化设计建设模式;并较全面、系统地分析了当前国内外水泥生产工艺技术的特性、特点及适应性。个性模块化设计能够提高企业自身的技术业务水平,提升企业为广大企业主提供一流服务的能力;同时也方便水泥企业主在主要技术方案决策时,进行多方案的比较和最适宜方案的确定。     

Thermodynamic analysis of (bi)sulphate adsorption on a Pt(1 1 1) electrode as a function of pH

A complete thermodynamic study of (bi)sulphate adsorption on Pt(1 1 1) electrodes from solutions at four different pHs (pH 0.43, 2.1, 3.1 and 4.1) is reported. The effect of pH on the sum of the Gibbs excesses of sulphate and bisulphate species, standard Gibbs energies of adsorption and formal partial charge numbers is analyzed. The results provide relevant information on the nature of species involved in the different voltammetric features. The experiments at pH 0.43 were performed in a higher base electrolyte concentration (0.5 M), that allows the study of (bi)sulphate adsorption in a broader range of concentrations. Under these conditions, two adsorption steps are clearly defined, associated to two different voltammetric features, between 0.30 and 0.60 V and between 0.65 and 0.90 V (standard hydrogen scale, SHE). Once the pH is increased, a marked decrease in absolute value of the (bi)sulphate adsorption Gibbs energy is observed, concomitant with an increasing amount of OH co-adsorption.     

Modular biocatalysts

Modularity is a highly sought after feature in engineering design. A modular catalyst is a multi‐component system whose parts can be predictably interchanged for functional flexibility and variety. Over the past two decades, much of the research in our laboratory has focused on understanding the modularity of a class of multifunctional enzymes called polyketide synthases (PKSs). PKSs catalyze the biosynthesis of a broad range of complex natural products in microorganisms, including many well‐known and emerging antibiotics. A better understanding of the fundamental principles governing their modular chemistry promises to create powerful opportunities for engineering new medicines, and may even open the door to radically new catalytic processes for functionally dense, chiral synthons. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2009     

Influence of layer charge and charge distribution of smectites on the flow behaviour and swelling of bentonites

The influence of layer charge and charge distribution of dioctahedral smectites on the rheological and swelling properties of bentonites is examined. Layer charge and charge distribution were determined by XRD using the LayerCharge program [Christidis, G.E., Eberl, D.D., 2003. Determination of layer charge characteristics of smectites. Clays Clay Miner. 51, 644–655.]. The rheological properties were determined, after sodium exchange using the optimum amount of Na₂CO₃, from free swelling tests. Rheological properties were determined using 6.42% suspensions according to industrial practice. In smectites with layer charges of − 0.425 to − 0.470 per half formula unit (phfu), layer charge is inversely correlated with free swelling, viscosity, gel strength, yield strength and thixotropic behaviour. In these smectites, the rheological properties are directly associated with the proportion of low charge layers. By contrast, in low charge and high charge smectites there is no systematic relation between layer charge or the proportion of low charge layers and rheological properties. However, low charge smectites yield more viscous suspensions and swell more than high charge smectites. The rheological properties of bentonites also are affected by the proportion of tetrahedral charge (i.e. beidellitic charge), by the existence of fine-grained minerals having clay size, such as opal-CT and to a lesser degree by the ionic strength and the pH of the suspension. A new method for classification of smectites according to the layer charge based on the XRD characteristics of smecites is proposed, that also is consistent with variations in rheological properties. In this classification scheme the term smectites with intermediate layer charge is proposed.     

模块化设计在塑料异型材挤出模具设计中的应用

探讨了模块化设计在塑料异型材挤出模具设计中的应用,为提高挤出模具的设计质量及效率提出了一种切实可行的技术方法,并在实际的设计工作中得到了较好的应用。     

入炉煤水分对炼焦过程及焦炭质量的影响

通过测定入炉煤水分分别为1%、6%和12%时煤料堆密度、升温速度及坩埚焦性质,得出入炉煤水分对其性质的影响。降低入炉煤水分虽然对煤料本身性质影响不大,但是其在炭化室内结焦过程的动态发生了显著变化,可显著提高焦炉生产能力及改善焦炭质量。入炉煤水分为1%时,煤料堆密度、升温速度及坩埚焦的性质都大大好于入炉煤水分为6%和12%这两种情况。     

Flexible Assembly of Engineered Tetrahymena Ribozymes Forming Polygonal RNA Nanostructures with Catalytic Ability

Ribozymes with modular architecture constitute an attractive class of structural platforms for design and construction of nucleic acid nanostructures with biological functions. Through modular engineering of the Tetrahymena ribozyme, we have designed unit RNAs (L-RNAs), assembly of which formed ribozyme-based closed trimers and closed tetramers. Their catalytic activity was dependent on oligomer formation. In this study, the structural variety of L-RNA oligomers was extended by tuning their structural elements, yielding closed pentamers and closed hexamers. Their assembly properties were analyzed by electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) and atomic force microscopy (AFM).     

基于SolidWorks的包装机械的模块化设计

介绍基于SolidWorks的包装机械的模块化设计.