引言

反相液相色谱(RPLC)是当前色谱分离中应用最为广泛的色谱模式,依靠疏水固定相与溶质之间的疏水相互作用实现弱极性和中等极性化合物的高效分离。但是,RPLC 对极性化合物(如寡糖、强极性寡肽、药物等) 的保留很弱,甚至不保留。反相离子对色谱(RPIC)、离子交换色谱(IEC)和正相色谱(NPLC)等可以作为RPLC 的补充,用于极性化合物的分离。然而,它们又各自存在一定的局限性,不能满足当前复杂样品的分离和表征需求。
亲水作用色谱(hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography, HILIC)作为一种分离极性化合物的液相色谱模式,其概念最早由Alpert 于1990 年提出。HILIC 的主要特征是使用类似于NPLC 的极性固定相和水/有机溶剂(通常是乙腈)作为流动相,其中水是强洗脱溶剂。与NPLC 类似,在HILIC 模式下化合物的保留时间随其极性增强而增加。HILIC越来越受到关注和重视,一方面是因为强极性化合物的分离问题引起了各个研究领域的重视,包括药物分析、食品分析及蛋白质组学等领域都不同程度地涉及极性化合物的分离问题;另一方面是由于HILIC 具有其自身的优势。首先,HILIC 模式对强极性和亲水性化合物具有很好的保留和分离选择性,是解决各类强极性和亲水性化合物分离问题的可靠手段。其次,HILIC 模式使用的流动相体系相对简单,操作方便,而且克服了NPLC 的流动相溶解性差、保留时间对流动相中水含量十分敏感以及质谱兼容性差等问题。此外, HILIC的分离机理与RPLC 完全不同,两者的分离选择性有很好的正交性,适合用于构建HILIC-RPLC 二维色谱系统,是解决复杂样品分离问题的有效手段之一。近十年来,HILIC分离材料、分离原理和分离方法开发等领域均取得了巨大进展,在食品、药品、天然产物、蛋白质组以及代谢组学等分离分析中的应用日益广泛和成熟。     

亲水作用色谱及其在环境分析中的应用进展

亲水作用色谱(HILIC)是一种分离极性和亲水性化合物的液相色谱模式,其作为反相液相色谱(RPLC)的重要补充,近年来越来越受到各个领域的关注和重视。这不只是因为强极性化合物的分离问题在各个领域引起了重视,而且因为与RPLC比较,HILIC具有流动相组成黏度低、色谱柱渗透性好、与质谱联用的灵敏度高及反压较低等优势。本文简要概述了HILIC的发展历程、特点及保留机理,重点介绍了HILIC用于环境分析的最新进展,评述了HILIC及RPLC用于污染物分析的优缺点,并指出了HILIC用于环境分析的未来发展趋势。     

亲水作用色谱在糖类化合物分析中的应用

糖类化合物的结构和组成分析对于探究糖的结构与功能的关系具有重要作用。亲水作用色谱(HILIC)对糖类等极性化合物具有良好的分离效果。该文介绍了适合糖类分析的常用HILIC柱固定相及其分离机制,论述了强洗脱溶剂比例、流动相p H值、缓冲盐浓度和色谱柱温度对HILIC分离效果的影响,并举例说明了HILIC法在单糖组成、糖胺聚糖二糖组成、寡糖聚合度、糖苷、糖脂、糖醇以及N-/O-糖链分析中的应用。     

硅胶色谱柱的亲水作用保留机理及其影响因素

亲水作用色谱（HILIC）是替代反相色谱（RPLC）分离强极性及亲水性化合物的另一色谱模式,其分离机理与RPLC有很大不同,具有和RPLC互补的选择性。在HILIC模式中,采用正相色谱（NPLC）中的极性固定相及含高浓度有机溶剂（通常为乙腈）的水溶液为流动相。硅胶是开发最早、研究最为深入及应用最为广泛的HILIC固定相,本文介绍了硅胶色谱柱的HILIC保留机理,详细概述了操作条件如硅胶柱类型、流动相组成及柱温对HILIC分离的影响,并对硅胶填料色谱柱的HILIC模式的发展方向与应用前景进行了展望。     

离子色谱整体固定相的最新进展

整体固定相是近年来新兴的一种多孔性固定相介质,它在离子态及极性化合物的分离中得到了越来越广泛的重视。本文就离子色谱领域整体固定相的发展以及最新的研究动向进行了综述,讨论了离子色谱整体固定相的优点、分类以及在分离分析离子态物质方面的应用等。     

基于亲水作用色谱的寡糖色谱分离新进展

亲水作用色谱(HILIC)作为一种分离极性化合物的液相色谱模式,可以作为反相液相色谱的重要补充,解决极性化合物的分离问题。近几年,HILIC研究发展十分迅速,应用领域也不断拓展,其中寡糖分离是HILIC最典型的应用领域。HILIC适合分离强极性和亲水性样品,是寡糖分离的理想色谱模式。基于HILIC的寡糖分离技术发展迅速,本文以近期发表在主要国际刊物的几个工作为典型案例,介绍HILIC用于寡糖色谱分离的若干进展。     

亲水作用色谱研究及环糊精固定相的应用

目前在诸多领域中,强极性和亲水性物质的分离问题引起了研究者们相当程度的重视。从理论上讲,使强亲水性及强极性的样品在色谱上有适当保留的根本方法应当是使样品被极性的固定相所吸附,并被洗脱剂中极性更强的组分洗脱后富集。由于分离分析和制备中广泛应用的反相液相色谱对极性物质的保留和分离能力相对较弱,故近年来一种新的色谱类型—亲水作用色谱,在极性化合物分离方面的应用得到了越来越多的关注。亲水作用色谱具有流动相组成简单、分离效率较高、与质谱兼容性较好等优势,成为色谱领域研究的热点之一。环糊精及其聚合物作为一种吸附剂在亲水作用色谱固定相中的应用也崭露头角,其以独特的包结性质在分离分析及有机分子识别方面具有重要应用,在多维色谱联用及手性分离方面亦具有一定的潜力。本文对近几年来环糊精作为亲水作用色谱固定相的研究进行了综述,以期提供有价值的参考。     

万古霉素及其杂质的亲水作用色谱分析

目前,万古霉素色谱分析方法主要为反相色谱法,该法分离万古霉素及其杂质时,存在极性选择性不足以及所使用的流动相体系与质谱兼容性差等问题。基于亲水作用色谱(HILIC)对糖肽类物质的色谱保留和极性选择性,本文选取万古霉素及其常见杂质为对象,考察了HILIC固定相、流动相组成比例、缓冲盐添加剂浓度和pH值等色谱条件,对万古霉素及其主要杂质进行了HILIC分离方法研究。确立了以Click XIon色谱柱为固定相,以甲酸铵为流动相添加剂的亲水作用色谱条件,实现了万古霉素及主要杂质的分离,为万古霉素类化合物的分离提供了新的途径。     

以亲水作用色谱为核心的液相色谱联用技术及其应用研究

亲水作用色谱(HILIC)是近年来色谱领域研究的热点之一。本文围绕复杂体系样品中亲水性组分的分离分析,综述了国际上近年 来发展的以HILIC为核心的多种液相色谱联用技术及其应用。简要介绍了HILIC的起源、定义、分离特点及其常用固定相;比较了HILIC和反相色谱(RPLC)的选择特性;针对不同层次的分离对象和分离要求,讨论了多种基于HILIC的液相色谱以及液相色谱-质谱联用技术的分离特点和适用范围。     

均相合成多重选择性的新型两亲性C22高效液相色谱固定相

为解决高效液相色谱（HPLC）固定相非均相合成中产物多变和重现性差等问题,该文采用均相合成新方法,制备了既含有二十二碳烷基（C22）、又嵌入脲（U）和/或酰胺（A）强极性基团的两种新型两亲性色谱固定相C22-A和C22-A/U。通过元素分析、核磁等手段,证实制备的两种新型固定相含有碳、氮元素,且碳氮元素比例符合理论值,表明酰胺和脲基极性基团成功键合到硅胶上。通过对多种样品进行色谱分离分析,对两种新型固定相的载体残余硅羟基屏蔽作用、疏水选择性、形状选择性和亲水性等多种性质进行了考察,证实两种新型固定相不但具备作为反相液相色谱（RPLC）的性能,同时也具备亲水相互作用色谱（HILIC）的性能。相较于C18固定相,C22-A和C22-A/U具有更好的形状选择性,双重嵌入的极性基团极大地降低了固定相硅羟基活性。将C22-A和C22-A/U两种固定相应用于几种碱性化合物、雌醇（酮）类化合物的分离,C22固定相在一定程度上解决了传统C18固定相上碱性化合物分离拖尾严重或保留不足的问题,成功实现了对雌醇（酮）类化合物的分离。     

亲水作用色谱填料的研究进展

亲水作用色谱是一种新型的色谱分离模式.此类色谱模式集反相色谱的经济廉价与正相色谱的优点于一体,有效补充了反相色谱的不足.简单介绍实验室中合成的新型亲水色谱固定相.     

Stationary and mobile phases in hydrophilic interaction chromatography: a review

Hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) is valuable alternative to reversed-phase liquid chromatography separations of polar, weakly acidic or basic samples. In principle, this separation mode can be characterized as normal-phase chromatography on polar columns in aqueous-organic mobile phases rich in organic solvents (usually acetonitrile). Highly organic HILIC mobile phases usually enhance ionization in the electrospray ion source of a mass spectrometer, in comparison to mobile phases with higher concentrations of water generally used in reversed-phase (RP) LC separations of polar or ionic compounds, which is another reason for increasing popularity of this technique. Various columns can be used in the HILIC mode for separations of peptides, proteins, oligosaccharides, drugs, metabolites and various natural compounds: bare silica gel, silica-based amino-, amido-, cyano-, carbamate-, diol-, polyol-, zwitterionic sulfobetaine, or poly(2-sulphoethyl aspartamide) and other polar stationary phases chemically bonded on silica gel support, but also ion exchangers or zwitterionic materials showing combined HILIC-ion interaction retention mechanism. Some stationary phases are designed to enhance the mixed-mode retention character. Many polar columns show some contributions of reversed phase (hydrophobic) separation mechanism, depending on the composition of the mobile phase, which can be tuned to suit specific separation problems. Because the separation selectivity in the HILIC mode is complementary to that in reversed-phase and other modes, combinations of the HILIC, RP and other systems are attractive for two-dimensional applications. This review deals with recent advances in the development of HILIC phase separation systems with special attention to the properties of stationary phases. The effects of the mobile phase, of sample structure and of temperature on separation are addressed, too.     

Modeling of retention of adrenoreceptor agonists and antagonists on polar stationary phases in hydrophilic interaction chromatography: a review

Retention prediction models for reversed-phase liquid chromatography (RPLC) have been extensively studied owing to the fact that RPLC remains the most widely used chromatographic technique especially in the field of pharmaceutical and biomedical analyses. However, RPLC is not always the method of choice for the analysis of some compounds that have high polarity. Hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) has been gaining interest in the last few years as an alternative option to RPLC for the analysis of polar and hydrophilic analytes. HILIC is a variant of normal-phase liquid chromatography, but utilizes water in a water-miscible organic solvent as the eluent in conjunction with a hydrophilic stationary phase. The present review aims to summarize recent contributions on the development of retention prediction models for a group of basic analytes, namely, the adrenoreceptor agonists and antagonists, on different polar stationary phases. The use of multiple linear regression and artificial neural networks in model building is highlighted.     

Preparation and Evaluation of Poly-l-Lysine Stationary Phase for Hydrophilic Interaction/Reversed-Phase Mixed-Mode Chromatography

In this work, a poly-l-lysine-grafted stationary phase was synthesized by polymerization of N-carboxyanhydride of l-lysine initiated by 3-aminopropylated silica. The resulting material was characterized by FT-IR spectra, elemental analysis and thermogravimetric analysis, which clearly indicated that the new phase had been prepared successfully. The retention of polar solutes depending on acetonitrile content in mobile phase exhibited ??U-shaped?? curves, which was an indication of hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC)/reversed-phase liquid chromatography (RPLC) mixed-mode retention behavior. The retention mechanisms in HILIC and RPLC modes also were investigated. Phenol compounds, aniline compounds and hydrophilic compounds were separated in RPLC or HILIC mode on the new stationary phase, respectively. This result shows that the new phase could be used for both RPLC and HILIC applications, providing greater flexibility for real sample analysis.     

Hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC)—a powerful separation technique

Hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) provides an alternative approach to effectively separate small polar compounds on polar stationary phases. The purpose of this work was to review the options for the characterization of HILIC stationary phases and their applications for separations of polar compounds in complex matrices. The characteristics of the hydrophilic stationary phase may affect and in some cases limit the choices of mobile phase composition, ion strength or buffer pH value available, since mechanisms other than hydrophilic partitioning could potentially occur. Enhancing our understanding of retention behavior in HILIC increases the scope of possible applications of liquid chromatography. One interesting option may also be to use HILIC in orthogonal and/or two-dimensional separations. Bioapplications of HILIC systems are also presented.     

Retention and selectivity of stationary phases for hydrophilic interaction chromatography

More and more polar stationary phases have become available for the separation of small polar compounds in the past decade as hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) continues to find applications in new fields (e.g., metabolomics and proteomics). Bare silica phases remain popular, especially in the bio-analytical area. A wide range of functional groups (e.g., amino, amide, diol, sulfobetaine, and triazole) have been employed as polar stationary phases for HILIC separation. This review provides a survey of the popular stationary phases commercially available and discusses the retention and selectivity characteristics of the polar stationary phases in HILIC. The purpose of the review is not to provide a comprehensive overview of literature reports, but rather focuses on findings that demonstrate retention and selectivity of the polar stationary phases in HILIC.     

基于聚倍半硅氧烷微球的亲水/反相混合模式色谱填料的制备与评价

亲水/反相混合模式色谱应用广泛,但pH使用范围有限,不利于碱性药物的分离。该工作利用巯基-烯基点击化学合成了单分散多孔的半胱氨酸改性乙烯基功能化聚甲基倍半硅氧烷(C-V-PMSQ)微球。元素分析表明半胱氨酸成功键合在微球表面。C-V-PMSQ微球为介孔结构,单分散性好且具有优良的化学稳定性。以几种常见的核苷和核酸碱基作为测试样品,考察其色谱保留行为,溶质的保留因子随流动相中水相含量的变化呈现典型的U型曲线,表明C-V-PMSQ固定相具有亲水/反相的双重保留特征。使用该固定相可以分离苯的同系物及一系列亲水性与疏水性化合物。另外在高碱性流动相条件下利用亲水和反相模式成功分离了中药苦参中的3种主要活性成分,表明它在分离碱性药物方面具有较大的优势。