小儿急性胰腺炎59例临床分析

目的探讨小儿急性胰腺炎的诊断与治疗。方法回顾性分析2001—2007年间59例小儿急性胰腺炎的临床疗效价值。结果患儿中有5例为重症胰腺炎，54例为轻型胰腺炎。2例合并胰腺假性囊肿行内引流术，其余均保守治疗，全组均痊愈。结论了解小儿胰腺炎的病因及治疗措施，将有利于提高小儿胰腺炎的治疗水平。     

小急性胰腺炎59例临床分析

目的 探讨小儿急性胰腺炎的诊断与治疗. 方法 回顾性分析2001～2007年间59例小儿急性胰腺炎的临床疗效价值. 结果 患儿中有5例为重症胰腺炎, 54 例为轻型胰腺炎. 2 例合并胰腺假性囊肿行内引流术,其余均保守治疗,全组均痊愈. 结论 了解小儿胰腺炎的病因及治疗措施,将有利于提高小儿胰腺炎的治疗水平.     

小儿胰腺炎16例临床治疗分析

目的对16例小儿胰腺炎进行临床分析,以提高对小儿急性胰腺炎的重视和诊疗水平。方法对贵州省安顺市人民医院2001～2008年收治的16例小儿急性胰腺炎诊断、治疗、病程进行全面分析。结果 1例因发病急,病情重,最后诊断为暴发性胰腺炎,转上级医院后,因多器官功能衰竭治疗无效死亡;1例愈后形成胰腺假性囊肿,手术后痊愈;其余14例行保守治疗,均痊愈出院。结论提高对小儿胰腺炎的认识,对于治疗和愈后起着至关重要的作用,特别是对以发热、腹痛为主要症状的患儿,更要警惕小儿胰腺炎的发生。早期明确诊断,积极治疗效果较好。     

小儿急性胰腺炎28例临床分析

目的：探讨小儿急性胰腺炎病因，临床表现及治疗原则。方法：分析28例小儿急性胰腺炎临床资料。结果：4例手术患儿中2例为急性胰腺炎出血坏死型，其余为水肿型，均治愈出院。结论：小儿急性胰腺炎病因复杂，临床表现多种多样，易误诊和漏诊，应引起儿科医生高度重视。     

小儿急性胰腺炎17例临床分析

目的探讨小儿急性胰腺炎的临床特点、诊疗及预后。方法收集我院2003年10月至2012年7月诊治的17例小儿急性胰腺炎,分析其临床特点及治疗。结果 14例急性胰腺炎保守治疗,3例手术治疗。结论小儿急性胰腺炎应尽早期诊断治疗,以提高治愈率。     

奥曲肽治疗小儿急性胰腺炎疗效观察

目的探讨奥曲肽治疗小儿急性胰腺炎的疗效。方法40例急性胰腺炎患儿,随机分为治疗组和对照组,每组20例。分别观察2组治疗后症状缓解、体征减轻、血、尿淀粉酶下降时间,判断疗效。结果治疗组在临床症状、体征、血、尿淀粉酶恢复正常天数均明显缩短于对照组,治疗组总有效率为95%,明显优于对照组75%（P（0.05）。结论奥曲肽是治疗小儿急性胰腺炎的有效药物。     

奥曲肽对小儿急性胰腺炎诊治效果的临床研究

目的分析奥曲肽对小儿急性胰腺炎的临床治疗效果。方法选择住院治疗的24例小儿急性胰腺炎患者,在常规治疗的基础上加用奥曲肽皮下注射。结果第一天腹痛症状均有明显减轻,第2天内症状明显缓解的有6例,3天内缓解的有4例,5天内缓解的有2例。血淀粉酶用药后3～6天正常,体温平均恢复正常3d。结论奥曲肽治疗小儿急性胰腺炎疗效确切,值得在临床推广应用。     

小儿急性坏死性胰腺炎的诊治

目的 探讨小儿急性坏死性胰腺炎的临床诊断与治疗。方法 回顾性分析13例小儿急性坏死性胰腺炎的临床发病病因、病理、诊断及治疗情况，并结合文献提出最佳的治疗方案。结果13例患儿经过治疗均取得满意效果。结论小儿急性坏死性胰腺炎的治疗方案早期予以非手术治疗，补充血容量，纠正水和电解质紊乱，改变胰腺的微循环，增强患儿的免疫力。其手术方式应根据患儿的病理类型，病变范围和程度，患儿的全身情况决定。     

泮托拉唑联合奥曲肽治疗小儿急性胰腺炎的疗效观察

目的：讨论泮托拉唑联合奥曲肽治疗小儿急性胰腺炎的疗效。方法52例急性胰腺炎患儿按照入院的顺序随机分为对照组和研究组,各26例。对照组采用奥曲肽等常规治疗方法,研究组则采用泮托拉唑联合奥曲肽进行治疗,对两组的疗效进行比较。结果研究组总有效率96.2%高于对照组69.2%,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),两组患儿在治疗过程中及治疗后均无严重不良反应。结论泮托拉唑联合奥曲肽治疗小儿急性胰腺炎的疗效显著且安全,是一种值得推广的小儿急性胰腺炎治疗方法。     

小儿重症胰腺炎9例诊治体会

小儿重症胰腺炎即出血坏死性胰腺炎是小儿严重的急腹症,其起病急骤,病程进展快,如不及时诊断治疗,死亡率很高。我院自1997年10月至2002年10月收治急性胰腺炎病人共36例,其中重症胰腺炎9例,手术治疗8例,非手术治疗1例。现将9例重症胰腺炎的诊治情况报告如下。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.