胡敏酸-针铁矿复合胶体对Pb2+的吸附特征

采用批平衡试验法,研究了胡敏酸-针铁矿复合胶体对Pb2+的等温吸附特征及pH值、离子强度、温度及共存Cd2+对复合胶体吸附Pb2+的影响.结果表明:在相同离子强度和温度条件下,pH值升高,最大吸附量(Smax)和吸附平衡常数(k)均增大,有利于吸附反应的进行.等温吸附方程以Langmuir方程拟合效果最好.当Pb2+平衡浓度为124.7mg/L时,吸附量增幅最大,达35mg/g.复合胶体对Pb2+的吸附动力学方程以Elovich方程拟合效果最好.pH值增大,平衡吸附速率提高.在相同pH值和离子强度条件下,温度升高,最大吸附量、吸附平衡常数、自由能变△G°的绝对值均增加,表明升高温度有利于吸附反应的进行.在相同温度和pH值条件下,复合胶体对Pb2+的吸附量随着离子强度的增加而增加.当存在Cd2+时,复合胶体对Pb2+的吸附量有所降低,但Cd2+对Pb2+竞争吸附影响不大.     

腐殖酸对针铁矿吸附磷的影响机理

通过添加HA(Humic acid,腐殖酸),研究不同环境条件下HA对针铁矿吸附磷的影响. 结果显示,加入HA能显著降低磷吸附量,pH为4.5时分别加入100和40 mg/L HA,磷的最大吸附量分别降低了26.6%和25.6%;pH为7.0时分别加入100和40 mg/L HA,磷的最大吸附量分别降低了26.8%和23.1%. 不同添加顺序试验结果表明:针铁矿对磷的吸附量大小顺序为后添加HA>同时添加HA和磷>先添加HA;无论是否添加HA,针铁矿对磷的吸附量都随着pH的升高而降低,相应的吸附等温线也都符合Langmuir吸附等温方程;总有机碳和红外光谱特征表明,HA和磷在针铁矿表面吸附点位形成竞争吸附,并且针铁矿表面的羟基在吸附磷和HA的过程中起到了一定的作用.      

Characteristics of isothermal adsorption and desorption of aluminum ion to/from humic acids

The adsorption and desorption characteristics of Al3+ to/from humic acids at di erent pH, ionic strength, and temperature were studied by the C-25 glucosan-gel chromatography method. The results showed that the maximum adsorption amount (Qmax) and adsorption constant (k) increased, whereas, the absolute value of standard thermodynamic molar free energy change ( G0 m) decreased with the increase of pH at constant ionic strength and temperature. With ionic strength increasing from 0 to 0.15 mol/L, Qmax and k increased and the absolute value of G0 m decreased at constant pH and temperature. High temperature was unfavorable for the adsorption reaction, as indicated by the dramatic decrease of Qmax and the absolute value of G0 m with an increase in temperature. The standard thermodynamic molar free energy change ( G0 m) and the standard thermodynamic enthalpy change ( H0m ) of the adsorption reaction were both negative, suggesting that adsorption reaction was spontaneous and exothermic. The desorption rate of HA-Al3+ complex accelerated with the decrease of pH, and a significant linear relationship could be obtained between pH and the desorption rates of Al3+ from humic acids. These results demonstrated that the Al3+ adsorption reaction was a “biphase” reaction, and adsorption occurred at both the interior and exterior adsorption sites of humic acids.     

汞在腐殖酸上的吸附与解吸特征

采用间歇法研究了汞在腐殖酸两组分（富里酸FA、胡敏酸HA）上的吸附－解吸量和动力学特征以及介质pH的影响，结果表明,腐殖酸对汞的吸附容量以FA＞HA，吸附强度以HA＞FA，从而使得解吸量以FA－Hg＞HA－Hg，腐殖酸与汞的吸附和解吸动力学，用Evolich方程描述最佳，且FA对汞的吸附速率和解吸速率都高于HA，在pH15．5以下，介质pH的升高利于腐殖酸更快地吸附更大量的汞，咀更难以解吸。     

Synthesis and characterization of agricultural controllable humic acid superabsorbent

Humic acid superabsorbent polymer (P(AA/AM-HA)) and superabsorbent polymer (P(AA/AM)) were synthesized by aqueous solution polymerization method using acrylic acid (AA), acrylamide (AM) and humic acid (HA) as raw material. The effects of N,N'-methylenebisacrylamide (MBA) crosslinking agent, potassium peroxydisulfate (KPS) initiator, reaction temperature, HA content, ratio of AA to AM, concentration of monomer and neutralization of AA on water absorption were investigated. Absorption and desorption ratios of nitrogen fertilizer and phosphate fertilizer were also investigated by determination of absorption and desorption ratio of NH₄⁺, PO₄^3? on P(AA/AM-HA) and P(AA/AM). The P(AA/AM-HA) and P(AA/AM) were characterized by Fourier translation infrared spectroscopy, biological photomicroscope and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The optimal conditions obtained were as follows: the weight ratio of MBA to AA and AM was 0.003; the weight ratio of KPS to AA and AM was 0.008; the weight ratio of HA to AA was 0.1; the mole ratio of AM to AA is 0.1; the mole ratio of NaOH to AA is 0.9; the reaction temperature was 60°C. P(AA/AM-HA) synthesized under optimal conditions, has a good saline tolerance, its water absorbency in distilled water and 0.9 wt.% saline solution is 1180 g/g and 110 g/g, respectively. P(AA/AM-HA) achieves half saturation in 6.5 min. P(AA/AM-HA) is superior to P(AA/AM) on absorption of NH₄⁺, PO₄^3?. The SEM micrograph of P(AA/AM-HA) shows a fine alveolate structure. The biological optical microscope micrograph of P(AA/AM-HA) shows a network structure. Graft polymerization between P(AA/AM) and HA was demonstrated by infrared spectrum. The P(AA/AM-HA) superabsorbent has better absorbing ability of water and fertilizer, electrolytic tolerance and fewer cost than P(AA/AM) superabsorbent.     

Synthesis and characterization of agricultural controllable humic acid superabsorbent

Humic acid superabsorbent polymer (P(AA/AM-HA)) and superabsorbent polymer (P(AA/AM)) were synthesized by aqueous solution polymerization method using acrylic acid (AA), acrylamide (AM) and humic acid (HA) as raw material. The effects of N,N'-methylenebisacrylamide (MBA) crosslinking agent, potassium peroxydisulfate (KPS) initiator, reaction temperature, HA content, ratio of AA to AM, concentration of monomer and neutralization of AA on water absorption were investigated. Absorption and desorption ratios of nitrogen fertilizer and phosphate fertilizer were also investigated by determination of absorption and desorption ratio of NH₄⁺, PO₄^3- on P(AA/AM-HA) and P(AA/AM). The P(AA/AM-HA) and P(AA/AM) were characterized by Fourier translation infrared spectroscopy, biological photomicroscope and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The optimal conditions obtained were as follows: the weight ratio of MBA to AA and AM was 0.003; the weight ratio of KPS to AA and AM was 0.008; the weight ratio of HA to AA was 0.1; the mole ratio of AM to AA is 0.1; the mole ratio of NaOH to AA is 0.9; the reaction temperature was 60℃. P(AA/AMHA) synthesized under optimal conditions, has a good saline tolerance, its water absorbency in distilled water and 0.9 wt.% saline solution is 1180 g/g and 110 g/g, respectively. P(AA/AM-HA) achieves half saturation in 6.5 min. P(AA/AM-HA) is superior to P(AA/AM) on absorption of NH₄⁺, PO₄^3-. The SEM micrograph of P(AA/AM-HA) shows a fine alveolate structure. The biological optical microscope micrograph of P(AA/AM-HA) shows a network structure. Graft polymerization between P(AA/AM) and HA was demonstrated by infrared spectrum. The P(AA/AM-HA) superabsorbent has better absorbing ability of water and fertilizer, electrolytic tolerance and fewer cost than P(AA/AM) superabsorbent.     

环境因素对针铁矿光解泰乐菌素的影响

为了正确评估抗生素的环境风险,了解抗生素在水环境中自然光转化的规律,考察了抗生素的初始浓度、pH值、离子强度及腐殖酸对针铁矿光降解泰乐菌素的影响.结果表明:针铁矿光解泰乐菌素的速率随着溶液pH值的增加先减小再增加,而与泰乐菌素的初始浓度及离子强度成反比;同时,腐殖酸的存在有助于光解作用,而且腐殖酸的浓度越高,泰乐菌素的光解速率越快.泰乐菌素在针铁矿上的光解作用可能包括溶液中的均相反应和针铁矿表面的异相反应两个过程.在评估抗生素的环境风险时,应当综合考虑环境因素对其转化过程的影响.     

镉铅在粘土上的吸附及受腐殖酸的影响

试验研究了镉和铅2种重金属在蒙脱土和高岭土上的吸附,以及外加腐殖酸的3种组分（富里酸、棕色胡敏酸和灰色胡敏酸）的影响。镉铅在粘土上的吸附随着介质pH的升高而增加。在pH4-8范围内的任意pH点,镉在高岭土上的吸附量因富里酸而降低,因2种胡敏酸而升高;当pH值高于6时,吸附量急剧增加。外加富里酸使得铅在粘土上的吸附在pH＞6时意外出现随着介质pH而降低的趋势。     

近代分析技术研究农药与土壤活性组份作用机理

土壤中的粘土矿物和腐植酸是对农药吸附的最主要两类活性组份。作者从基于红外光谱（IR）、电子自旋共振谱（ESR）、X-衍射等近代分析技术,对农药在土壤活性组份上吸附机理的研究方法和主要结论进行了综述。     

腐殖酸对红壤中铅镉赋存形态及活性的影响

深入探讨了腐殖酸不同组分对红壤中铅镉形态分级与活性的影响 .结果表明 ,腐殖酸的添加使红壤中Cd和Pb的残渣态向有机态转化 .用量越大、温度越低 ,转化效应越明显 .对植物最有效的可给态Cd和Pb的剧烈变化主要发生在加入腐殖酸 1h之内 ,随着时间的推移趋于稳定 .富里酸 (FA)促进了可给态Cd的增加 ,而胡敏酸 (HA)对可给态Cd和Pb的有一定的抑制和钝化作用 ,其作用以灰色胡敏酸 (GHA) >棕色胡敏酸 (BHA) .因此 ,在农业生产中 ,于红壤中添加HA特别是GHA成分高的有机物料 ,可部分减少Cd和Pb对作物的危害 .     

灭草松在腐殖酸上的吸附及其机理

通过吸附动力学、吸附等温线和IR，ESR技术，研究了腐殖酸对灭草松的吸附及吸附机理，并且对pH、离子强度对吸附过程的影响进行了探讨。结果表明灭草松在腐殖酸上经过大约4h的初始快速阶段，此后进入慢速吸附过程。溶液pH可能会影响腐殖酸的构型。高pH时，吸附量随溶液离子强度增加稍有增加。灭草松在腐殖酸上的吸附过程中存在氢键、电荷转移作用，疏水分配也是可能存在的机理。     

腐殖酸对高锰酸钾氧化苯酚的影响及其作用机制

以黄腐酸和黑腐酸为代表,研究了腐殖酸对高锰酸钾氧化苯酚的影响;采用Stevenson腐殖酸为模型,探讨了腐殖酸中不同官能团对高锰酸钾氧化苯酚动力学的影响,并通过光谱表征手段探讨了腐殖酸影响高锰酸钾氧化苯酚的作用机制.结果表明,黑腐酸对高锰酸钾氧化苯酚的促进作用明显高于黄腐酸,二者最高可将苯酚去除率从54.6%提高至95.3%和79.0%.腐殖酸中的醌基、酚基基团对氧化都有促进作用;而芳香族脂肪酸、葡萄糖和氨基酸基团则对氧化速率无影响.红外光谱分析表明,黑腐酸比黄腐酸含有更多的醌基和酚基结构,因此黑腐酸对高锰酸钾氧化苯酚动力学的促进程度更大.     

金属离子改性腐植酸钠吸附剂的制备及其除氟性能

为提高水中F-的吸附去除效率,以腐植酸钠(NaA)为原料,用铝盐和钙盐通过凝胶聚合法对其改性,制备了金属离子改性腐植酸钠吸附剂(标记为MMNaA). 用SEM及XRD表征吸附剂的结构和形貌,通过静态吸附实验探讨了MMNaA对水中F-的吸附性能并与传统的γ-Al2O3吸附剂进行比较.结果表明,MMNaA对水中F-的等温吸附结果与Langmuir方程能较好地拟合, 用Langmuir方程计算出的饱和吸附容量为208.77mg/g;吸附过程遵循准2级动力学方程,其速率控制步骤包括边界层扩散和内部扩散2个过程;在pH 5~9时MMNaA对水中F-具有较高的吸附去除率.当吸附剂用于深度处理实际含氟废水时,与γ-Al2O3相比,MMNaA适用的pH值范围更广,满足达标排放时所需的投加量更小、吸附时间更短.     

除草剂2,4-D在胡敏酸上的吸附

报道了除草剂2，4－D在胡敏酸上的吸附，结果表明：2，4－D在胡敏酸上的吸附符合非线形的Freundlich吸附等温线，胡敏酸的粒径，含是,到及环境温度对2，4－D的吸附均有影响，2，4－D在胡敏酸上的吸附量随胡敏酸的粒径变小以及其含量的增加而增大，并随环境温度的升高而降低。     

胡敏酸在土壤中的迁移

研究了不同条件下胡敏酸在土壤中的迁移过程.结果表明,其迁移过程表现出较大的差异,在溶液pH值、胡敏酸浓度和溶液流速均较高时,胡敏酸迁移的阻滞因子和在土壤中的吸附系数均较低,有利于胡敏酸在土壤中的迁移;在溶液pH值、胡敏酸浓度和溶液流速均较低时,土壤对胡敏酸迁移的阻滞作用较大.胡敏酸的迁移还与土壤性质有关,土壤黏粒含量和阳离子交换量越高,胡敏酸在土壤中吸附的越多,越不利于迁移.在土壤中的吸附是胡敏酸迁移的主要控制因素,在预测胡敏酸在水土环境中迁移时,应该充分考虑不同条件下胡敏酸在不同性质土壤中的吸附.     

腐植酸对重金属铅镉的吸附特征

为了揭示腐植酸对单一Pb、单一Cd和Pb、Cd复合污染物的吸附特征,笔者通过吸附模拟实验分析了pH、温度、反应时间和初始浓度等因素变化对风化煤腐植酸吸附重金属离子Pb~(2+)和Cd~(2+)的影响.结果表明,腐植酸对Pb~(2+)的吸附受pH值变化的影响很小,但对Cd~(2+)的吸附随着pH增加而增加;腐植酸对Pb~(2+)和Cd~(2+)吸附饱和的时间均为240 min;对Pb~(2+)和Cd~(2+)的吸附量均随温度的增加而增加;Langmuir吸附模型对腐植酸吸附单一Pb~(2+)、单一Cd~(2+)和铅镉复合态中Pb~(2+)的拟合较好,Freundlich吸附模型则对腐植酸吸附铅镉复合态中Cd~(2+)的拟合较好;准二级动力学模型能较好地拟合腐植酸吸附Pb~(2+)和Cd~(2+)的过程,说明腐植酸对铅镉的吸附为物理吸附和化学吸附的复合吸附过程;铅镉复合态下Pb~(2+)和Cd~(2+)存在竞争吸附,单一Pb~(2+)溶液中加入Cd~(2+)对腐植酸吸附Pb~(2+)基本无影响,但单一Cd~(2+)溶液中加入Pb~(2+)时,Pb~(2+)会与Cd~(2+)产生竞争吸附,从而降低Cd~(2+)的吸附量.本研究结果可为利用腐植酸稳定土壤中Pb~(2+)、Cd~(2+)等重金属离子的技术开发提供参考.     

胡敏酸对不同矿物结合汞的还原作用

采用扩散吸收法探讨了胡敏酸对不同矿物结合态汞的还原作用及光照的影响.结果表明:两种胡敏酸(TJ和SH)对碳酸钙、氧化锰和赤铁矿结合态汞均具有明显的还原作用,还原动力学过程表现为先递增后渐趋平稳,可用双常数方程、Elovich方程和指数方程拟合;还原容量与吸持矿物类型有关,平均还原率大小为:CaCO3-Hg(0.67%)>Fe2O3-Hg(0.42%)>MnO2-Hg(0.19%);光照对胡敏酸还原矿物结合态汞具有强化效应,以CaCO3-Hg和Fe2O3-Hg光强化效果最明显,平均还原率较遮光时高出0.10%以上;两种胡敏酸(SH和TJ)对矿物结合态汞的还原能力存在差异(P<0.1),遮光条件下SH的还原能力均高于TJ,而光照条件下TJ对CaCO3-Hg的还原能力大于SH,对MnO2-Hg的还原则无显著差异,意味着SH的光敏性低于TJ,可能与不同胡敏酸氧化还原活性基团含量和芳香化程度(E4/E6)不同有关.     

腐殖酸以及共存阳离子对膨润土吸附废水中铅离子的影响

研究了钠基膨润土的理化性质及其对水中铅离子的吸附作用,考查了pH值、共存阳离子浓度、腐殖酸浓度对铅离子吸附的影响,结果表明,钠基膨润土对水中铅离子有较好的吸附效果.铅离子在膨润土上的吸附量随pH值的升高而增加,随共存阳离子浓度的升高而减少,随腐殖酸浓度的升高而增加.从热力学角度探讨了吸附机理,发现钠基膨润土对铅离子的吸附量随温度升高而增大,并且吸附等温线符合Freundlich模型.计算了相关的吸附热力学函数:△H=0.9594kJ/mol, △S=16.611 3kJ/(mol·K).     

腐殖酸负载羟基磷灰石对废水中Cd2+吸附性能的影响

以硝酸钙、磷酸氢二铵和腐殖酸为原料,制备了腐殖酸负载羟基磷灰石(HA/HAP)复合吸附剂.同时,利用SEM、BET、FT-IR、XRD对复合吸附剂结构和形貌进行表征,研究了HA/HAP对废水中Cd~(2+)的吸附工艺.结果表明,腐殖酸使羟基磷灰石孔容和孔径增大、比表面积减小,从而提高了羟基磷灰石的吸附性能.在pH=6、吸附剂投加量为800 mg、接触时间为180 min时吸附率最佳,为98.3%.HA/HAP对废水中Cd~(2+)的吸附是自发的、吸热的、可持续的化学吸附,反应前120 min适合采用准一级动力学伴随着内扩散模型描述,后120 min适合采用准二级动力学伴随着内扩散模型描述,Dubinin-Radushkevich(D-R)等温线模型拟合的吸附数据在不同温度下效果最好(R~20.98),吸附量分别为259.15、266.05和264.66 mg·g~(-1).研究表明,静电吸附到腐殖酸活性位点后Cd~(2+)主要以络合反应被吸附到羟基磷灰石的表面和两个羟基中间.     

水铁矿及其腐殖酸复合体对Sb(Ⅴ)的吸附行为研究

在实验室条件下制备了水铁矿和水铁矿与腐殖酸复合物,通过X射线衍射、傅里叶红外光谱、Zeta电位及比表面积的测定对其基本性质进行了表征,并采用静态批处理吸附试验研究了水铁矿及其腐殖酸复合物对Sb（V）的吸附行为特征,探讨了吸附时间、初始pH值、初始浓度、不同干扰离子（PO₄^3-、CO₃^2-、NO₃^-和Cl^-）对水铁矿及其复合物吸附Sb（V）的影响.结果表明：腐殖酸与水铁矿结合后未改变水铁矿的晶型结构,但降低了水铁矿的零电点与比表面积.水铁矿及其复合物对Sb（V）的吸附过程符合Langmuir和伪二级动力学模型,腐殖酸的加入抑制了水铁矿对Sb（V）的吸附.随着pH的上升,水铁矿与复合物的去质子化能力增强,对Sb（V）的吸附量减小;溶液中共存离子PO₄^3-、CO₃^2-对水铁矿及其腐殖酸复合物吸附Sb（V）有较强的抑制作用.