节能型空气源热泵热水机组控制系统的设计

空气源热泵热水机组是一种高效利用能源的环保产品，本文根据空气源热泵热水机组运行的工艺特点，设计空气源热泵热水机组控制系统，包括机组运行状态的数据采集与管理、运行状态显示、故障报警以及工况的自动切换等功能，机组运行安全可靠，具有较大的推广价值。     

Robustness analysis of a hybrid ground coupled heat pump system with model predictive control

MPC of thermal systems usually results in robust operation with respect to uncertainties thanks to some key characteristics of the controller. However, the true limit until which these systems will actually be robust is rarely known explicitly. In this study a Hybrid Ground Coupled Heat Pump (HyGCHP) system with MPC is investigated, for which state estimation and disturbance prediction are highly uncertain, moreover, the system performance is highly sensitive to errors at these points. It has become popular to design control systems which perform explicit computations to assure robustness (e.g. min–max Robust MPC) but this framework is computationally demanding, therefore, not widely applied. An alternative is to perform robustness analysis of an MPC controlled system which is though generally avoided due to complicated theoretical formulations, implicitness and conservativeness of the approach. To tackle these issues an existing framework for robustness analysis is extended and applied to the case of a HyGCHP system with MPC to analyze robustness with respect to state estimation uncertainty. This paper presents an approach to use the original formulation, suggested for regulation/stabilization in order to analyze robustness for the case of set point tracking. The results show that the maximum allowed state estimation uncertainty found by robustness analysis of the regulation problem is confirmed by the simulated HyGCHP system with MPC, which performs set point tracking. In conclusion, the method gives a reliable guarantee for the degree of state estimation uncertainty, up to which the HyGCHP system investigated remains robust. Future research can extend the robustness analysis method towards disturbance prediction uncertainty.     

热泵相变储热器动态特性分析及强化传热研究

热泵相变储热器传输过程具有动态性,提出基于四阶动态响应特性分析的热泵相变储热器动态特性分析及强化传热模型。构建热泵相变储热器的欠阻尼振荡输出特征分析模型,以系统功率突变为控制状态约束对象进行热泵相变储热器动态驱动响应模拟,采用二项单调衰减分量、二项欠阻尼振荡分量作为控制约束变量进行热泵相变储热器动态强化传输控制,建立热泵相变储热器的输出功率调制模型,结合热泵相变储热器动态状态量初始值及变化值进行强化传热过程控制,提高热泵相变储热器的输出性能。仿真结果表明,采用该模型进行热泵相变储热器的输出动态控制能力较好,强化传输的输出增益较高,提高了热泵相变储热器的输出响应能力。     

热泵精馏流程构建策略及应用研究

基于蒸汽压缩式热泵精馏流程的特点及应用范围,提出了一个5层次策略来求解较优热泵精馏流程,并对每一层次分别求解,解决构建较优热泵精馏流程的复杂性。根据提出的构建热泵精馏的策略和原则,以粗苯乙烯精馏塔为例,利用流程模拟软件化工之星-ECSS,进行了热泵精馏流程的构建及模拟与优化设计。结果验证了根据本文所提出的策略进行优化设计,能够产生较优的热泵精馏流程。     

地源热泵系统中非线性时序预测的应用研究

针对现有可再生能源与建筑集成项目中地源热泵系统监测数据,提出综合指标计算方法.根据监测数据本身非线性的特点,分别选择SMOreg和M5P两种不同的非线性时序算法对技术经济指标进行预测和分析.通过比较预测结果的指标评价证明使用SMOreg算法能够较为准确的预测地源热泵系统的综合指标,且可通过调整自身参数为算法选择最合适的核函数,使得预测的准确性更高.     

预应力压电泵的结构设计与实验研究

提出了一种由压电晶片驱动的新结构微泵,采用精密机械加工工艺制作而成。设计了预应力阀膜,组装压电微泵,对预应力阀的可靠性和压电微泵的液体输送特性做了研究。通过系统的实验研究证明：预应力压电泵具有很好的防倒吸能力,稳定性高,具有很好的工作性能,在250V,200Hz方波信号下,流速可达5．5027mL／min,且适于微型化,可为该类型泵的实际应用提供有意义的借鉴。     

基于数字滤波算法的风冷热泵机组实验台测控系统设计

为了提高测控系统的测量精度,消除系统中多种干扰噪声的影响,根据风冷热泵机组自身性能及要求,对现有数字滤波算法进行改进,提出一种多级数字滤波算法,有效地消除了测控系统在稳定工作状态下的各种噪声干扰,算法运算效率高、实时性强,滤波效果良好.此外,系统采用通道与测量点双向选择,改善了传统测控系统中测量点与通道固化的缺陷,提高了系统的灵活性和可靠性.实验结果表明,该测控系统功能强大,可操作性强,性能稳定可靠,容错性强,人性化程度高,适合在其他测控系统中推广应用.     

水源热泵中央空调控制与网络监控系统

水源热泵中央空调控制与网络监控系统主要是针对现代使用的一种新型高效、节能、环保的空调进行的原理分析、系统设计和控制设计,实现空调系统的智能化控制,同时该系统运用现代高科技、高速度的网络技术对系统进行网络监控,打破了原有的工业远程监控的模式,在工业自动化领域和计算机网络领域均是一种创新和突破。该系统具有环保、节能、可靠性高、自动化程度高等特点,具有很高的经济效益和社会效益,应用前景广阔。     

多体泵车臂架运动学规律仿真和实验研究

水泥混凝土泵车臂架是典型的多体非线性系统,臂架的柔性以及与连杆之间的耦合作用增大了臂架运动学轨迹和动力学响应求解难度。采用模态缩减法建立臂架刚柔混合模型,利用虚拟弹簧阻尼法建立液压缸等效连接,运用计算机仿真算法研究柔性臂、连杆、铰之间的复杂运动学规律,分析臂架柔性和等效油缸弹簧阻尼对末端位移的影响,最后通过实验验证仿真结果的正确性和合理性,为臂架虚拟样机设计、低频振动控制、轨迹预测提供参考。     

基于DSP的地源热泵中央空调控制器设计与实现

为了提高地源热泵中央空调控制器电路设计的合理性和变频控制的实时性,使空调系统运行稳定性更高、节能效果更明显,设计以TMS320LF2407为主控芯片的空调系统控制器。控制器采用优化的电源电路方案、可靠的外围电路信号处理方式、节能效果良好的组合模糊PID算法、控制量稳定的控制策略。硬件测试与软件仿真结果表明,该控制器电源信号完整性符合电路设计要求,电路运行稳定可靠,软件算法实时跟踪效果良好。     

Design and control of an ethyl acetate process: coupled reactor/column configuration

In this paper, design and control of a realistic coupled reactor/column process to produce ethyl acetate is studied. The process design is more complicated because the ethyl acetate product is neither the lightest nor the heaviest component in the system. A search procedure is proposed to obtain the optimum process design and operating condition of this process. The optimum process design is the one that minimize the Total Annual Cost (TAC) of this process while satisfying the stringent product impurity specifications. The optimum overall process design includes a continuous-stirred tank reactor (CSTR) coupled with a rectifier, a decanter, another stripper, and a recycle stream. After the process design is established, the next step is to use dynamic simulation to test the appropriate control strategy for this process. Sensitivity analysis is performed to obtain the suitable temperature control points for the columns. The proposed control strategy is very simple containing only one temperature control loop in each column. This recommended simpler control strategy uses the ratio of acetic acid feed rate to ethanol feed rate to control the 5th stage temperature of the rectifier and uses the stripper reboiler duty to control the 5th stage temperature of the stripper. The proposed control strategy does not need any on-line composition measurements and can properly hold product purity in spite of feed flow rate and feed composition disturbances. For small deviations of the product impurity compositions during disturbances, a slow cascade outer composition loop structure can be implemented using off-line composition measurements from the quality lab.     

Designed inhibitors with hetero linkers for gastric proton pump H+,K+-ATPase: Steered molecular dynamics and metadynamics studies

Acid suppressant SCH28080 and its derivatives reversibly reduce acid secretion activity of the H⁺,K⁺-ATPase in a K⁺ competitive manner. The results on homologation of the SCH28080 by varying the linker chain length suggested the improvement in efficacy. However, the pharmacokinetic studies reveal that the hydrophobic nature of the CH₂ linker units may not help it to function as a better acid suppressant. We have exploited the role of linker unit to enhance the efficacy of such reversible acid suppressant drug molecules using hetero linker, i.e., disulfide and peroxy linkers. The logarithm of partition coefficient defined for a drug molecule relates to the partition coefficient, which allows the optimum solubility characteristics to reach the active site. The logarithm of partition coefficient calculated for the designed inhibitors suggests that inhibitors would possibly reach the active site in sufficient concentration like in the case of SCH28080. The steered molecular dynamics studies have revealed that the Inhibitor-1 with disulfide linker unit is more stable at the active site due to greater noncovalent interactions compared to the SCH28080. Centre of mass distance analysis suggests that the Cysteine-813 amino acid residue selectively plays an important role in the inhibition of H⁺,K⁺-ATPase for Inhibitor-1. Furthermore, the quantum chemical calculations with M11L/6-31 + G(d,p) level of theory have been performed to account the noncovalent interactions responsible for the stabilization of inhibitor molecules in the active site gorge of the gastric proton pump at different time scale. The hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interaction studies corroborate the center of mass distance analysis as well. Well-tempered metadynamics free energy surface and center of mass separation analysis for the Inhibitor-1 is in good agreement with the steered molecular dynamics results. The torsional angle of the linker units seems to be crucial for better efficacy of drug molecules. The torsional angle of linker units of SCH28080 (COCH₂C) and of Inhibitor 1 (CSSC) prefers to lie within ∼60°–90° for a longer time during the simulations, whereas, the peroxy linker (COOC) of Inhibitor 2 prefers to adopt ∼120–160°. Therefore, it appears that the smaller torsion angle of linker units can achieve better interactions with the active site residues of H⁺,K⁺-ATPase to inhibit the acid secretion activity. The reversible drug molecules with disulfide linker unit would be a promising candidate as proton pump antagonist to H⁺,K⁺-ATPase.     

A heat equation for freezing processes with phase change: stability analysis and applications

In this work, the stability properties as well as possible applications of a partial differential equation (PDE) with state-dependent parameters are investigated. Among other things, the PDE describes freezing of foodstuff, and is closely related to the (potential) Burgers’ equation. We show that for certain forms of coefficient functions, the PDE converges to a stationary solution given by (fixed) boundary conditions that make physical sense. These boundary conditions are either symmetric or asymmetric of Dirichlet type. Furthermore, we present an observer design based on the PDE model for estimation of inner-domain temperatures in block-frozen fish and for monitoring freezing time. We illustrate the results with numerical simulations.     

Boiling and two-phase flow in channels with extremely small dimensions: a review of Japanese research

Research concerning micro-actuators utilizing vapor–liquid interfacial phenomena has been carried out extensively to develop thermal devices applied to micromachines. On the other hand, the application of two-phase flow is useful for the removal of waste heat from the semiconductor chips with highly increased heat generation density to be integrated in notebook PCs. In the present paper, the latest Japanese research on boiling and two-phase flow in minichannels is reviewed, covering the topics for the fundamental phenomena and practical applications. Boiling in a narrow channel between parallel plates is an ideal system for the development of high-performance heat exchangers with extremely small sizes. The promising approaches to increasing the critical heat flux (CHF) are introduced, including those by the present author, to compensate for the disadvantages inherent in this system.     

Designing with scenarios: A critical review of current research and practice

There is a great deal of requirements engineering specifically, and information systems development research in general, in the area of scenarios as the ‘vocabulary’ for discussing and characterising designs for new artefacts. This is partly due to opening up the design process to a variety of participants in a project, and making explicit their ways of working, thinking and interactions with the design products. Scenarios, being concrete, and easy to understand and use, provide the means to describe the design vocabulary. They are used to focus on episodic cases, exchange ideas and thoughts about them effectively, and generally describe requirements and designs for a new artefact from the user’s perspective. In this paper, we review the effectiveness of the current state-of-practice in scenario-based approaches. The objective of this evaluation exercise is to define the requirements for improved ‘by scenario’ approaches to cope with requirements and designs for developing new artefacts.     

Interacting with VDL-based structured icons on crisis map for emergency coordination: Interactive design and experimental demonstration

Accurate and timely information sharing among multiple participants is one of the crucial factors for collaboration in crisis management. The icon-based map was frequently applied as an effective means for crisis interaction and collaboration. However, former studies only regarded the icons as supplementary visualization components during the whole crisis collaboration process. In this paper, the concept of a structured-icon-relied interactive method was proposed to directly integrate all kinds of crisis and coordination information through icons on the crisis map. Moreover, structured icons are supposed to explicitly show the correlation among crisis information and to improve the interactive experience of information search. The effectiveness of this interactive method was verified by a controlled experiment with three sub-tasks for simulated crisis rescue. The results of the experiment showed that the design of the crisis map based on structured icons had a positive impact on collaborative decision-making and crisis interaction. The dynamic characteristics of the structured icon could represent the temporal and spatial attributes of crisis information and enhance users’ crisis coordination ability. The study aims to enrich the theory of crisis information visualization and interaction based on structured iconic representation. In practice, this research could optimize the design of a crisis collaboration system based on the icon as well as the interaction between people, crisis information, and collaborative system, which in turn provides accurate and timely rescue decisions.     

High gain observer for a class of nonlinear systems with coupled structure and sampled output measurements: application to a quadrotor

This paper proposes a new high gain observer for a class of non-uniformly observable nonlinear systems with coupled structure driven by sampled outputs. The considered class of systems is particularly constituted by several subsystems where each subsystem is associated to a subset of the output variables. The observer design is carried out through two steps. First, a high-gain observer is proposed in the continuous-time output case under the assumption that an adequate persistent excitation condition is satisfied by each subsystem. Then, the proposed observer is redesigned to handle the case of sampled outputs leading thereby to a continuous-discrete time observer. The latter property is achieved thanks to the approach pursued along the convergence analysis. The effectiveness of the proposed observer is emphasised in a realistic simulation framework involving a mathematical model of a quadrotor which is diffeomorphic to the proposed class of considered systems.     

Mechanical ventilation and thoracic artificial lung assistance during mechanical circulatory support with PUCA pump: In silico study

Patients assisted with left ventricular assist device (LVAD) may require prolonged mechanical ventilatory assistance secondary to postoperative respiratory failure. The goal of this work is the study of the interdependent effects LVAD like pulsatile catheter (PUCA) pump and mechanical ventilatory support or thoracic artificial lung (TAL), by the hemodynamic point of view, using a numerical simulator of the human cardiovascular system. In the simulator, different circulatory sections are described using lumped parameter models. Lumped parameter models have been designed to describe the hydrodynamic behavior of both PUCA pump and thoracic artificial lung. Ventricular behavior atrial and septum functions were reproduced using variable elastance model. Starting from simulated pathological conditions we studied the effects produced on some hemodynamic variables by simultaneous PUCA pump, thoracic artificial lung or mechanical ventilation assistance. Thoracic artificial lung was applied in parallel or in hybrid mode. The effects of mechanical ventilation have been simulated by changing mean intrathoracic pressure value from −4 mmHg to +5 mmHg. The hemodynamic variables observed during the simulations, in different assisted conditions, were: left and right ventricular end systolic (diastolic) volume, systolic/diastolic aortic pressure, mean pulmonary arterial pressure, left and right mean atrial pressure, mean systemic venous pressure and the total blood flow. Results show that the application of PUCA (without mechanical ventilatory assistance) increases the total blood flow, reduces the left ventricular end systolic volume and increases the diastolic aortic pressure. Parallel TAL assistance increases the right ventricular end diastolic (systolic) volume reduction both when PUCA is switched “ON” and both when PUCA is switched “OFF”. By switching “OFF” the PUCA pump, it seems that parallel thoracic artificial lung assistance produces a greater cardiac output (respect to hybrid TAL assistance).     

Planar Location and Design of a New Facility with Inner and Outer Competition: An Interval Lexicographical-like Solution Procedure

A chain has to decide the location and design for a single new facility in a region where a set of facilities already exists offering the same type of product. Some of the existing facilities belong to the chain and the others are competitors. Since competition comes from outside the chain, the maximization of the profit is the main objective of the chain’s owner. Customers are supposed to patronize all the facilities, the old and the new, proportionally to the attraction they feel for them. The entrance of the new facility may thus also have a detrimental effect on the market shares of the existing chain-owned facilities, and this cannibalization should be minimized as a secondary objective. This problem is formulated as a biobjective optimization problem, and a variant of the lexicographic method is proposed to generate certain efficient solutions. This requires solving two related optimization problems, both neither convex nor concave, for which a unified interval branch and bound method is developed. Computational experiments on randomly generated problems show the feasibility of the approach, while an application of the model with real data demonstrates its use for economical analysis. This paper has been supported by the Ministry of Education and Science of Spain under the research project SEJ2005-06273/ECON, in part financed by the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF). Boglárka Tóth, on leave from the Research Group on Artificial Intelligence of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences and the University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Aradi vértanúk tere 1., Hungary.