复方萘甲唑林滴眼液质量标准的研究

目的 建立复方萘甲唑啉滴眼液的质量标准.方法 采用薄层色谱法鉴定,反相高效液相色谱检测盐酸萘甲唑啉和马来酸氯苯那敏.结果 薄层色谱显示供试品色谱中在与对照品色谱相应的位置上显相同颜色的斑点;高效液相色谱测定盐酸萘甲唑啉和马来酸氯苯那敏线性范围分别是6.02～72.24μg/ml和6.08～72.96μg/ml;平均回收...     

HPLC法测定复方萘甲唑林滴眼液中盐酸萘甲唑林和马来酸氯苯那敏的含量

目的建立HPLC测定复方萘甲唑啉滴眼液中盐酸萘甲唑啉和马来酸氯苯那敏含量的检测方法。方法采用反相液相色谱和紫外检测,色谱柱为美国迪马公司（钻石）Diamonsil C18（250mm×4．6mm,5μm）;流动相是O．05mol·L^-1磷酸二氢钾（2％三乙胺,磷酸液调pH至5．0）：甲醇：水（V：V：V=20：60：20）,流速为0．8mL·min^-1,进样量：5μL,柱温：40℃,柱压75bar,检测波长入=225am。结果盐酸萘甲唑啉和马来酸氯苯那敏的流出时间分别为4．758min和7．364min,线性范围分别是6．02—72．24μg·mL^-1、6．08～72．96μg·mL^-1;平均回收率分别为97．56％、97．24％;RSD分别为0．37％、0．69％（n=9）。结论本法简便,准确和选择性好,可用于复方萘甲唑啉滴眼液的质量控制。     

HPLC测定萘敏维滴眼液中盐酸萘甲唑林和马来酸氯苯那敏的含量

目的建立反相离子对高效液相色谱法同时测定萘敏维滴眼液中盐酸萘甲唑林和马来酸氯苯那敏的含量。方法色谱柱：Kromasil ODS（4.6mm×250mm,5μm）,流动相：辛烷磺酸钠枸橼酸溶液（取辛烷磺酸钠2.23g,枸橼酸3.8g,加水1000ml溶解,用2mol·L^-1氢氧化钠溶液调节pH值至3.0）-乙腈（65∶35）,流速：1.0ml·min^-1,检测波长：280nm,柱温：40℃。结果线性范围：盐酸萘甲唑林为5.12μg·ml^-1～51.2μg·ml^-1,r=0.999,马来酸氯苯那敏为50.16μg·ml^-1～501.6μg·ml^-1,r=0.999。平均回收率分别为99.9%（RSD=0.7%,n=9）和100.0%（RSD=0.6%,n=9）。结论该方法简便、准确、重现性好。可用来测定本品中盐酸萘甲唑林和马来酸氯苯那敏的含量。     

复方北豆根氨酚那敏片质量标准研究

目的 完善复方北豆根氨酚那敏片的质量标准。方法 采用薄层色谱法对复方北豆根氨酚那敏片中北豆根、野菊花、金银花进行定性鉴别,同时采用高效液相色谱法对其中马来酸氯苯那敏含量进行测定。结果 复方北豆根氨酚那敏片中北豆根、野菊花、金银花供试品色谱中,在与对照品及对照药材色谱相应位置上显示相同颜色的斑点;马来酸氯苯那敏进样量在0.03382～0.67640μg与峰面积呈良好线性关系（R2=0.9999）,平均加样回收率为98.76%（RSD=0.85％）;马来酸氯苯那敏含量均高于5.60 mg/g,标示含量均高于95.00%。结论 高效液相色谱法测量马来酸氯苯那敏含量回收率高、重现性好、简便、快速、准确,可用于复方北豆根氨酚那敏片的质量控制。     

HPLC法测定萘敏维滴眼液3种成分的含量

目的：建立萘敏维滴眼液中盐酸萘甲唑啉、马来酸氯苯那敏、维生素B12含量测定的HPLC方法。方法：采用Diamonsil C18(2) （250 mm×4.6mm,5μm）色谱柱;以乙腈为流动相A、0.5%三乙胺溶液(用磷酸调节pH值至3.5)为流动相B,梯度洗脱;流量1.0mL?min-1;柱温30℃;检测波长280nm。结果：盐酸萘甲唑啉、马来酸氯苯那敏、维生素B12的线性范围分别为4.12～51.5μg?mL-1(r=0.999 8)、40.24～503μg?mL-1(r=0.999 2)、20.16～252μg?mL-1(r=0.999 4);平均回收率(n=9)分别为99.1%、99.3%、98.8%,其RSD分别为1.1%、0.7%、1.5%。结论：所建方法准确、可靠,可用于萘敏维滴眼液的质量控制。     

超高效液相色谱法同时测定复方氟嗪酸鼻喷剂中3种组分的含量

目的：同时测定复方氟嗪酸鼻喷剂中氧氟沙星、盐酸萘甲唑啉及马来酸氯苯那敏的含量。方法：采用超高效液相色谱法,色谱柱为WatersACQUITYUPLC BEHC18流动相为乙腈．1．03mol／L磷酸二氢铵溶液（含0．005mol／L的庚烷磺酸钠,pH=3．0）（30：70）,流速为0．2ml／min,进样量为2μl;使用光电二极管阵列检测器,检测波长为220nin。结果：氧氟沙星、盐酸萘甲唑林、马来酸氯苯那敏检测质量浓度线性范围分别为29．76-208．3、2．153-15．068、4．064-28．45μg/ml（r≥0．9997）,平均回收率分别为100．1％、100．3％、100．9％,RSD分别为1．25％、1．20％、O．99％（n=3）。结论：所建立的方法快速、准确,可用于复方氟嗪酸鼻喷剂的质量控制。     

高效液相色谱法测定复方达克罗宁乳膏中盐酸达克罗宁、马来酸氯苯那敏、地塞米松磷酸钠的含量

目的建立高效液相色谱法测定复方达克罗宁乳膏中盐酸达克罗宁、马来酸氯苯那敏、地塞米松磷酸钠含量的方法。方法采用高效液相色谱法。色谱柱为VP-ODS C18柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm);流动相为磷酸缓冲液-乙腈(80∶20);流速:1.0 mL.min-1;测定波长:240 nm;柱温:30℃:进样:10μL。结果该方法不受处方中基质干扰。盐酸达克罗宁、马来酸氯苯那敏、地塞米松磷酸钠的线性范围分别为0.100 3~0.702 1μg(r=0.999 8,n=6),0.028 56~0.199 9μg(r=0.999 9,n=6),0.006 694~0.046 85μg(r=0.999 7,n=6),平均回收率分别为98.8%、99.0%、99.0%,RSD分别为0.97%、1.3%、0.98%(n=9)。结论该方法操作简便,灵敏度高,重现性好,可用于复方达克罗宁乳膏中盐酸达克罗宁、马来酸氯苯那敏、地塞米松磷酸钠的含量测定。     

HPLC法同时测定复方氨酚烷胺片中咖啡因、马来酸氯苯那敏的含量及含量均匀度

目的建立用高效液相色谱法同时测定复方氨酚烷胺片中咖啡因、马来酸氯苯那敏的含量及含量均匀度。方法色谱柱为Agilent TC-C18(4.6 mm×250 mm,5μm);以乙腈-水-三乙胺(16∶84∶0.5)(用磷酸调节pH值至2.5)为流动相;流速为1.0 mL.min-1;检测波长为262 nm。结果咖啡因和马来酸氯苯那敏分别在0.596 8～2.387 2μg和0.080 1～0.320 3μg范围内与峰面积呈良好线性关系,r值分别为1.000,0.999 9。平均回收率分别为99.7%,99.5%,RSD分别为0.59%,0.68%(n=9)。结论本方法专属性好,简便、快速、准确,适用于复方氨酚烷胺片中咖啡因和马来酸氯苯那敏含量及含量均匀度的测定。     

离子对HPLC测定萘敏维滴眼液的含量并检查有关物质

目的 建立测定萘敏维滴眼液中盐酸萘甲唑林和马来酸氯苯那敏含量及检查有关物质的方法.方法 采用离子对HPLC法,色谱柱为Luna C18色谱柱,乙腈-1.0%十二烷基硫酸钠-冰醋酸(57:43:0.3,稀硫酸调pH3.4)为流动相,检测波长为280 nm.结果 盐酸萘甲唑林的线性范围为5.0～17.5μg·ml-1(r=0.9997),高、中、低浓度的平均回收率为99.42%～100.5%,RSD为0.35%～0.81%;马来酸氯苯那敏的线性范围为50.0～175.0μg·ml-1(r=0.9995),高、中、低浓度的平均回收率为99.59%～100.8%,RSD为0.33%～0.52%.3批样品中有关物质的含量分别0.82%、0.84%、0.85%.结论 所用方法准确、简便、快速,适用于萘敏维滴眼液的质量控制.     

对芒果止咳片中马来酸氯苯那敏的含量测定

目的 建立用高效液相色谱(HPLC)法测定芒果止咳片中马来酸氯苯那敏的含量.方法 高效液相色谱法,Diamonsil TM-C18(4.6 mm×150 mm x0.5μm)色谱柱,以乙腈0.5%十二烷基硫酸钠溶韶芟-磷酸(60:40:0.1)为流动相,检测波长为210 nm.结果 马来酸氯苯那敏的线性范同为8～40μg/ml(r=0.9999);平均回收率为99.2%(n=6),相对标准差(RSD)为0.52%.结论 该方法快速、方便,分离度好,其他成分无干扰,适合用于复方制剂中马来酸氯苯那敏的含量测定.     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

---

Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

2-(Acetoxyphenyl)-(Z)-styryl sulfides as cyclooxygenase inhibitors

2-(Acetoxyphenyl)-(Z)-styryl sulfides are described as selective cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitors, useful for treating inflammation and COX-2-mediated disorders including neoplasia. 2-(Acetoxyphenyl)-(Z)-styryl sulfide is claimed to be the most potent COX inhibitor in the series with a COX-2 selectivity ratio of 33. This compound is also claimed to be superior to celecoxib (Celebrex^®, Pfizer) in inhibiting cell growth of colorectal carcinoma cells. In this evaluation, the COX inhibitory activity of this compound is compared to that previously disclosed for diarylheterocycles and 2-(acetoxyphenyl)alkyl sulfides. The validity of the DLD-1 cell line in the growth inhibition studies is questioned based on recent literature reports indicating the lack of COX-2 expression in this cell line.     

Sleep-disordered breathing with chronic opioid use

Chronic opioid use for pain relief or as substitution therapy for illicit drug abuse is prevalent in our societies. In the US, retail distribution of methadone and oxycodone has increased by 824 and 660%, respectively, between 1997 and 2003. μ-Opioids depress respiration and deaths related to illicit and non illicit chronic opioid use are not uncommon. Since 2001 there has been an emerging literature that suggests that chronic opioid use is related to central sleep apnoea of both periodic and non-periodic breathing types, and occurs in ～ 30% of these subjects. The clinical significance of these sleep-related abnormalities are unknown. This review addresses the present knowledge of control of ventilation mechanisms during wakefulness and sleep, the effects of opioids on ventilatory control mechanisms, the sleep-disordered breathing found with chronic opioid use and a discussion regarding the future research directions in this area.     

Drug targets for cognitive enhancement in neuropsychiatric disorders

The investigation of novel drug targets for treating cognitive impairments associated with neurological and psychiatric disorders remains a primary focus of study in central nervous system (CNS) research. Many promising new therapies are progressing through preclinical and clinical development, and offer the potential of improved treatment options for neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) as well as other disorders that have not been particularly well treated to date like the cognitive impairments associated with schizophrenia (CIAS). Among targets under investigation, cholinergic receptors have received much attention with several nicotinic agonists (α7 and α4β2) actively in clinical trials for the treatment of AD, CIAS and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Both glutamatergic and serotonergic (5-HT) agonists and antagonists have profound effects on neurotransmission and improve cognitive function in preclinical experiments with animals; some of these compounds are now in proof-of-concept studies in humans. Several histamine H3 receptor antagonists are in clinical development not only for cognitive enhancement, but also for the treatment of narcolepsy and cognitive deficits due to sleep deprivation because of their expression in brain sleep centers. Compounds that dampen inhibitory tone (e.g., GABA_A α5 inverse agonists) or elevate excitatory tone (e.g., glycine transporter inhibitors) offer novel approaches for treating diseases such as schizophrenia, AD and Down syndrome. In addition to cell surface receptors, intracellular drug targets such as the phosphodiesterases (PDEs) are known to impact signaling pathways that affect long-term memory formation and working memory. Overall, there is a genuine need to treat cognitive deficits associated with many neuropsychiatric conditions as well as an increasingly aging population.