消费品说明中警示信息有效性的工效学研究（I）——警示信息对消费者危险感受与商品危险一~-e_N关系的影响

该研究采用问卷法，通过对30种消费品的调查，分析了消费对消费品说明中警示信息的阅读倾向性，消费的危险感受、消费安全使用商品的自信度，遵守警示信息的可能性、主观危险估计和客观危险性这几项因素之问的关系。结果表明：消费的危险感受与阅读警示信息的倾向性、遵守警告的要求之间存在高度的一致性；且与自信度呈负相关，所以可以通过研究消费的危险感受来研究警示信息的有效性；消费的危险感受，主观危险估计常与商品的客观危险性不一致，所以必须采取一些措施来矫正消费的危险感受，以确保警示信息发挥应有的安全保障作用。     

消费品说明警示信息有效性的工效学研究（Ⅱ）——警示信息的位置、呈现方式对消费者危险感受的影响

该研究采用三因素被试者内一被试者间混合实验设计，考察了警示信息在说明中的位置、呈现方式和消费品因素对消费者危险感受的影响。结果表明：消费者的危险感受受呈现方式因素影响显著，呈现警示图符更能唤起高的危险感受；消费品因素不论对何种类型的危险感受均显示出显著的主效应；位置因素对危险感受影响不显著，对该问题还有待进一步的探索。     

消费品说明警示信息有效性的工效学研究（Ⅲ）——消费品说明中安全警示图符的评价

对消费品说明中的安全警示图符进行可理解性评价和区分度评价。采用表述法、选择法和主观评价法考察２０种图符的可理解性以及图符之间的可区分性。并对混淆矩阵运用多维量表法（ＭｕｌｔｉＤｉｍｅｎｓｉｏｎａｌＳｃａｌｉｎｇ）进行分析。各种评分方法所得结果之间存在很高的一致性，而且有较高的实用价值。主观评价法也具有一定的可行性。Ｋｏｌｍｏｇｏｒｏｖ－Ｓｍｉｒｎｏｖ检验结果表明：在实验室情况下，指示性图符优于禁令性图符和描述性图符，形象性高的图符优于抽象图符。易混淆的图符从视觉相似性、概念相似性和风格相似性３个维度产生。并且，被试的理解力存在年龄、性别差异。     

关于建立我国缺陷产品防害监测预警体系的探讨

一、引言 国家缺陷产品伤害监控预警体系建设是国家公共安全管理的重要组成部分。随着我国经济的发展，科技的进步，产品种类越来越丰富，构造越来越复杂，生产者对技术性能信息的独占性越来越突出。同时，由于产品设计、生产等环节失误或企业对产品的使用、性能、危险性等警示不明确，导致大批量缺陷产品流入市场，危及消费者人身和财产安全的危险正在增大。     

标准制修订信息

CPSC采用ASTMF963-2011作为强制性消费品安全标准 近日，美国消费品安全委员会（CPSC）发表公告称，此前ASTM发布的新版玩具安全标准ASTMF963-11《消费者安全规范：玩具安全》无异议。将于2012年6月12日开始强制执行。新标准将代替ASTMF963—08，修订涉及玩具工业制造商、进口商、消费者、第三方测试实验室和CPSC（顾问能力）。标准的改变主要包括重金属部分的修订、合成程序介绍、浴室玩具戳伤危险的新安全法规及技术指引以及其他潜在的安全风险。具体修订内容：     

数字摄影机动态范围的主客观评价关系探究

为了了解数字影像质量与人眼主观视觉感受之间的关系,本文以摄影机动态范围为例,进行一系列测试实验,初步探索影像质量技术参数在动态范围这一角度与人眼主观感受之间的关系。测试实验选择了三台常见的不同厂商的摄影机型,拍摄动态范围的测试卡以及利用软件进行读取数据来获取客观测试结果,同时拍摄不同光线下的实景让观察者进行观看来获取主观测试结果。测试实验结束后,对客观测试结果和主观测试结果进行对比分析,结果发现客观评价往往是和主观评价不一致的,这些不一致也为以后技术发展方向提供一些参考价值。     

认知视角下包装视觉信息传达效果的评价研究

分析产品包装中的视觉要素以及视觉要素传达出的信息,基于认知理论,探讨消费者对包装视觉信息的认知活动,从认知活动的认知负荷、认知绩效来研究视觉传达效果的评价方式;将包装信息传达的评价分为主观和客观维度,以量表为方法的主观评价和以任务绩效为指标的客观评价方法,将信息获取效果转化为认知效果,两种方式结合用以验证产品包装的信息传达效果,并为包装设计提供一定的指导。     

基于声学客观参量的车内烦恼度评价

研究车内噪声客观参量与主观感受之间的影响关系。根据车辆安装5种排气系统后在8种不同档位不同转速行驶工况下的车内烦恼度主观评价分值以及11项声学客观参量,采用多元统计的聚类分析根据相似程度将客观参量分类,结合因子分析和相关分析分别提取出了在中低转速和中高转速下最能表征烦恼度的客观参量,将主观烦恼度与客观声学参量相关联,最后采用多元线性回归建立了基于声学客观参量的中低转速和中高转速下车内烦恼度预测模型,相关分析显示,其预测结果与主观评价值之间有较高的相关性。因此,基于声学客观参量的车内烦恼度评价是可行的。     

让买卖双方的信息更加透明和对称——清华大学赵平教授谈顾客满意度调查的意义与评价

一、关于调查对象(1)中国顾客满意指数CSI的调查对象是在最近一段时期采购过并正在使用着某个品牌某种类别产品或服务的消费者,所以,被调查对象都有自己实际采购和消费的体验,能够根据自己的感受给出评价,这种评价本身虽然是主观的,但却客观地反映了该消费者对该品牌产品或服务适用性质量的实际感受。     

促进食品质量安全信息传递的对策建议

通过研究质量信息传递,本文提出促进食品质量安全信息传递的对策建议,即一是完善法律和机制,提高信息的真实性;二是提高消费者参与和信息透明性,增强消费者信任度;三是拓宽信息传递途径,方便消费者获取;四是提高消费者安全意识,增加消费者对信息的利用;五是完善食品安全可追溯系统,向消费者提供食品的全过程信息;六是开展食品风险评估,及时发布消费风险警示。     

Hazard perception as a function of target location and the field of view

A typical hazard perception test presents participants with a single-screen view of the road ahead. This study assessed how increasing this field of view would affect hazard perception abilities. Drivers were shown video clips of driving situations containing at least one hazard either on a single screen, or with the addition of side views on two separate but adjacent screens that extended the perceived worldview to approximately 180°. Mirror information was also included to allow information from behind the vehicle to be attended. Participants were instructed to press a button as soon as they saw a hazard. Faster response times were found for hazards that appeared in the centre of the central screen, than in the periphery of the central screen, with hazards that first appeared in the lateral screens responded to slowest. Additionally, responses to the hazards were faster and were more likely to occur in the three-, as compared to the single-screen condition. These results suggest that providing participants with a wider field of view, which includes more environmental cues that are related to the relevant hazardous situation increases their ability to detect hazards, and some limited support to that providing them with a wider view increases this ability even when all hazard-relevant information appear only in the central screen. A number of reasons for the three-screen advantage are discussed. This study suggests that even responses to central hazards may be under-estimated in a typical single-screen hazard perception test, and that improvements can be made for new hazard perception tests, by including visual information from the side and from behind the driver. This new methodology not only allows testing hazard perception skills in a potentially more immersive and realistic environment, but also enables to create hazard perception clips that cannot be realised in a typical single-screen test.     

Warning symbols as reminders of hazards: impact of training

Prior research indicates that many warning symbols are poorly understood. However Lesch [Lesch, M.F., 2003. Comprehension and memory for warning symbols: Age-related differences and impact of training. J. Safety Res. 34, 495–505] found that accident scenarios could be used to improve comprehension of warning symbols. The current study further investigated the potential benefits of accident scenario training. During training, warning symbols with verbal labels corresponding to the meaning of the symbol were paired with accident scenarios which expanded on the nature of the hazard, the required/prohibited actions, as well as the possible consequences of failing to comply. A number of measures were obtained prior to, and following (immediately and 2 weeks later), the accident scenario training: comprehension across three knowledge types (verbal label, required/prohibited actions, potential consequences of failure to comply), ratings of agreement with statements reflecting perceived control, and ratings of hazard and intent to comply. Benefits of training were observed on all dependent measures: Comprehension improved from 43 to 82% correct, reaction times were reduced by about 2 s, and level of confidence in correct responses increased by 23%. Ratings of perceived hazard, intent to comply, and perceived control over accident/injury involvement also increased. It is suggested that accident scenario training can be used to help prevent accidents and injuries by ensuring that responses to warnings are “sure and swift”.     

What you don't know can hurt you: household products and events

Product safety is affected by product design and by the knowledge of the user, either through the user's own background or through instructions and warnings presented with the product. Given adequate knowledge, warnings can serve primarily to remind individuals of the hazards and precautions that can be taken. This study examined people in the USA (represented by two diverse samples) to evaluate their knowledge about the hazards associated with common household products and situations using both multiple choice and open-ended surveys. The results indicated that the respondents were aware of a substantial number of hazards, but their knowledge often did not extend to the specific circumstances that could produce personal injury and property damage. Further, comparisons of cued and non-cued responses suggested some hazards are not well recognized without the cue. The results indicate warnings are needed both as reminders and to provide safety information.     

Optical radiation hazards analysis of ultraviolet headlamps

The potential hazards to the eye and skin associated with the use of UV-emitting automotive headlamps are considered. Wide-scale use of high-beam, near-UV headlamps to permit viewing of fluorescence in clothes and fluorescent road markers at great distances can increase automotive safety; however, the potential hazards from exposure of persons to UV radiation must be evaluated. From the study we conclude that such headlamps can be safely designed to preclude human exposure to potentially hazardous levels of UV radiation.     

Why drivers use cell phones and support legislation to restrict this practice

The use of cell phones while driving is ubiquitous, particularly in countries where the practice is legal. However, surveys indicate that most drivers favor legislation to limit the use of mobile devices during the operation of a vehicle. A study was conducted to understand this inconsistency between what drivers do and what they advocate for others. Participants completed a survey about their driving attitudes, abilities, and behaviors. Following previous research, drivers reported using cell phones for benefits such as getting work done. The hypocrisy of using cell phones while advocating restrictions appears to stem from differences in the perceived safety risks of self vs. others’ use of cell phones. Many if not most drivers believe they can drive safely while using mobile devices. However, they lack confidence in others’ ability to drive safely while distracted and believe that others’ use of cell phones is dangerous. The threat to public safety of others’ usage of mobile devices was one of the strongest independent predictors of support for legislation to restrict cell phone use.     

Video-based road commentary training improves hazard perception of young drivers in a dual task

This study used a video-based hazard perception dual task to compare the hazard perception skills of young drivers with middle aged, more experienced drivers and to determine if these skills can be improved with video-based road commentary training. The primary task required the participants to detect and verbally identify immediate hazard on video-based traffic scenarios while concurrently performing a secondary tracking task, simulating the steering of real driving. The results showed that the young drivers perceived fewer immediate hazards (mean = 75.2%, n = 24, 19 females) than the more experienced drivers (mean = 87.5%, n = 8, all females), and had longer hazard perception times, but performed better in the secondary tracking task. After the road commentary training, the mean percentage of hazards detected and identified by the young drivers improved to the level of the experienced drivers and was significantly higher than that of an age and driving experience matched control group. The results will be discussed in the context of psychological theories of hazard perception and in relation to road commentary as an evidence-based training intervention that seems to improve many aspects of unsafe driving behaviour in young drivers.     

The relationship between cognitive ability,insight and self-regulatory behaviors: Findings from the older driver population

Self-regulation is often promoted as a coping strategy that may allow older drivers to drive safely for longer. Self-regulation depends upon drivers making an accurate assessment of their own ability and having a willingness to practice self-regulatory behaviors to compensate for changes in ability. The current study explored the relationship between older drivers’ cognitive ability, their driving confidence and their use of self-regulation. An additional study aim was to explore the relationship between these factors and older drivers’ interest in driving programs. Seventy Australian drivers aged 65 years and over completed a questionnaire about their driving and a brief screening measure of cognitive ability (an untimed Clock Drawing Test). While all participants reported high levels of confidence regarding their driving ability, and agreed that they would continue driving in the foreseeable future, a notable proportion performed poorly on the Clock Drawing Test. Compared to older drivers who successfully completed the Clock Drawing Test, those who failed the cognitive test were significantly less likely to report driving self-regulation, and showed significantly less interest in being involved in driving programs. Older drivers with declining cognitive abilities may not be self-regulating their driving. This group also appears to be unlikely to self-refer to driving programs.     

Pictorial markings and labels for safe transport and handling of packaged goods

This paper presents the various sources of pictorial markings and warning labels that can be used on packaged goods. Lack of appropriate warnings or markings can result in severe hazards that can affect the safety of individuals and the work environment. The paper shows examples of good and poor applications of warnings and also discusses the various standards that assist in developing appropriate package markings for your goods. New markings recently being developed will also be discussed. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

老年人在线学习平台使用意愿及设计策略研究

目的 针对人口老龄化问题,从老年人在线学习平台使用意愿及其影响因素入手,结合现有学习平台的特征,探求老年人在线学习平台的设计策略,进而增强老年人的使用意愿,使在线教育的价值得以体现。方法 首先,以文献研究为基础,结合扩展技术接受模型与创新扩散理论构建使用意愿影响因素假设模型;其次,选取研究对象进行问卷调研,并对数据进行信效度分析;最后,运用结构方程模型分析老年人在线学习平台使用意愿的主要因素和内在因果关系。结果 感知有用性与兼容性直接影响用户的使用意愿;感知易用性、感知自主性、内容质量则间接影响用户的使用意愿。结论 根据各因素导向,提出增强老年人在线学习平台用户体验设计策略,包含有效性原则、简易性原则、胜任性原则、一致性原则,以期为在线学习平台的适老化设计与改造提供有效依据。