河西走廊的雨季

本文分析了河西走廊雨季的起始、结束时间,雨季长度、降水强度和变率等。并通过对典型多雨年和少雨年环流特征分析,提出了雨季降水量预报的着眼点。一、河西走廊的雨季河西走廊属于温带干旱沙漠气候,除雨季外,降水量少。利用河西各地降水资料,用旬降水相对系数累年平均某旬降水量/累年平均旬降水量大于等于2为雨季。按照上述     

我国东北夏季降水异常的时空结构分析

使用1961～2000年我国东北地区35个台站夏季降水量资料 ,利用自然正交展开 (EOF)和求趋势系数的方法分析了东北地区夏季降水异常的时空结构。结果表明 ,近 40a东北地区夏季降水异常存在 3个有明确物理意义的分布模态 ,分别表现为全区多雨 (少雨 )型、东部多雨 (少雨 )西部少雨 (多雨 )型和北部多雨 (少雨 )南部少雨 (多雨 )型 ;第 1模态不仅具有年际变化 ,还具有明显的年代际变化 ;3个模态的趋势系数表明 ,全区多雨型、东部多雨西部少雨型、北部多雨南部少雨型均有增多的趋势。     

近100年来中东亚干旱区气候异常与海平面气压异常的关系

利用中东亚干旱区近100年(1901-2002年)降水、气温及北半球海平面气压的格点资料,分析了该干旱区冬季、夏季降水和气温与海平面气压分布形势的相关关系,同时对典型的降水和气温异常年份的海平面气压距平场进行了合成分析.结果表明:冬季西北太平洋海平面气压持续增强、阿拉伯海附近维持较高气压时,中东亚干旱区冬季降水偏多、气温偏高.前期春季海平面气压的变化对中东亚干旱区夏季降水有显著的影响,当春季阿留申低压和其南部的西太平洋副热带高压偏强时,中东亚干旱区夏季降水偏多;当春季西太平洋副热带高压位置附近的海平面气压偏高时,中东亚干旱区夏季气温偏低;前期春季海平面气压的异常对中东亚干旱区气候变化的显著影响,对气候预测有很好的指示意义.另外,中东亚干旱区冬季异常多雨、高温年份,海平面气压在中高纬度地区为负距平,在低纬度地区则为正距平.而冬季异常少雨、低温年份,气压场分布的主要特征则相反.在夏季异常多雨年,中东亚干旱区主要位于正的气压距平区,夏季异常少雨年则反之.夏季异常气温偏高年,正距平区主要分布在印度半岛北部,中东亚干旱区西部处于负距平区、东部处于弱的正距平区中.分析结果同时说明了中东亚干旱区易出现冬季多雨/高温(少雨/低温)和夏季多雨/低温(少雨/高温)的气候配置.     

中国西北夏季降水特征及其异常研究

本文利用中国西北五省（区）90个测站，1960～1990历年6～8月降水量资料，采用EOF、REOF、波谱分析及大气环流模式，对夏季降水量的空间异常特征、时间变化规律以及降水异常的主要成因进行了诊断研究和数值试验。结果表明:未旋转的前3个载荷向量场可以较好地反映西北夏季降水整体异常结构，即全区一致的多雨或少雨型；东西相反变化的东多（少）西少（多）型；南北相反变化的南多（少）北少（多）型。旋转后的前6个载荷向量可较好地代表西北夏季降水的6个主要异常敏感区:青藏高原东侧区、渭水流域区、青海高原区、北疆区、沙漠盆地区和河西走廊区。旋转主分量和代表站资料反映出近30～60年中，西北地区最干旱的时段在60至70年代。80年代至90年代初，除沙漠盆地外，各区程度不同地呈现出降水增加趋势。当初夏（6月）青藏高原下垫面感热异常偏强时，有利于同期西北大部地区降水偏多，而使7～8月西北西部、北部降水偏少；东部、南部降水偏多。利用IAP 2-L AGCM数值试验表明，在夏季青藏高原下垫面感热大面积异常增强时，由于西太平洋副热带高压脊明显西伸，江淮处于副高西伸脊控制下，冷暖气流在长江和黄河上游交绥，有利于中国西北东南部降水偏多，多雨区在青海东南、甘肃南部及陕西东部。少雨中心区在西北地区西部。     

太阳活动异常与降水和地面气温的关系

利用1951~2000年太阳10.7 cm射电流量、全国160站观测到的降水和气温距平资料,分析了太阳活动异常对中国夏季、冬季降水和气温的影响。结果表明:太阳活动强的年份,夏季南方、东北少雨,黄河中上游流域、黄淮地区以及长江中上游则多雨;冬季全国均多雨。北方(尤其是东北和新疆)冬季气温偏高,夏季气温偏低。太阳活动弱的年份,夏季华南及黄河以北多雨,而长江流域及以北到黄河中上游夏季则少雨;冬季全国均少雨,北方冬季气温偏低。进一步讨论了中国东北地区夏季降水与太阳活动的密切关系。     

我国东北夏季降水异常的时空结构分析

使用1961～2000年我国东北地区35个台站夏季降水量资料，利用自然正交展开(EOF)和求趋势系数的方法分析了东北地区夏季降水异常的时空结构。结果表明，近40a东北地区夏季降水异常存在3个有明确物理意义的分布模态，分别表现为全区多雨(少雨)型、东部多雨(少雨)西部少雨(多雨)型和北部多雨(少雨)南部少雨(多雨)型；第1模态不仅具有年际变化，还具有明显的年代际变化；3个模态的趋势系数表明，全区多雨型、东部多雨西部少雨型、北部多雨南部少雨型均有增多的趋势。     

2005年6月桂南沿海降水异常偏多成因分析

2005年6月桂南沿海降水异常偏多,通过分析气候背景,环流形势特征,并将其与历史多雨年和少雨年做对比分析得出:2005年6月桂南沿海降水偏多是在多雨的大气候变化周期中发生的;西太平洋副热带高压强度偏强、西伸脊点位置偏西、脊线位置偏南是2005年6月桂南沿海降水异常偏多的主要原因.     

淮河流域夏季降水与低纬地区波列结构的关系

利用NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,通过合成分析、诊断分析等方法,研究了淮河流域夏季降水异常年份的大尺度环流背景,并且分析了造成这种环流背景的可能原因。得到以下主要结论:在副热带地区,对流层低层存在一个自低纬向高纬传播的波列结构。在多雨年从低纬到高纬呈现"+-+-"相间的波列结构,而少雨年则相反,但是多雨年的波列强度要比少雨年强。利用波活动通量进行诊断发现:在多雨年,菲律宾到南海是明显的波源区,我国淮河流域和印度尼西亚是波汇区;在少雨年,印度尼西亚和我国淮河流域是明显的波源区,南海地区是明显的波汇区。这种波列结构的差异可能与淮河流域降水异常存在密切的联系。大气加热的不同可能是产生波列结构的一个重要原因。研究表明,赤道西太平洋大气热源的变化与我国淮河流域降水有密切的联系。印度尼西亚附近的赤道地区加热强,则淮河多雨;加热较弱,则淮河少雨。诊断分析表明,赤道地区加热强度的变化所产生的Rossby波的不同位相,与我国淮河流域降水的异常有密切的联系。     

1961-2012年6-8月内蒙古降水异常及环流特征分析

利用内蒙古自治区100个站1961-2012年6-8月各月降水量资料,以降水距平百分率划分了单站和全区各月的多、少雨年份,分析了6-8月全区多雨和少雨站点百分率变化特征。针对异常多雨和少雨年份,探讨了同期北半球欧亚地区大气环流的分布特征。结果表明：8月降水存在减少趋势,6月和7月则主要表现为阶段性多（少）雨,且少雨年多于多雨年。在多雨月份,100hPa高度场上,欧亚中高纬度呈径向环流分布,极涡较弱。其中,6月为两槽一脊型,内蒙古位于高压脊区前部,7、8月为两脊一槽型,内蒙古位于高压脊区后部;500 hPa高度场上,6月,亚洲区主要表现为变形场,内蒙古处于锋生区,或是亚洲中高纬度环流为两脊一槽型,内蒙古处于两高之间的宽广低槽中, 7月、8月欧亚中高纬度环流主要表现为东高西低,内蒙古自治区位于低压槽区中;850hPa流场图上内蒙古为气旋性切变区域或为风场辐合区域控制。在少雨月份,100hPa和500hPa高度场上,欧亚中高纬度呈纬向环流分布,极涡较强,内蒙古位于南亚高压北边的正距平区域;850hPa流场图上表现为弱的风场特征,无明显的水汽输送。     

东北区夏季多雨年水汽异常输送特征

应用东北区91个测站1955～2000年夏季（6～8月）逐日降水资料和相应的NCEP／NCAR逐日水汽输送资料,分析了该区夏季降水的区域特征,并进一步研究其多雨年的水汽异常输送特征。结果表明,东北地区的夏季降水异常具有明显的区域性,可分为6个独立的区域。对各区域多雨年和降水正常年的水汽异常输送进行对比分析,发现各区域多雨年的水汽异常输送路径和关键区均存在明显的不同。     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on