T91/TP347H异种钢焊接接头蠕变行为分析及寿命预测

在恒定温度、不同应力下进行了T91/TP347H异种钢焊接接头的高温蠕变实验.采用修正的θ投影模型来描述T91/TP347H异种钢焊接接头的蠕变性能,结合蠕变断裂经验公式推导出最小蠕变速率的解析表达式,并提出了新的蠕变寿命预测模型.结果 表明:采用修正的θ投影模型得到的蠕变曲线拟合值与实验值吻合良好,可准确地表达出蠕变曲线3个阶段的特性;所提出的蠕变寿命预测模型的预测误差在5％之内,预测精度较好.     

基于改进Harris函数的岩石蠕变损伤模型及二次开发

针对水电工程中岩石蠕变变形现象,以泥岩为例,开展三轴压缩蠕变试验。基于蠕变试验结果,引入Harris函数,建立一种新的蠕变损伤演化方程。引入一个非线性粘塑性体,与Burgers模型串联并进行损伤演化,从而建立一个新的非线性粘弹塑性蠕变损伤模型。对该模型的三维差分形式进行推导,在FLAC3D平台上利用C++和FISH编程进行二次开发,实现该蠕变损伤本构模型的自定义。利用数学优化软件1stOpt求取模型参数,将该自定义模型及参数应用于三轴压缩蠕变试验的模拟,还原实际试验条件,对比试验数据和模拟值,验证该损伤本构模型的合理性及模型参数的正确性。研究结果可为岩石蠕变损伤本构模型的构建及类似蠕变本构模型的二次开发提供参考。     

高温环境下蠕变疲劳交互作用损伤力学研究

应力控制下的疲劳、蠕变及其交互作用损伤实际上是循环蠕变、静蠕变引起的材料延性不断耗竭的过程，本文在延性耗竭理论和损伤力学有效应力概念的基础上．对疲劳蠕变交互作用损伤演化进行了研究，提出了一个新的疲劳蠕变交互作用损伤模型．采用非弹性应变能密度变化作为损伤参量定义损伤变量。通过耐热钢1.25Cr0.5Mo光滑试样高温环境下应力控制的梯形波加载试验．验证上述疲劳蠕变交互作用模型，最终得到了1.25Cr0.5Mo钢540℃下不同最大应力、不同应力幅组合条件下的损伤演化统一表达式，试验损伤点与该模型的损伤演化规律符合较好．表明该模型和损伤变量适合于疲劳蠕变交互作用下的损伤描述．     

火电厂耐热钢承压部件的蠕变损伤研究

针对火电厂中蒸汽管道与汽包一类承压部件常用耐热钢材,在经历长时间高温高压作用后,处于蠕应变Ⅲ阶段过程时,发生非线性局部化（大变形）蠕变损伤问题,给出损伤本构描述,提出非线性局部化蠕变损伤本构模型及其数值变分原理与有限元离散化形式,从而形成另一种弹塑性蠕变损伤理论与数值变分新方法。     

汽轮机结构元件的损伤和寿命评估

提出了汽轮机转子在高应力疲劳与高温蠕变变互作用下的损伤本构模型与寿命评估方法,以及用于汽轮机转子结构分析的基本方程与变分原理,利用“间置加载”型荷载谱的特点,提出两个基本假设,并根据初始循环应力应变场对损过程中的循环应力应变场进行了有效描述,可对汽轮机转子结构寿命进行评估。     

黄土三轴蠕变试验与Singh-Mitchell模型修正

为研究陕西省咸阳市扶风地区黄土边坡的稳定性,利用SR-60型双联三轴蠕变仪对非饱和重塑黄土进行了三轴固结排水蠕变试验。试验结果表明,试样含水率、固结围压和偏应力水平对蠕变变形具有明显的影响,表现为当含水率较大、固结围压较小时,蠕变形变量大,蠕变现象明显;当其他条件一定时,在偏应力水平较大条件下,试样变形大,蠕变现象明显。同时,利用Singh-Mitchell模型和修正后的Singh-Mitchell模型对试验数据进行拟合发现,修正后的模型克服了偏应力水平对原始模型模拟精度的限制,拟合精度高,且后期趋势基本吻合,能较好地模拟该地区黄土蠕变过程。     

金沙江向家坝水电站坝基砂岩蠕变特性研究

选取了金沙江向家坝水电站坝基的典型砂岩试样,采用三轴压缩试验对砂岩蠕变特性进行研究,分析了流变失稳破坏时的特征及砂岩的轴向、侧向和体积应变的全过程蠕变曲线异同点,对砂岩的长期强度进行预测分析。试验结果表明,砂岩存在一个起始蠕变应力阈值,每级荷载下的蠕变曲线之前都存在一个瞬时应变且随着围压的增大和偏应力的增大幅度越来越小,轴向瞬时应变与偏应力具有很好的线性关系;侧向和体积变形则存在明显的蠕变三阶段,加速阶段要比轴向快且两者的蠕变曲线形状相似,在同一围压和同一级偏应力下侧向蠕变量比轴向及体积的大,其蠕变发展最快;砂岩的长期强度可用等时偏应力应变曲线簇来进行确定,采用体积偏应力应变曲线簇更适宜,在已有的流变模型中伯格斯模型能较好的反映砂岩蠕变特性。     

考虑临界状态的堆石料广义塑性本构模型

基于大型静力三轴剪切试验结果,构造了考虑颗粒破碎的塑性模量表达式和考虑临界状态的剪胀方程,建立了适用于堆石料的广义塑性本构模型,并利用本构模型对堆石料三轴试验进行预测。结果表明,考虑和不考虑临界状态的本构模型均能较好地模拟堆石料在高围压下的剪缩性、在低围压下的剪胀性以及由于颗粒破碎引起峰值和剪胀应力比的非线性特性;考虑临界状态的本构模型能模拟应力——应变曲线逐渐逼近临界状态的规律,但其对三轴试验的预测精度略低于不考虑临界状态本构模型。     

砂岩蠕变力学特性及流变模型研究

水利枢纽工程中库岸高边坡流变现象显著,是工程长期稳定性的潜在隐患。以某大型水利枢纽工程近坝库岸高边坡石英砂岩为例,采用RLW-2000岩石三轴流变试验系统进行不同应力状态下的蠕变力学试验。结果表明,岩石瞬时应变、蠕应变随围压的增加而逐渐增大,初始、稳态和极限加速蠕变速率随围压的提升而递增;围压促进砂岩蠕变变形发展,高围压下的初始蠕变速率可能大于低围压下的极限加速蠕变速率;砂岩在围压5、10、15MPa下的长期强度分别为24.8、32.3、39.7MPa,长期强度随围压的增强而逐渐增大。结合试验成果,分析砂岩的流变性态为粘性-粘弹性-粘塑性,基于统一流变力学模型理论,确定H-H|N-N-N|S模型结构。由于传统元件模型难以辨识不同加速蠕变阶段曲线形态,引入SN和SP非线性元件改进传统模型,得到一个新的非线性蠕变力学模型,并将其拓展到三维情形。辨识蠕变试验数据,对比预测曲线和试验数据,证明了所建模型的可行性和合理性。研究成果可为水利枢纽工程的长期稳定性分析提供参考。     

超固结土的广义塑性本构模型

鉴于目前超固结土本构模型不能较好地反映土体的实际变形,基于广义塑性理论并引入伏斯列夫面及超固结参数的概念,建立了一个可以反映超固结土变形特性的广义塑性本构模型,该模型采用能较好反映试验资料的Lagioia剪胀方程,在此基础上推导出超固结参数、塑性流动和加载方向张量,并构造了一个可以较好反映土体变形特性的塑性模量,且基于SMP变换应力法将模型三维化,使其能适用于一般应力状态。根据试验资料获得饱和Fujinomori粘土的本构模型参数,利用新的模型编制程序预测超固结土的变形特性,发现预测结果与试验数据吻合较好,表明新的模型可以合理地反映超固结土的变形特性。     

Magnetothermoelastic creep analysis of functionally graded cylinders

This paper describes time-dependent creep stress redistribution analysis of a thick-walled FGM cylinder placed in uniform magnetic and temperature fields and subjected to an internal pressure. The material creep, magnetic and mechanical properties through the radial graded direction are assumed to obey the simple power law variation. Total strains are assumed to be the sum of elastic, thermal and creep strains. Creep strains are time, temperature and stress dependent. Using equations of equilibrium, stress–strain and strain–displacement a differential equation, containing creep strains, for displacement is obtained. Ignoring creep strains in this differential equation a closed form solution for the displacement and initial magnetothermoelastic stresses at zero time is presented. Initial magnetothermoelastic stresses are illustrated for different material properties. Using Prandtl–Reuss relation in conjunction with the above differential equation and the Norton’s law for the material uniaxial creep constitutive model, the radial displacement rate is obtained and then the radial and circumferential creep stress rates are calculated. Creep stress rates are plotted against dimensionless radius for different material properties. Using creep stress rates, stress redistributions are calculated iteratively using magnetothermoelastic stresses as initial values for stress redistributions. It has been found that radial stress redistributions are not significant for different material properties, however major redistributions occur for circumferential and effective stresses.     

On the development of creep damage constitutive equations: a modified hyperbolic sine law for minimum creep strain rate and stress and creep fracture criteria based on cavity area fraction along grain boundaries

This paper reports (1) the latest development and application of a modified hyperbolic sine law for minimum creep strain rate and stress for both low Cr and high Cr steels, and (2) the development of a creep fracture criterion based on cavity area fraction along grain boundaries for high Cr steel. This work is part of the fundamental development of creep damage constitutive equations which were identified through a critical literature review. In the former the application of the new law results in an improved fitting; in the latter, a new creep fracture criterion based on cavity area fraction along grain boundaries was derived and quantitatively calibrated using the latest detailed cavity nucleation and growth kinetics models for high Cr steel. Furthermore, this paper revealed the trend of nucleation rate coefficient with stress, and the trend of creep life time coefficient with stress, which provide reliable and universal prediction capabilities. This paper contributes to the specific knowledge on the minimum creep strain rate and stress function, the development of a scientifically sound and novel creep rupture criterion based on the cavity area fraction along grain boundaries for high Cr steel, and the provision of creep damage/life prediction tools.     

Using small punch test data to determine creep strain and strength reduction properties for heat affected zones

Abstract

The small punch (SP) test is a miniature technique that can provide information on creep performance of local features in welded components. However, the multiaxial stress and deformation history in SP test means that it can be a challenge to interpret the test results in a way that is comparable to uniaxial standard creep testing. This work aimed to compare SP test results from as new and service exposed P91 (9Cr–1Mo–V–Nb) base material (BM) and heat affected zones (HAZ) to uniaxial creep testing results from welded new and service exposed material. Two methods are proposed for predicting the uniaxial strain response for any zone of the weld: one alternative is to apply the SP rupture data and to accommodate the shape of the uniaxial base material creep curve to that of the zone of interest in the SP test. The other alternative is to use the SP deflection data and an appropriate translation function to the uniaxial creep curve. In both cases, the Wilshire creep equations have been used as the rupture model. The approach will also predict the stress reduction factors of welds and its constituent parts (including the subzones of HAZ). It is proposed that the approach is used to provide the local constitutive creep models for component assessment by finite element analysis (FEA).     

Recent advance in life prediction for HTGR applications

Key issues in design methods at high temperatures for an HTGR regime are creep constitutive equations. The life in service of structural components is controlled by creep damage. A creep constitutive equation is then needed to calculate inelastic stress-strain components. The method for life prediction, applicable to this temperature regime, has been investigated. The ductility exhaustion rule in conjunction with the creep constitutive equation is confirmed to be useful from the point of view of methodology. Creep-fatigue damage for Hastelloy XRs was assessed by this method in conjunction with the Miner's rule. It is found that the ductility exhaustion for creep damage has a tendency to estimate creep damage larger than the time faction that is often used conventionally. Creep damage under compressive stress should be evaluated at high temperatures.     

超临界锅炉启动汽水分离器应力分析及数值模拟

对超临界锅炉汽水分离器变工况下的应力场进行了分析计算,探讨了在高温高压条件下蠕变变形与应力间的关系,以及存在弹性变形、塑性变形和蠕变变形时应力的计算,并使用ANASYS对某超临界锅炉汽水分离器进行了数值模拟.结果表明:在结构不连续处,即汽水分离器入口附近,局部应力最大;在机组启动初始阶段,此处的应力幅很大;而在稳定运行时,此处的应力绝对值很大,但震荡幅度很小.     

An anisotropic tertiary creep damage constitutive model for anisotropic materials

When an anisotropic material is subject to creep conditions and a complex state of stress, an anisotropic creep damage behavior is observed. Previous research has focused on the anisotropic creep damage behavior of isotropic materials but few constitutive models have been developed for anisotropic creeping solids. This paper describes the development of a new anisotropic tertiary creep damage constitutive model for anisotropic materials. An advanced tensorial damage formulation is implemented which includes both material orientation relative to loading and the degree of creep damage anisotropy in the model. A variation of the Norton-power law for secondary creep is implemented which includes the Hill’s anisotropic analogy. Experiments are conducted on the directionally-solidified bucket material DS GTD-111. The constitutive model is implemented in a user programmable feature (UPF) in ANSYS FEA software. The ability of the constitutive model to regress to the Kachanov-Rabotnov isotropic tertiary creep damage model is demonstrated through comparison with uniaxial experiments. A parametric study of both material orientation and stress rotation are conducted. Results indicate that creep deformation is modeled accurately; however an improved damage evolution law may be necessary.     

P92钢蠕变本构方程测试研究

高温构件因蠕变损伤而引起失效断裂的现象已引起研究人员的重视,针对新型耐热钢P92钢高温蠕变特点,考虑实际工程应用,采用蠕变拉伸试验得到适合P92钢母材蠕变第二阶段的蠕变本构方程,为进一步研究P92钢焊接接头的寿命评估提供了基础数据.     

谭家湾滑坡含粗颗粒滑带土流变性质研究

为研究含粗颗粒滑带土流变性质对水库滑坡的影响,基于谭家湾滑坡的勘察成果和监测数据,分析了滑坡的变形特征;选取含粗颗粒滑带土原状试样开展三轴流变试验,研究了滑带土的变形及其强度。结果表明,含粗颗粒滑带土呈现瞬时弹塑性变形、衰减变形和稳态变形3个阶段,与滑坡宏观变形阶段具有较好的一致性;在荷载稳定阶段滑带土变形分为衰减变形和稳态变形,其变形趋势亦与水位稳定时滑坡宏观变形演化相吻合;含粗颗粒滑带土为典型的稳定流变材料,其变形阶段与不含粗颗粒滑带土相近,且含粗颗粒滑带土的强度参数具有显著时间效应,会对滑坡的长期稳定性产生不利影响。研究结果为滑坡变形预测及长期稳定性评价奠定了基础。