新型二元混合基钡钨阴极的发射性能研究

研究了二元混合基底的制备及对钡钨阴极发射性能影响,结果表明所研究的W-Ir（MMM）、W-Re（CMM）二元混合基钡钨阴极有比传统覆膜纯W基钡钨阴极更低的逸出功,具备更好的发射性能;从所研究的两种混合基钡钨阴极发射来看,覆膜阴极和未覆膜阴极发射效果没有明显差异。     

新型三元混合基钡钨阴极的发射性能研究

研究了三元混合基底的制备及对钡钨阴极发射性能影响,结果表明所研究的W-Ir-Rh、W-Ir-Ru、W-Ir-Re三元混合基钡钨阴极的发射与传统的覆膜纯W基钡钨阴极的发射水平近于相当,但其制备工艺更简单,排气和激活时出气更少,能够加速管子的处理工艺.     

微焦点工业CT在钡钨阴极分析中的应用

介绍了计算机断层扫描（CT）成像的基本原理和设备基本组成，并用微焦点工业CT系统来分析钡钨阴极的内部微细结构，充分证明了微焦点工业CT系统在对钡钨阴极的分析中有着良好的应用。     

钡钨阴极的性能与多孔钨结构的关系

本文对渍制钡钨阴极多孔钨结构与发射和蒸发性能的有关数据进行了分析研究。结果表明,对于多孔钨结构,钨粉的颗粒度和孔隙的孔径大小决定了小孔内表面的总面积和钡在钨表面上的扩散路程,钡输送通道的大小和长短。这些因素对钡钨阴极的性能和工作机理有密切关系,但仅用多孔钨孔隙度来表征阴极性能那是不够严格的。最后我们提出了对于不同用途的阴极应采用的多孔钨结构。     

钡钨阴极的出现电势谱研究

用自制的SXAPS及XPS与AES技术对S型与M型钡钨阴极进行了研究。结果表明,这两类阴极表面化学结构特性存在明显的差别。M阴极激活后,存在钡的单原子层与氧的吸附;而S阴极激活后,钡与氧化钡并存。引进新的俄歇参量a_2,可以表征包括钡钨阴极在内的钡的各种化学态。M阴极表面不仅有O_s与Ru,也有W扩散出来。模拟试验表明,SXAPS轰击电流对阴极无明显的破坏作用。     

一种大发射热阴极

很久以来,许多研究阴极的工作者都试图把稀土金属氧化物掺和在氧化钡中,制成稀土金属钡盐,作为钡钨阴极的发射物质,以改进一般铝酸盐钡钨阴极的性能。这些努力已取得一定的成效,特别是含氧化钪的钡钨阴极取得了更为引人注目的进展。但迄今为止,只见到有关这种阴极的发射性能的报道而尚未见到有关它的其他性能以及应用情况的报道。 几年来,我们也开展了含稀土元素的钡钨阴极特别是钪酸盐钡钨阴极的研究。最近,     

钡钨阴极表面的研究

我们用HPS50B型场发射扫描电镜(SEM),REBER-1型俄歇电子能谱仪(AES),PHI-550型ESCA/SAM多功能能谱仪,JSM-U3型电子探针,FD-1型发射式电镜(EEM)和逸出功分布测量技术等,对铝酸盐钡钨阴极和钨酸盐钡钨阴极进行了综合研究。研究了阴极表面结构形貌、表面化学成分、化学态以及发射性能等。实验发现,激活前后,阴极表面元素的组成成分、分布情况和化学态都有明显的变化。激活后,阴极表面粗糙,发射不均匀,发射集中在钨海绵的孔隙及其四周。还发现了铝酸盐阴极激活后,谱线中的钙峰消     

大电流阴极的发射性能研究

研究了新型钡钨阴极发射性能，并且分别用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和工业CT微焦点系统来分析所研制的新型钡钨阴极的表面形貌和内部微细结构。该阴极不仅简化了传统浸渍钡钨阴极生产工艺，而且发射性能要优于传统工艺阴极。     

新型压制钡钨阴极性能的研究

研究了新型压制钡钨阴极的发射性能 ,并且分别用KYKY - 2 80 0扫描电子显微镜 (SEM)和美国BIR公司ACTIS工业CT微焦点系统来分析所研制的新型压制钡钨阴极的表面形貌和内部结构 ,并对比了传统的钡钨阴极 ,来说明简化覆膜浸渍钡钨阴极生产工艺的可行性。     

残余气体对阴极的作用

一、引言氧化物阴极,钡钨浸渍阴极或压制阴极,以及它们的改进型铱膜钡钨浸渍阴极在各种电真空器件中得到了广泛的应用。在真空器件的性能改进和增长寿命问题上、管内残余气氛对阴极性能和寿命的影响,仍然是一个重要因素。不论是化学活泼气体如O_2、H_2O、CO_2等或是例     

Improvement of the performance of the dispenser cathode with Re as a middle layer

A new type of dispenser cathode with dual-layer （Os-W/Re） is developed. The cathode coated with Os-W/Re shows better emission performance than the cathode coated with Os-W alloy. X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy （XPS） spectra demonstrate that ternary alloy coating （Os-W-Re） formed on the surface of the cathode with dual-layer （Os-W/Re） after full activation is the major reason why it has better emission than the cathode with Os-W alloy. The surface of each variety of the cathode is characterized with Scanning Electron Microscope （SEM） before and after activation： the emitting surface of the cathode with Os-W alloy after ageing appeared non-adherence （flaking） in localized areas, which is one of the reasons for non-uniform emission. However, the surface of the cathode with dual-layer （Os-W/Re） does not present film peeling under the same conditions. Thus it ensures better emission uniformity and functional reliability for the dispenser cathode.     

覆Os膜扩散阴极Os-W互扩散的探讨

介绍了对覆锇扩散阴极锇膜与钨基间互扩散过程的研究结果。通过SEM对不同工作时间的阴极发射表面及纵向剖面的形貌进行分析,采用EDS对实验阴极的表面及纵向剖面进行元素成分的分析。研究表明,随工作时间的不同,阴极表面及纵向剖面Os-W浓度发生变化,呈现明显的扩散趋势。     

Studies on W–Re Mixed-Matrix Cathodes

The performance of tungsten-rhenium (W-Re) mixed-matrix cathodes of varying compositions was studied. The work function, when the tungsten percentage is 50 plusmn 25%, is close to that of a Re-coated cathode. The I-V characteristics show an emission anomaly. It was found that the patch fields are not the main reason; rather, it is the field enhancement which is responsible for this anomaly. The emission microscopic results show that the work function distribution does not greatly differ from that of a B-Type cathode. Auger electron spectroscopy, in conjunction with scanning electron microscope studies, supports the presence of a thick active layer. The cathodes exhibited decay and heating effects with pulsed-current emission. The nonmetallic behavior is attributed to the presence of an appreciable amount of unreduced BaO. Poisoning studies show that the resistance to oxygen poisoning is better than that of a conventional B-Type cathode. A chemical technique was developed to prepare a finely divided powder of W-Re sigma-phase alloy. The cathodes made out of this alloy powder showed better emission and uniformity compared to those of simply mixed cathodes.     

Electrical stimulation of cardiac tissue by a bipolar electrode ina conductive bath

A three-dimensional (3-D) computer simulation of the electrical stimulation of passive cardiac tissue from a bipolar electrode placed within a conductive bath is presented. Through the bidomain model, the syncytial and anisotropic properties of cardiac tissue are taken into account; tissues with equal anisotropy and no transverse coupling are also considered. The membrane is represented by a capacitor and passive resistor in parallel. Located within an isotropic bath, the bipolar electrode is oriented either perpendicular or parallel to the tissue surface. For anisotropic tissue with a small cathode-tissue separation, the tissue surface is highly depolarized under the cathode with the depolarization persisting a considerable distance from the electrode in the transverse fiber direction. Adjacent to this region in the longitudinal direction, areas of hyperpolarization exist. At large distances from the cathode, the tissue surface is hyperpolarized in all directions when the electrode axis is perpendicular to the tissue. In the parallel case, surface depolarization creates buried regions of hyperpolarization. For the perpendicular configuration, the ratio of the steady-state maximum depolarization to steady-state maximum hyperpolarization, an estimate of the ratio of anodal to cathodal threshold, decreases rapidly with increasing cathode-tissue separation. In the parallel case, the depth of the conductive bath significantly affected the transmembrane potential distribution in the tissue. The use of a 3-D model more realistically simulates real-life electrical stimulation (such as stimulation with an implantable pacemaker) and provides insight into the effect of the volume conductor adjacent to the tissue     

Two-dimensional simulation of silicon avalanche cathodes

The characteristics of silicon avalanche cathode as a novel electron emitting device with ultra-shallow p-n junctions have been studied using the two-dimensional device simulator PISCES-IIB. The steady-state simulation indicates that the nonplanar surface topology resulting from fabrication process causes current crowding near the edge of the emitting area where the surface step exists. Current crowding degrades the emission uniformity and also reduces the emission current under increased reverse bias. The nonplanar surface structure also causes punchthrough in the epitaxial layer as the reverse bias on the cathode increases. As a result, the percentage of the cathode current contributing to emission decreases, reducing the emission efficiency consequently. The simulation shows that the portion of the cathode current that flows through the emitting area drops to as much as 30% at cathode bias higher than 12 V, compared to the same current just after breakdown. This also affects the rate of increase in the total emission current which is the product of the emission efficiency and the overall cathode current     

碳纳米管冷阴极电子枪栅网电子通过率的仿真及实验

本文在栅网结构碳纳米管冷阴极电子枪原型器件的基础上,研究了栅网通过率对冷阴极电子枪阴极发射和电子通过率的影响。首先通过计算机仿真了栅网通过率对阴极发射电流及阳极电流的影响,在其他条件相同的情况下,栅网通过率为80%左右时可得到最大阳极电流;其次根据仿真结果加工了两种不同栅网通过率的电子枪原型并进行了测试,得到的实验结果与仿真基本一致,最后从理论上对实验结果进行了分析,对进一步研究冷阴极电子枪提供了技术依据。     

Improved Computer Program for Magnetron Injection Gun Design

Gyrotron has received extensive attention owing to its high-power capability, especially when the wavelength shrinks below the millimeter-wave range. The electron beam of a gyrotron is typically generated by a magnetron injection gun (MIG). For high cathode current density, the MIG may operate in a region that combines temperature limited and space-charge limited emissions. An improved computer program for electron gun design is appropriate for MIGs that operate between space-charge limited and temperature limited emission. Moreover, the initial input formation of the program resembles that of the EGUN code. Analysis of a Pierce electron gun and MIGs reveals that the stimulated beam current appears consistent with the measured results. However, EGUN simulation results in which the cathode emitters of MIGs are chosen for the temperature limited emission differ from those of our simulation results. This difference is most likely owing to that the initial emitting energy can not be completely described in the EGUN simulation. Finally, the improved computer program is used to design a MIG for a Ka-band, TE₀₁ mode gyro-TWT.     

碳纳米管冷阴极Pierce电子枪

为发展场致发射冷阴极毫米波电真空辐射源器件, 对利用大面积碳纳米管冷阴极产生大电流、高电流密度电子注的电子光学系统进行了研究.通过在Pierce电子枪阴极表面引入栅网结构, 解决了碳纳米管冷阴极场致发射所需的强电场和电子聚束问题.在碳纳米管冷阴极实验测试数据的基础上, 采用粒子模拟软件对上述电子光学系统进行了仿真.研究了栅网对注电流、注腰半径和电子注散射的影响, 分析了阳极电压和外加轴向磁场对电子注的聚束作用.优化后的仿真结果表明在阴极发射面为3.03 cm2时, 该电子光学系统能够产生210 mA、60 kV, 电流密度为6.7 A/cm2, 最大注半径为1mm的电子注.     

碳纳米管蒸发特性及其对场发射性能的影响

为了探究场发射阴极电流的跌落机制,采用四极质谱仪分析的方法研究高温蒸发对阴极场发射性能的影响。实验结果表明：碳纳米管阴极在1173 K以上温度时开始蒸发出碳;在1373 K高温下连续蒸发100小时,碳纳米管阴极的开启场强增加21.7%,阈值场强增加31.7%,增强因子减小16.2%,功函数增加11.9%。扫描电镜（SEM）和能量色散X射线光谱仪（EDX）分析显示：增大的功函数和减小的场增强因子降低了阴极的场发射性能。阴极材料的蒸发是阴极电流跌落的重要原因。     

一种Sc2O3掺杂Y-Gd-Hf-O压制式直热式阴极发射特性研究

为了提高Y-Gd-Hf-O阴极耐电子轰击能力,该文通过高能球磨、压制和高温氢气烧结,制备了一种Sc₂O₃掺杂Y-Gd-Hf-O压制式直热式阴极。该阴极在1550 °C工作温度下,经过10 W电子连续轰击480 h后,发射电流密度下降至初始值的87.5%,表现出良好的耐电子轰击能力。阴极表面的微观形貌、成分组成分析表明,经压制后氢气气氛烧结,阴极表面呈陶瓷状结构形态,有利于提高阴极的耐电子轰击能力;经高温烧结、激活后表面形成了n型半导体Y₂O_3-x层,对改善阴极表面导电性、降低逸出功和提高热发射有促进作用。