台湾海区的风浪特点及分布规律

收集了1960～1990年间的31 a国际气象船舶报资料,以中国台湾周边海区为中心,范围自20°N～28°N,116.5°E～124°E,划分为1°×1°网格单位,对风向、风速、浪向、浪高、周期等要素进行累年逐月统计和作图.通过分析研究,我们发现了该区的风浪特点和分布规律冬季风浪以台湾海峡中部为最大,尤其是澎湖列岛北部地区(风速大于20 m/s,浪高大于3.0m),但在台湾西南部沿岸以高雄为中心,风浪最小;夏季风浪以台湾海峡南口为最大(风速大于13.0 m/s,浪高大于2.0 m),台湾海峡风浪最小(风速小于1.0m/s,浪高小于1.5m).这些新的特点,在以往的2°×2°或5°×5°的大网格分析研究中是显示不出来的.     

台湾海峡南部海水化学要素分布状况

一.概要1979年6—7月,中国科学院南海海洋研究所“实验”号在南海北部进行了一次海洋科学考察,其中在台湾海峡南面117°30′—120°00′E、21°00′—23°00′N布设7个大面站和1个连续站(见图1)的观测。海水化学要素的调查项目包括盐度、溶解氧、PH、可溶性无机磷酸盐和活性硅酸盐等,并以现场采水测定。海水中盐度的测定采用HD_2型实验室盐度计; 海水中溶解氧(下称氧)的测定采用Winker碘量法;     

末次间冰期和早冰期的ENSO事件

从 2 0世纪初开始 ,在夏季日照变化显著的北半球高纬地区 ,可以发现日照和气候之间的联系 ,通常认为夏至期间在 6 5°N的大气层顶部 (TOA)的日照反映了使全球气候变化的太阳引力。这里与Berger等 ( 1 981 )的结论进行商讨 ,他们将两个半球不同纬度大气层顶部日照的月变化与Hays等 ( 1 976 )的大洋氧同位素记录进行了相关分析 ,最高正相关 (P≤ 0 0 1 )出现于 9月而不是在 6月 ,是在 3个代表热带的纬度上 ( 2 5°N ,5°N ,和 1 5°S)而不是在高纬地区。 3月所有进行试验的纬度 ( 85°N ,6 5°N ,45°N ,2 5°N ,5°N ,1 5°S ,3 5°S…     

西太平洋暖池海域热含量场的变异及其影响

基于 1 95 5— 1 999年间太平洋月平均海温资料 ,利用经验正交函数 (EOF)分解法 ,研究了西太平洋暖池海域 ( 1 2 0°E— 1 60°W ,1 8°N— 1 6°S)热含量场的时空变化 ,并分析了该海域东、西区热含量变化与南方涛动、副热带高压及ENSO的关系。结果表明 ,暖池海域热含量场主要包括年变化型、年际变化型和年代际变化型三个模态 ,其主要变化周期依次为 1 .0、3.6和 1 3.7年。相关和合成分析表明 ,暖池东、西区热含量的变化均与南方涛动、副热带高压和ENSO循环有十分密切的关系。     

长江口上升流海区的生态环境特征

根据 1 985年 8月的调查资料 ,讨论了长江口上升流海区的生态环境特征。研究表明 ,在长江口外 ,大约在 1 2 2°2 0′— 1 2 3°1 0′E、31°0 0′— 32°0 0′N海区存在着明显的下层高盐冷水的抬升现象 ;伴随这种上升运动 ,于 5— 1 0m层 ,在上述高盐冷水区明显地存在一个低溶解氧、高营养盐区。资料表明 ,该低氧、高营养盐海水不是直接来自表层的长江冲淡水 ,而是来自深底层的变性后的台湾暖流水。分析表明 ,长江口外的浮游植物高值区的分布位置与上升流区基本一致 ,两者比较浮游植物高值区略向东南方向偏移约 1 5— 2 0km。作者认为形成这种偏离现象的原因可能与上升流中心区水温偏低有关     

台湾周边海区的海浪特点

本文收集了1960～1990年的国际气象船舶报资料,以台湾岛为中心,范围为20°～28°N、116．5°～124°E的海区,并将整个海区划分为台湾海峡、台湾东部、台湾北部、巴士海峡四个海域。按1°×1°网格逐月进行统计,并将统计结果绘制成海面风、海浪玫瑰图,以及平均波高、平均周期、大浪大涌(≥2．5m)频率、小于等于1．2m波高和各类波长频率分布图。通过分析得出全年的海浪特点及其分布规律,这对发展国民经济、航海和军事活动具有重要意义。     

IODP 303航次 ——冰盖—大洋大气圈晚新近纪—第四纪千年尺度的相互作用

IODP 30 3航次建议的 5 72 Full3钻探 (4 1°0 0 6 8′～ 5 8°33 2 2 7′N、2 3°0 5 2 5 2′～ 4 8°31 84 2′W ,13个站位 ) ,拟将北大西洋晚新近纪—第四纪气候指数转换为地磁古强度辅助年代 (PAC) ,该年代学基于地磁古强度、稳定同位素和岩屑层状地层的综合研究。建议的站位位于OrphanKnoll外Eirik冰碛 (东南格陵兰 )、南Gardar冰碛和中大西洋“冰筏岩屑 (IRD)带”之上 ,这些站位的平均沉积速率估计在 5～ 5 0cm/ka。利用钻井技术的活塞取心预计可贯穿海底之下 30 0m的深度 ,以便来恢复晚新近纪—第四纪的气候记录 ,对于高分…     

东海聚球蓝细菌(Synechococcus)的分布特点及在微食物环中的作用

利用荧光显微镜技术研究了东海 ( 2 7°— 32°N ,1 2 2°— 1 30°E)中聚球蓝细菌 (Syne chococcus)的数量。结果表明 ,冬季 ( 1 997年 2— 3月 )聚球蓝细菌生物量是 7.2 1— 0 0 1 1mgC/m3(平均为 0 82mgC/m3) ,夏季 ( 1 998年 7月 )聚球蓝细菌生物量是 5 78— 0 1 9mgC/m3(平均为1 43mgC/m3)。夏季聚球蓝细菌的平均值是冬季的 1 7倍。冬季受黑潮水的影响 2 0m层和表层中的聚球蓝细菌数量自东南向西北递减。聚球蓝细菌生物量在总浮游植物生物量 (CB/PB)中占的比例冬季平均是 1 0 % ( 0 5 %— 91 8% ) ,夏季平均是 3% ( 0 6%— 1 0 6% ) ,冬季是夏季的 3 3倍。微型浮游动物 (nanozooplankton)是东海聚球蓝细菌的主要捕食者 ,对聚球蓝细菌捕食率为 0 2 1 8— 0 75 9/d。     

印度洋近赤道地区风场的变化与ENSO

本文利用综合海洋大气(COADS)资料,计算了0°—10°N、70°—120°E和0°—10°S、7O°—120°E两地区1950—1979年逐月纬向和经向风的平均值,并与东太平洋表面海温(以下简称海温)进行了相关分析,得出在ENSO发生前,印度洋赤道地区有纬向西风偏强和经向北风偏强,与南印度洋的气旋性环流加强相联系,ENSO发生时,异常情况完全相反,同时分析了30°—40°N、120°—140°E地区经向风的变化与ENSO的关系,在ENSO发生前,印度洋赤道地区的西风偏强和赤道以北的北风偏强与印度尼西亚地区的高海温异常有关,而东亚强的冬季风可影响印度尼西亚纬向西风的异常.     

南黄海春秋季大型底栖动物分布现状

根据 2 0 0 0年 1 0月和 2 0 0 1年 3月在 1 2 1°— 1 2 5°E、33°— 36°N海域范围内的 1 7个取样站采集的 482号采泥样品和 5 4 6号拖网样品共计 2 72种动物 ,经实验室鉴定、称重、计数、计算 ,分析研究了南黄海海域大型底栖动物在春季和秋季的分布状况。结果表明 ,在 2 72种大型底栖生物中 ,多毛类 84种 ,软体动物 76种 ,甲壳动物 83种 ,棘皮动物 2 9种。从分析结果看 ,春季和秋季大型底栖生物的栖息密度没有明显的差异 ,而生物量却变化很大 ,秋季的生物量远高于春季。这与底栖生物在春季繁殖 ,多为幼体或低龄个体 ,而秋季基本长大成熟有关。与 1 95 9— 1 960年的全国海洋综合调查对南黄海底栖生物的调查结果比较 ,表明当前该海域大型底栖生物的分布格局和生态学特点没有根本的改变 ,但春季的生物量较 1 95 9年低     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.     

Estimation of Sediment Properties during Benthic Impact Experiments

Sediment properties, such as water content and density, have been used to estimate the dry and wet weights, as well as the volume of sediment recovered and discharged, during benthic impact experiments conducted in the Pacific and Indian Oceans. The estimates show that the weights of dry (355-1332 t) and wet sediment (1651-4888 t) recovered during the experiments, are not only a function of the total duration and distance covered during the experiment, but also depend on water content and density of the sediment. Estimation of dry sediment and its volumetric ratio in the discharge, are key parameters for calculating the discharged volume. The estimated volume of wet sediment recovered (1427-4049 m 3 ) as well as discharged (2693-6951 m 3 ) during the experiments, provide important inputs to evaluate the sediment resettlement and migration. Using these estimates, the average depth of excavation on the seafloor, can also been calculated. However, the stages of sediment recovery and discharge are expressed differently in some of the experiments. In order to standardize these, different stages have been identified, and definitions of certain terms have been suggested, for use in the future. The methods of calculating different properties, as well as weight and volume of discharged sediment are described in the paper for use in other applications concerning deep-sea discharges.     

A Tidal Flow Model for the Gulf of Kachchh, India

A vertically integrated model has been used to study the tidal circulation and currents in the Gulf of Kachchh along the west coast of India. The model is fully nonlinear and uses a semiexplicit finite difference scheme to solve the basic hydrodynamic equations on a staggered grid. The model is forced by prescribing the tides along the open boundary of the model domain. The flow is simulated both with and without the presence of the proposed tidal barrage across the Hansthal Creek in the Gulf of Kachchh. The results show a considerable change in the behavior of the tidal flow in the presence of the barrage.     

利用中国GF-3卫星SAR和HY-2A卫星微波散射计的首次台风联合定量观测

<正>The typhoon,as a mature tropical cyclone that develops in the western part of the North Pacific Ocean with high wind speed and heavy rainfall,is one of the most lethal and costly of natural disasters for the densely populated countries of East Asia.It can be easily detected by space-borne sensors operated at microwave,visible or infrared bands(Liu et al.,2014).Synthetic Aperture Radar(SAR)is     

离子交换—原子吸收光谱法测定海水中痕量铜、铅、锌、镉、铁、锰

本文介绍了用国产D401型螯合树脂分离富集海水中铜、铅、锌、镉、铁、锰等痕量元素,并用原子吸收光谱仪测定其含量的方法。讨论了各元素的分离条件选择及干扰元素的影响,并与溶剂萃取法的结果作了比较。各元素检测的定量下限为:铜0.5μg/L、铅0.1μg/L、锌1.0μg/L、镉0.01μg/L、铁2.0μg/L、锰2.0μg/L。方法精密度在4—8％之间,回收率为90—102％。     

Biogeochemistry of Mangrove Soil Organic Matter: a Comparison BetweenRhizophoraandAvicenniaSoils in South-eastern Brazil

Soil core samples fromRhizophora mangleL. andAvicennia schauerianaStapf & Leech forests from south-eastern Brazil were analysed for their total organic matter content and their sugars, amino acid and amino sugars composition. Organic carbon and nitrogen contents were higher inAvicenniathan inRhizophorasoils. The contribution of sugars and amino acids to the total organic carbon pool was constant with depth inRhizophorasoils whereas inAvicenniasoils it increased. Spectral distribution of sugars and amino acids showed a dominance of Ca-affine monomers, particularly acidic amino acids, and the sugar arabinose. Biogeochemical indicators derived from ratios of individual sugar and amino acid monomers confirm previous studies which showed that organic matter in both soils is mainly of mangrove origin. The results further suggest accumulation of organic matter inRhizophorasoils and a continuing degradation of organic matter inAvicenniasoils. The latter may thus release more nutrients to adjacent ecosystems thanRhizophorasoils.     

A review of orange roughy Hoplostethus atlanticus fisheries,estimation methods,biology and stock structure

Orange roughy Hoplostethus atlanticus are unusual fish. They form dense aggregations that have fuelled lucrative fisheries at great depths (600–1 400 m), especially off Namibia, New Zealand and Australia. They are thought to be very long-lived (>100 years, maturity at 22 – 40 years), and to have exceptionally low natural mortality (M = 0.045–0.064 year^?1) and slow growth rates (K = 0.055–0.070 year^?1). In addition, they spawn large eggs and have low fecundity. These factors combine to make orange roughy highly susceptible to overfishing; most stocks are below 30% of pristine levels. Assessments are obtained from indices of catch rate and trawl, acoustic and egg surveys. Acoustic estimates are the most direct, but are confounded by the species' low target strength (?50 to ?53 dB)–attributable to the wax-filled swim bladder. Extracellular wax esters are stored in abundance and comprise mostly mono-unsaturated fatty acids, with low concentrations of the ω-3 fatty acid family. This unusual composition (resultant from the species' diet) ensures neutral buoyancy. Stock separation has been inferred mainly from biological studies, but genetic studies have also found differences among stocks within New Zealand and Australia. Deep-water habitat may be damaged by trawling operations and may take many years to recover, so in some quarters there is a call for a portion of suitable habitat to be set aside for preservation. Although Namibian orange roughy are shallower, smaller and younger than those in other stocks, the Namibian fishery sustained high catches for only a few years before quotas were reduced, from 12 000 to 1 875 tons. Three management lessons are suggested for developing orange roughy fisheries based on the Namibian experience: (1) imposition of catch limits during exploratory fishing; (2) starting the acoustic surveys earlier in the fishery, if possible; (3) greater reliance on trends in catch rate until a survey series has been established.