结核菌H37Ra在小鼠体内诱导的抗结核细胞免疫应答的研究

目的:研究结核菌H37Ra免疫小鼠后产生的特异性细胞免疫应答及其对结核分枝杆菌(Mycobacteriun tubetculosisMTB)毒株感染的保护力.方法:Balb/c小鼠随机分为H37Ra组、BCG组和生理盐水(NS)组,皮内免疫8周后处死小鼠,流式细胞分析仪检测小鼠脾脏T淋巴细胞亚群的变化;取小鼠脾淋巴细胞体外培养并用PPD刺激,MTT法检测脾淋巴细胞的刺激指数(SI);ELISA法检测培养上清液中IFN-?;免疫后第8周,用MTB毒株H37Rv经小鼠腹腔注射,4周后处死小鼠,测定小鼠肺脏荷菌量,观察免疫小鼠对MTB抵抗作用.结果:H37Ra免疫小鼠脾脏CD3 T细胞、CD4 T细胞的百分率分别为(41.63±1.68)%、(27.08±0.58)%,显著高于NS对照组(38.34±0.74)%、(24.37±1.60)%(P<0.05). H37Ra免疫组脾脏CD3 T细胞、CD4 T细胞及CD8 T细胞的百分率均不同程度地高于BCG免疫组,但差异无统计学意义.脾淋巴细胞SI和IFN-?水平检测均发现H37Ra免疫组显著高于NS对照组(P<0.05),略高于BCG免疫组.感染4周后H37Ra组小鼠肺脏荷菌量与NS对照组比较下降0.954log10CFU,差异有显著性(P<0.05),与BCG组之间差异均无显著性(P>0.05).结论:H37Ba免疫小鼠后可以诱导产生特异性抗结核的细胞免疫应答,能够抵抗毒株H37Rv的攻击,且免疫效果与BCG相近.     

枸杞多糖对细粒棘球蚴小鼠T淋巴细胞亚群的影响

目的研究枸杞多糖(Lycium Barbarum Polysaccharides,LBPs)对细粒棘球蚴小鼠脾脏T细胞亚群的影响,初步探讨LBP对细粒棘球蚴感染后机体免疫功能变化的影响。方法枸杞多糖溶液皮下给药3次,每次间隔2周,于第3次给药后2周,用细粒棘球蚴原头蚴攻击感染BALB/c小鼠,使用流式细胞仪动态检测给药前后、感染前后不同时间点小鼠脾脏IFN-γ+CD3+T细胞、IL-4+CD3+T细胞占总T细胞的比例以及CD4+/CD8+T细胞的比值变化。结果与给药前比较,枸杞多糖给药后7周,小鼠脾脏分泌IFN-γ的T细胞比例增加,分泌IL-4的T细胞比例减少,CD4+/CD8+的比例明显增加;与感染对照组相比,枸杞多糖能使细粒棘球蚴感染小鼠脾脏分泌IFN-γ的T细胞比例增加(感染后2、15周);分泌IL-4的T细胞比例减少(感染后2、10周),CD4+/CD8+的比例先升高(2、10周),后降低(15、20周)。结论枸杞多糖有正向免疫调节作用,通过促进细粒棘球蚴感染小鼠脾脏T淋巴细胞向Th1的分化,抑制Th2的分化,发挥抗细粒棘球蚴的作用。     

BCG PPD对哮喘小鼠的CD4+ CD25+调节性T细胞及肺部病理的影响

目的通过建立小鼠哮喘模型,以卡介苗(BCG)和结核菌素纯蛋白衍生物(PPD)作干预因素,从而了解哮喘小鼠CD4+ CD25+调节性T细胞和其它T细胞亚群数量的变化,以及肺部的病理改变。方法将36只6～8周龄的BALB/C小鼠随机分成A、B、C、D4组,A组为BCG+BCG干预组,B组为BCG+PPD干预组,C组为哮喘模型组,每组各10只,D组6只为正常对照组。应用流式细胞仪分别检测各组的CD4+ CD25+调节性T细胞和T细胞亚群,同时取各组的肺组织PAS染色鉴定黏液分泌。结果A、B、C三组的CD3+、CD4+、CD8+ T细胞的百分比以及CD4+/CD8+的比值均比D组(正常对照组)低(P<0.05),而A、B两组的CD3+T细胞百分比较C组增高(P<0.05)。CD4+ CD25+ Treg占CD4+T细胞的百分比,其它三组低于D组(P<0.05),A、B两组较C组升高(P<0.05),而A、B两组之间的差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。肺组织病理提示D组未见到黏液分泌;C组支气管壁可见杯状细胞增生、变大,并有大量黏液分泌;A、B两组与C组比较,杯状细胞减少,黏液分泌减少。B组气道的炎症反应轻于A组。结论...     

日本血吸虫感染小鼠CD8+T细胞亚群的变化及其与肝脏免疫病理的相关性研究

目的:研究CD8+T细胞中Tc1(CD3+CD8+ IFN-γ+)?Tc2(CD3+CD8+IL-4+)和调节性CD8+T细胞(CD8+CD28-)亚群在日本血吸虫感染导致的小鼠肝脏免疫病理发生发展中可能的作用?方法:取正常小鼠及日本血吸虫感染8周的小鼠脾脏淋巴细胞,采用流式细胞术检测Tc1?Tc2和调节性CD8+T细胞亚群分别占T淋巴细胞的比例及绝对数量,并分析感染血吸虫不同时期的CD8+T细胞亚群与血吸虫感染小鼠肝脏肉芽肿和肝纤维化指标的关系?结果:与正常对照小鼠比较,日本血吸虫感染后小鼠脾脏的单个核细胞绝对数显著增加(P < 0.001);日本血吸虫感染小鼠脾细胞中T细胞(CD3+)和CD8+T细胞(CD3+CD8+)的比例及绝对数均显著增加(P均 < 0.05);此外,感染小鼠脾淋巴细胞中Tc1?Tc2?调节性CD8+T比例均显著增加(P均 < 0.001);与正常小鼠相比,感染小鼠Tc2/Tc1比率显著增加(P < 0.001)?此外,多元线性逐步回归分析显示Tc2和调节性CD8+T细胞是影响血吸虫感染所致肝脏免疫病理的主要影响因素?结论:CD8+T细胞及其Tc1?Tc2?调节性CD8+T细胞亚群在日本血吸虫感染宿主的肝脏肉芽肿和纤维化发生发展中可能发挥重要作用?其中,Tc2和调节性CD8+T细胞可能分别促进/抑制血吸虫感染所致的肝脏免疫病理?     

红景天苷对脓毒症小鼠脾脏免疫功能的影响

目的 评价红景天苷对脓毒症小鼠脾脏免疫细胞数量及功能的影响。方法 采用随机数字表法将30只C57BL小鼠分为假手术组、对照组和实验组（每组10只）。七氟烷麻醉下制备盲肠结扎穿孔脓毒症模型,手术后假手术组和对照组尾静脉给予1 mL生理盐水,实验组手术后尾静脉给予1 mL红景天苷（20 mg/kg）。各组小鼠尾静脉给药后12 h,取小鼠脾脏及外周血,ELISA检测细胞因子IL-6、IL-2和IL-10水平,流式细胞术检测小鼠脾脏CD4⁺与CD8⁺ T细胞数量变化,RT-PCR检测趋化因子CXCL-10 mRNA表达水平。结果 对照组较假手术组小鼠脾脏及外周血细胞因子IL-6,IL-2,IL-10水平显著升高;脾脏中CD4⁺与CD8⁺ T细胞数量显著增加;趋化因子CXCL-10 mRNA表达水平显著升高。与对照组相比,实验组小鼠脾脏及外周血细胞因子IL-6、IL-2、IL-10水平显著降低;脾脏中CD4⁺与CD8⁺ T细胞数量显著减少;CXCL-10 mRNA表达水平显著降低。结论 脓毒症时小鼠脾脏免疫功能发生明显变化,红景天苷可显著改善脓毒症小鼠脾脏免疫功能。     

感染旋毛虫小鼠T淋巴细胞亚群的动态变化及组织病理学观察

目的:观察感染旋毛虫小鼠组织病理学的改变及IL-2对感染旋毛虫小鼠免疫功能的影响。方法:小鼠感染旋毛虫后,分别采用ELISA和流式细胞仪检测小鼠不同时期外周血中IL-2含量、CD4+及CD8+T淋巴细胞的百分率,以及组织病理学观察。结果:小鼠感染旋毛虫后1～5周IL-2的含量较正常组明显增加;感染旋毛虫后的1～6周,CD4+T细胞较正常组明显减少,CD8+T淋巴细胞明显增多,CD4+/CD8+比值明显下降。幼虫移行寄生使受累的横纹肌发生变性、肿胀,横纹肌消失,虫体周围嗜酸性粒细胞、中性粒细胞、单核细胞及淋巴细胞的浸润。结论:旋毛虫感染造成宿主以横纹肌损害为主的病理过程。IL-2对感染旋毛虫小鼠具有一定的免疫调节作用。     

卡介菌多糖核酸免疫治疗结核病小鼠的实验研究

目的 观察卡介菌多糖核酸（BCG-PSN）对结核分枝杆菌感染小鼠的免疫保护作用及其免疫学机制。方法 将BALB／c小鼠48只随机分成BCG—PSN免疫治疗组和结核菌感染对照组,每组24只。两组小鼠制成结核分枝杆菌感染模型。感染后1周,每天分别腹腔内注射BCG—PSN（10mg／kg）或生理盐水（10mL／kg）,连续7d。感染后3周和4周每组处死12只小鼠,检测小鼠体重以及肺、脾脏湿重,观察肺脏病理改变,取肺、脾组织进行结核菌培养和菌落计数,用real—time PCR法测定肺、脾组织IFN-γmRNA、IL-10mRNA和IL-4mRNA的表达。结果 感染后4周,治疗组小鼠体重和脾脏重量高于对照组,肺脏重量低于对照组,且肺部病变较轻。感染后3周和4周,治疗组小鼠肺、脾组织结核菌落均低于对照组,小鼠肺组织IFN-γmRNA表达与对照组无差别,IL-10mRNA和IL-4mRNA的表达低于对照组。感染后3周,治疗组小鼠脾组织IFN-γmRNA表达与对照组相似;感染后4周,脾组织治疗组脾组织IFN-γmRNA的表达高于对照组。感染后3周和4周,IL-10mRNA和IL-4mRNA的表达低于对照组。结论 BCG—PSN可减轻结核病小鼠体重下降,减少结核病小鼠肺和脾脏结核菌数量,并增强Th1型免疫反应。     

HBV转基因小鼠CD4+CD25+调节性T细胞免疫抑制功能的研究

目的 通过对HBV转基因小鼠CD4+、CD4+CD25+调节性T细胞数量和免疫抑制功能的研究,探讨CD4+CD25+调节性T细胞在乙肝免疫耐受中的作用.方法 用流式细胞术对12只HBV转基因小鼠和12只正常小鼠外周血CD4+、CD4+CD25+调节性T细胞的频率进行检测;磁珠分选小鼠脾CD4+CD25-T细胞和CD4+CD25+T细胞,分为HBsAg刺激组和ConA刺激组体外单独和共培养,ELISA方法检测诱生的细胞因子IL-2.结果 与正常小鼠比较,HBV转基因小鼠外周血CD4+、CD4+CD25+调节性T细胞数量差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).HBsAg刺激组,CD4+CD25-T细胞单独或共培养,HBV转基因小鼠CD4+CD25-T细胞诱生IL-2水平显著低于正常小鼠(P＜0.01);ConA刺激组,HBV转基因小鼠CD4+CD25-T细胞诱生IL-2水平与正常小鼠相比则差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);两组小鼠CD4+CD25-T细胞单独培养时诱生IL-2水平均显著高于共培养(P＜0.01).结论 与正常小鼠比较,HBV转基因小鼠CD4+、CD4+CD25+调节性T细胞数量和免疫抑制功能差异无统计学意义,但T细胞水平对乙肝病毒存在特异性免疫耐受.CD4+CD25+调节性T细胞可抑制CD4+、CD8+T细胞.     

乌司他丁抗衰老的免疫机制

目的:研究乌司他丁抗衰老的作用。方法:建立小鼠衰老模型,随机分为对照组及治疗组,分别腹腔注射生理盐水及乌司他丁。3周后,采用ELISA法检测小鼠血清中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、丙二醛(MDA)、IL-6、IL-8的含量;称重检测胸腺指数(TI)和脾脏指数(SI);采用流式细胞术检测CD4+T与CD8+T细胞。结果:乌司他丁治疗组小鼠血清SOD的含量升高,MDA的含量下降;血清IL-6、IL-8的含量降低;胸腺指数升高而脾脏指数无明显改变;血液中CD4+T细胞数量未改变,而CD8+T细胞数量升高,CD4+T细胞与CD8+T细胞的比值降低。结论:乌司他丁可抵抗自由基及其代谢产物引起的脂质过氧化,可延缓胸腺萎缩,增加T细胞的数量,提示其具有一定的抗衰老作用。     

持续高剂量电磁辐射对小鼠外周血免疫细胞数量影响的长期效应

目的:观察慢性持续高剂量电磁辐射照射后小鼠外周血免疫细胞数量及比例变化,探讨慢性持续高剂量电磁辐射对小鼠免疫系统的影响。方法：采用随机、平行对照分组法,将30只雄性Balb/c小鼠平均分为正常对照组、10 mW•cm^-2辐照组及环磷酰胺给药组,每组10只。辐照组动物予以30 min•d^-1、每周辐照5 d,持续4周;给药组在辐照组开始辐照时给药,每次每只30 mg•kg^-1,共7次;各组小鼠于辐照结束后30、45、60、75、90、105和120 d分别采集尾静脉血,应用流式细胞术检测外周血中CD4+ T细胞、CD8+T细胞、CD4+/CD8+比率、CD49+NK细胞数量及比例的变化。结果：经持续高剂量电磁辐射后,小鼠的外周血白细胞数量显著上升,CD4+ T细胞数量于辐照后75 d开始明显升高,辐照后90 d开始下降但仍高于正常组（P<0.05）,观察周期结束时,CD4+T细胞数量下降到与正常组相同（120 d）;CD8+T细胞数量于辐照后75 d明显降低,直到观察周期结束时（120 d）,T细胞的数量恢复至与正常组的T细胞数量相同;CD4+/CD8+比率在持续高剂量电磁辐射诱导下呈上升趋势,并且明显高于正常对照组（P<0.05）;CD49+NK细胞数量在辐射后明显低于正常对照组（P<0.05）。结论：慢性、持续性大剂量电磁辐射可导致小鼠免疫系统的紊乱,通过检测外周血中CD4+T细胞、CD8+T细胞、CD4+/CD8+T细胞、CD49+NK细胞数量及比例的变化,可了解辐照后机体的免疫状态。     

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGE WITH AGE IN SALT-SENSITIVE TEENAGERS

Objective To observe blood pressure change with age in salt-sensitive teenagers whose salt sensitivity were determined by repeated testing.Methods Salt sensitivity was determined through intravenous infusion of normal saline combined with volume-depletion by oral diuretic furosemide in 55 teenagers. After five years, salt sensitivity was re-examined and subject blood pressure was followed up. Blood pressure changes in salt-sensitive teenagers were compared to that of non-salt sensitive teenagers over five years.Results After 5 years, the repetition rate of salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading is 92.7%. In teenagers with salt sensitivity on the baseline, both the systolic blood pressure increments and increment rates were much higher than non-salt sensitive teenagers (12.7±12.1 mmHg vs. 2.8±5.2 mmHg, P＜ 0.01; 12.2%± 12.0% vs. 2.5% ±4.4%, P＜ 0.001,respectively). There was a similar trend for diastolic blood pressure (8.4 ± 6.4 mmHg vs. 3.7 ± 6.4 mmHg, P = 0.052; 13.2% ±10.6 % vs. 6.8%± 10.1%, P = 0.053, respectively).Conclusions Salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading showed good reproducibility. Blood pressure increments with age were much higher in salt-sensitive teenagers than non-salt sensitive teenagers, especially in terms of systolic blood pressure.     

安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后生活质量影响的研究

目的：评价使用安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PPCI）术后生活质量的影响.方法：将160例接受PPCI的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者随机分为安心颗粒组（术前顿服安心颗粒8.8g,术后安心颗粒4.4 g/次,每日2次）和对照组（仅接受基础药物治疗）.所有患者均服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和阿托伐他汀.分别在入院时、出院前1d、出院后180 d时,应用心肌梗死多维度量表（MIDAS）、中文版SF-36评价量表对患者生活质量评分.并观察术后30 d以内的出血并发症、血小板减少症发生情况.结果：入院时和出院前1d,两组患者的心肌梗死MIDAS、SF-36量表评分比较无差异（P＞0.05）;出院后180 d时,与对照组比较,安心颗粒组MIDAS、SF-36评分明显减低（P＜0.05）;组内与入院时比较,两组出院前1d、出院后180 d时,MIDAS、SF-36评分均降低（P＜0.05）.两组患者在随访期间均无大量出血、少量出血、重度和极重度血小板减少症发生,安心颗粒组有4例、对照组有7例发生不明显出血（P＞0.05）.两组发生轻度血小板减少症的患者数比较无差异（P＞0.05）.结论：PPCI使用安心颗粒,能改善急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的生活质量,且不增加出血风险.     

The comparative studies of the influences of Urapidil and Nicardipine on sino-atrial node function, atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics

Objective:To investigate the influences of urapidil and nicardipine on rabbit sinus function,atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics.Methods:Thirty-two Angora's rabbits were selected and randomly divided into four groups.U1 group:urapidil 0.25 mg/kg;U2 group:urapidil 0.5 mg/kg;N1 group:nicardipine 10 μg/kg;N2 group:nicardipine 20 μg/kg.All these medicine were administrated within 30 seconds.Measurements were taken before and after the administration of urapidil or nicardipine for the following data:mean blood pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),sino-atrial conduction time(SACT),maximal sinoatrial recovery time(SNRTmax)corrected sinus node recovery time(CSNRT),index of sinus node recovery time(SNRTI),Wenckebach A-V conduction frequency (WB),and P-R interval.Results:Significant MAP and HR changes were identified in all of the four groups before and after administration of both urapidil and nicardipine.No significant changes could be found in the rest of the parameters.Intergroup analysis showed that SACT and CSNRT of N1 and N2 groups were shorter than those of the U2 group(P＜0.01);the MAP decreased(P＜0.01)and the HR increased drastically(P＜0.01).Conclusions:Neither urapidil(0.25 mg/kg,0.5 mg/kg)nor nicardipine(10μg/kg,20μg/kg)has any significant influence on rabbit sinus function or rabbit atrio-ventricular node function.Nicardipine could be a better choice than urapidil for parafunctional sinus node patients.     

Expression of OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the patients of hip fracture due to osteoporosis

Objective：To investigate the gene expression of osteoprotegerin（OPG） and osteoclast differentiation factor（ODF） in the bone tissue of patients with hip fracture due to osteoporosis. Methods：OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the bone tissue in 50 cases of osteoporosis sufferers（over 50 years old） with hip fracture（Observer Group） and 30 cases of hip facture sufferers with no osteoporosis（Control group） were analyzed with the Semi-Quantitative RT-PCR method. Results：The mRNA expressed of ODF, OPG were both high in the patients with hip fracture. In the control group, the expression of OPG mRNA was observed, while the expression of ODF mRNA was very slight. Conclusion：Aged patients contained all signals including OPG, ODF that are essential for inducing osteoclastogenesis and promoting bone resorption.     

Dynamic Changes in Serum Estradiol and Progesterone levels in Patients of Premenstrual Syndrome with Adverse Flow of Liver-qi

Objective:To probe into the influence of changes of ovarian hormones on the pathogenesis of the specific sub-type premenstrual syndrome(PMS)and reveal partial microcosmic mechanisms of adverse flow of liver-qi.Methods:Estradiol(E2)and progesterone(P)levels in serum were determined at different phases of menstrual cycle by radioimmunoassay.Results:In the group of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.the secretive peak value Of E2 and P at the follicular phase significantly decreased,and the secretive peak value at the luteal phase did not come into being.Conclusions:Low E2 and P secretive peak at the follicular phase and absence of secretive peak at the luteal phase is one of the microcosmic mechanisms of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.One of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of specific sub-type PMS is probably the continuous low level of E2and P.     

Real-time Three-dimensional Echocardiography in Assessment of Left Ventricular and Right Ventricular Volumes

Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE)is a new ultrasound technique that enables dynamic threedimensional visualization and quantification of the heart in real time. Investigation of feasibility and methodology of RT3DE in determining left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) volumes, RT3DE was performed in 35 normal adults using Philips SONOS 7500 system with a 2-4 MHz matrix array transducer. The 60°×60° "pyramid" volume database was obtained and analyzed on a TomTec echo workstation. Both LV and RV volumes were calculated with four 3DE methods (i.e. apical 2, 4, 8, and 16-plane) through manually tracing ventricular endocardial borders in end diastole and end systole. Stroke volumes were then calculated. LV volume was also measured by 2DE Simpson's rule using GE VIVID 7 ultrasound machine.     

SCREENING FOR A 21-CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITY IN PREIMPLANTED EMBRYOS OF ELDERLY WOMEN

Increasing maternal age is the only etiological factor unequivocally linked to Down's syndrome in humans. The occurrence rate of newborns with Down's syndrome is about 1/220 in women over 35 years old. However, the occurrence rate in embryos fertilized in vitro, of the elder woman is unclear. Using FISH we screened the number of chromosome 21 in preimplanted embryos of 5 elderly women (average age, 38.4 years) to study the feasibility and necessity of screening trisomy 21 in embryos in patients over 35 years old at the in vitro fertilization (IVF) center.     

Scientific principles and rigorous processes should be followed in developing clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine

A clinical guideline for the therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine may be defined as a written document which states a series of recommendations on therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine for a special disease or condition. The guideline may provide assistance to medical professionals in making clinical decisions aimed at improving the clinical outcome of patients and reducing the costs of medical care（~＇4~. Recommendations issued by a guideline should be based on the best available evidence in both Western and Chinese medicine. For fulfilling this purpose, the development of clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions in the field of integrative medicine should follow scientific principles and undergo a rigorous processes.