花斑裸鲤在３种环境中的驯化养殖试验

首次报道了黄河上游特有鱼类花斑裸鲤(Gymnocypris eckloni)在池塘、流水池、网箱中人工驯化养殖试验情况。395g/尾的花斑裸鲤855尾,经过170d的池塘驯养,成活778尾,驯养成活率91.0%,均重450g/尾,平均增重55g/尾,增重率13.9%;378g/尾的花斑裸鲤405尾,经过180d的流水池驯养,均重530g/尾,平均增重152g/尾,增重率40.2%,成活308尾,驯养成活率76.0%;345g/尾的花斑裸鲤2029尾,经过14个月的网箱驯养,均重500g/尾,平均增重155g/尾,增重率44.9%,成活1002尾,驯养成活率49.4%。野生花斑裸鲤驯养试验平均总成活率为72.1%。寄生虫病是导致花斑裸鲤成活率偏低的主要原因。驯养试验对黄河上游土著鱼类的人工繁育和增殖保护具有一定的借鉴意义。     

如皋合作开展长江刀鱼种质保护与驯养

江苏省如皋市水产站、渔政站充分利用自身技术优势和长江如皋段刀鱼鱼场优势,积极创新工作思路,与上海市嘉定区水产站联手开展拯救长江刀鱼行动,合作进行长江刀鱼的种质保护与人工驯养研究,实现刀鱼的人工养殖,以便有效修复资源。从7月23日开始至目前,在长江如皋段已捕获5cm～10cm的刀鱼12000多尾,当天运输至上海试验基地,成活率达90%以上,成功解决了长江刀鱼运输问题,为研究驯养长江刀鱼、进行人工培育繁殖养殖迈出了坚实的一步。     

漠斑牙鲆海水土池驯养技术研究

利用海水土池设置网箱驯养漠斑牙鲆,苗种规格平均体长7.9 cm,放养密度2 000尾/箱,体长15 cm以后放养密度350～400尾/箱,经9个月的养殖,平均体长32.2 cm,平均体重630 g,养殖成活率88.2%。直接放养于土池养殖的比网箱养殖的生长更快,养殖6个月可达500 g。漠斑牙鲆适宜生长水温18～28℃,耐高温可达34℃,适盐范围0～40‰,能适应闽南地区的环境条件。     

花斑裸鲤在3种环境中的驯化养殖试验

首次报道了黄河上游特有鱼类花斑裸鲤(Gymnocypris eckloni)在池塘、流水池、网箱中人工驯化养殖试验情况。395g/尾的花斑裸鲤855尾,经过170d的池塘驯养,成活778尾,驯养成活率91.0%,均重450g/尾,平均增重55g/尾,增重率13.9%;378g/尾的花斑裸鲤405尾,经过180d的流水池驯养,均重530g/尾,平均增重152g/尾,增重率40.2%,成活308尾,驯养成活率76.0%;345g/尾的花斑裸鲤2029尾,经过14个月的网箱驯养,均重500g/尾,平均增重155g/尾,增重率44.9%,成活1002尾,驯养成活率49.4%。野生花斑裸鲤驯养试验平均总成活率为72.1%。寄生虫病是导致花斑裸鲤成活率偏低的主要原因。驯养试验对黄河上游土著鱼类的人工繁育和增殖保护具有一定的借鉴意义。     

乌苏里拟鲿苗种培育技术

选用经人工繁殖刚开口摄食的乌苏里拟鲿水花，在池塘和水族箱内同时进行培育。池塘每667m^2投放水花3万尾，水族箱内投放水花400尾。3个月培育结果表明，池塘养殖的乌苏里拟鲿体长由1．21cm增长至15．31cm，体重由0.023g／尾增重至28．25g／尾，成活率为96．8％；水族箱培育的乌苏里拟鲿体长增长至5．76cm，体重增长至1.92g／尾，成活率为33％。雌雄个体生长不均，池塘培育雌性个体平均体长为10．2cm，体重为16．5g／尾，雄性个体平均体长为21,8cm，体重为60Ag／尾；水族箱培育雌性个体平均体长为5．6cm，体重为1．49g／尾，雄性个体平均体长为6．6cm，体重为2．42g／尾。     

漳州破灶屿网箱养殖区斜带髭鲷无公害养殖试验

本文描述了2002年12月~2004年1月间在龙海破灶屿网箱养殖区开展的斜带髭鲷无公害养殖试验。根据国家已建立的养殖用水水质、养殖环境和产品无公害标准规定的项目,对养殖生产过程的水域环境和产品进行检测;在养殖生产过程中,以无公害为目标,改进生产工艺。结果表明,龙海破灶屿网箱养殖区养殖环境符合无公害标准;从2003年3月19日~12月15日,将平均体长5.9 cm/尾、平均体重4.0g/尾的鱼苗饲养至平均体长24.9 cm/尾、平均体重420.9g/尾的规格,养成成活率60.1%,使用湿性颗粒饲料的饵料系数为5.2;养成产品符合无公害标准。     

西江斑鳜的驯养技术

2004年6月至2006年6月在梧州市长洲区倒水镇，建立网箱面积104m^2的西江斑鳜驯养场，斑鳜经过510-570d养殖，成活率87．01％，平均尾重0．98kg，平均单产为32．73kg／m^2。试验结果表明，网箱驯化养殖斑鳜技术可行，效益良好，本研究对江河名贵野生鱼类的驯养及西江斑鳜的推广养殖具有一定参考价值。     

野生尖头塘鳢人工驯养试验

报道了对野生尖头塘鳢(Eleotris oxycephala Temminck et Schlegel)在池塘、微流水池、网箱中人工驯化试验情况。均重9.0g/尾的尖头塘鳢7 707尾,按规格大小分为3级(≤10g/尾、10~15g/尾、≥15g/尾),放在三种不同驯养环境共7组(池塘1组、玻璃钢微流水池3组、网箱3组),经3个月的驯养,共收获6 742尾,总成活率87.74%,均重29.4g/尾;其中,池塘组驯养成活率为86.51%,平均增重率为227.8%;微流水组驯养平均成活率为92.45%,平均增重率为232.1%;网箱组驯养成平均活率为90.26%,平均增重率为212.5%。不同规格尖头塘鳢驯养结果也存在差异,其中,规格≤10g/尾驯养成活率为86.72%,平均增重率为226.9%;规格10~15g/尾驯养成活率为93.11%,平均增重率为222.0%;规格≥15g/尾驯养成活率为94.74%,平均增重率为218.5%。驯养试验对尖头塘鳢具有较大的研究保护及推广养殖价值。     

三种方式进行史氏鲟种苗培育比较试验

从北京引进史氏鲟鱼花5万尾,平均体长1.1cm,平均体重0.0185g,取其中1.2 万尾,分成三组,分别采用三种不同的方式进行为期60天的精心培育。其结果为:试验A组中种苗平均体长达到14.8cm,平均体重19.241g,成活率为37.3％;试验B组中种苗平均体长达到14.6cm,平均体重18.776g,成活率49.8％。试验C组中种苗平均体长达到14.5cm,平均体重16.221g,成活率为74.5％。结果分析表明:在试验C组中采用剁碎的水蚯蚓或卤虫等活饵进行开口培育至平均体长约为8cm时,再进行人工配合饲料转饵驯化的方法,是进行史氏鲟种苗培育的一条较佳技术路线。     

匙吻鲟苗种高密度培育初探

从湖北引进匙吻鲟鱼苗5万尾,平均体长1．9cm,平均体重0．028g,苗体健康无病。将鱼苗平均放人两口9m^2的水泥培育池内（放养密度约为2700尾/m^2）,利用池塘内的纯氧充气系统,采用枝角类为主的浮游动物为饵料培育至体长为7．0．8．00n后,采用人工配合饲料进行转饵驯化,经过50d的培育,鱼苗平均体长达到14．2cm,平均体重达18．01g,成活率为59．8％,取得了较好的培育效果。     

Rare serotype occurrence and PFGE genotypic diversity of Streptococcus agalactiae isolated from tilapia in China

Previously, we reported 10 PEGE types of 85 tilapia Streptococcus agalactiae(GBS), which shifted from Streptococcus iniae in China, by using PEGE method. Presently, larger and more representative tilapia GBS were isolated, for the ?rst time in China, to characterize their serotypes and genetic diversities more precisely than had done before. 168 GBS strains were distributed in ?ve provinces of China, in which Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan were the major ones, holding36.9%(62/168), 37.5%(63/168) and 19.6%(33/168), respectively. Serotypes, Ia, Ib and III, were observed in these strains and the most predominant one was Ia(95.2%), which mainly distributed in Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan. Ia initially occurred in 2009, it shoot up to 32.1% in 2010,but decreased to 16.1% in 2011 before went up to 45.2% in 2012. Ib sporadically occurred during2007–2011, III onlyoccurred in 2012. 14 different PFGE types, including 4 new types(N, O,P and Q), were observed, in which B, D, F and G were the predominant types, holding 83.9%(141/168) of the total GBS strains. Ia corresponded to 11 PFGE types(A–H, N–P), in which type D predominated(51%). Ib represented 3 genotypes(I, J and Q) and III harbored only 2genotypes(N and F). Type N and Fsynchronously presented in Ia and III. In summary, the genetic diversity of tilapia GBS varied by serotypes and changed with geographical locations and years.Although Iastillpredominated, new rareserotypeIII alreadyoccurred in China.     

Purification and partial characterization of GtHs (cfLH and cfFSH) from Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus) (L.) and development of a homologous ELISA for cfLH

Two gonadotropins (GtH; Qa and Qb) were purified by gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography from the pituitaries of Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus). The presence of GtH during purification was assessed by in vitro oocyte maturation and in vivo steroidogenic activity, and their identities were determined by elution profiles, molecular weight, biological activities and yield. The molecular weights of Qa and Qb were 37 and 42 kDa, respectively, and composed of distinct subunits (Qa: 20 and 14 kDa and Qb: 26 and 18 kDa). Polyclonal antibodies raised against Qa immunostained Qa, Qb and pituitary GtH cells. A competitive Qa‐ELISA was developed whose sensitivity was 6.25 ng mL^?1 (1.25 ng well^?1) with intra‐ (3.5%) and inter‐ (12.4%) assay coefficients of variation. Displacement curves parallel to the standard were obtained with plasma and pituitary extracts of catfish, Qb and carp GtHII. The assay was validated by measuring the plasma Qa levels after LHRH treatment and in relation to ovarian growth in the female catfish during different reproductive phases. Based on the results, Qa and Qb corresponded to fish LH and FSH respectively. The findings will increase the knowledge of the mechanisms controlling fish reproduction and identification of sensitive phases in fish in captivity for hormonal manipulation.     

Controlled infection of Poecilia reticulata Peters (guppy) with Tetrahymena by immersion and intraperitoneal injection

Tetrahymena is a protozoan parasite, which infects guppy, Poecilia reticulata Peters, and causes substantial economical losses in commercial farms worldwide. Studies of guppy infected by Tetrahymena require standardized infection protocols. The LD50 for Tetrahymena infection of guppies by intraperitoneal (IP) injection was calibrated, and the level obtained was 946 parasites per fish. Guppy infection with Tetrahymena by immersion, imitating the natural route of infection via the integument, was studied under normal or stress conditions. Exposure to cold and netting (CNI) and to cold only (CI) followed by immersion exposure to 10 000 Tetrahymena per mL resulted in 22.5% and 19.2% mortality, respectively, as compared to 14.2% and 10% in groups that were netted only (NI) or non‐stressed (I). Histopathology revealed that immersion infection resulted in a systemic infection. Lysozyme levels, measured 3 weeks after infection, were significantly higher in the CNI group (288 μg per mg protein) compared with CI‐, NI‐ and I‐treated groups (94.5, 64 and 62.3 μg mg^?1, respectively). There was no evident parasite immobilization activity in body homogenates, suggesting no development of acquired immunity. Re‐infection by IP injection revealed no increase in protection in any of the treatment groups, mortality range of 56.3–75%, higher than in the non‐exposed control (40.6% mortality).     

Imported ornamental fish are colonized with antibiotic‐resistant bacteria

There has been growing concern about the overuse of antibiotics in the ornamental fish industry and its possible effect on the increasing drug resistance in both commensal and pathogenic organisms in these fish. The aim of this study was to carry out an assessment of the diversity of bacteria, including pathogens, in ornamental fish species imported into North America and to assess their antibiotic resistance. Kidney samples were collected from 32 freshwater ornamental fish of various species, which arrived to an importing facility in Portland, Oregon from Colombia, Singapore and Florida. Sixty‐four unique bacterial colonies were isolated and identified by PCR using bacterial 16S primers and DNA sequencing. Multiple isolates were identified as bacteria with potential to cause disease in both fish and humans. The antibiotic resistance profile of each isolate was performed for nine different antibiotics. Among them, cefotaxime (16% resistance among isolates) was the antibiotic associated with more activity, while the least active was tetracycline (77% resistant). Knowing information about the diversity of bacteria in imported ornamental fish, as well as the resistance profiles for the bacteria will be useful in more effectively treating clinical infected fish, and also potential zoonoses in the future.     

Effect of iodophor disinfection of non‐hardened Salmo trutta eggs on their bacterial and fungus load

This study investigated the efficiency of iodophor disinfection (135 ppm active iodine for 15–30 min) of non‐hardened Salmo trutta eggs against different groups of bacteria and against fungus. Egg samples were taken from non‐disinfected and from disinfected eggs, microorganisms were cultured on specific nutrient media and their mass was measured by turbidimetric methods. Bacteria and fungus mass of non‐hardened eggs could be reduced but not eliminated by iodophor disinfection with 135 ppm active iodine for 15 min. The extent of reduction was 47–65% (Experiment 1). The efficiency of disinfection increased with disinfection time as the reduction in bacteria and fungus mass was 40–55% after 15 min and 58–74% after 30 min (Experiment 2). Disinfection efficiency of iodophor solution diluted in water (reduction 49–57%) and of iodophor solution diluted in sodium chloride solution iso‐osmolar to the oocytes (reduction 52–61%) was similar (Experiment 3). The reduction in bacteria and fungus mass was persistent as it was 39–72% lower in embryos deriving from disinfected eggs than in embryos deriving from non‐disinfected ones (Experiment 4). In conclusion, the tested disinfection method is inadequate to eliminate pathogens completely but it could positively influence immune defence of eggs and embryos.     

Influence of the antibacterial herbs, Solanum trilobatum, Andrographis paniculata and Psoralea corylifolia on the survival, growth and bacterial load of Penaeus monodon post larvae

The indiscriminate use of antibiotics and chemicals in shrimp hatcheries has led to biomagnification and that in turn could lead to rejection of a whole consignment. The application of the bioencapsulation technique as a tool for curative treatment in shrimp larvae was investigated. Herbs having antibacterial properties such as Solanum trilobatum, Andrographis paniculata and Psoralea corylifolia (methanolic extracts) were bioencapsulated in Artemia and fed to Penaeus monodon post larvae PL 1–25. The post larvae were reared in a medium inoculated with pathogenic bacteria such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi and Vibrio sp. Post larvae reared in the non-inoculated water and fed with non-enriched Artemia exhibited 90% survival, highest specific growth rate (12.43%) and reduced bacterial load. P. monodon reared in the bacterial inoculated water and fed with the non-enriched Artemia exhibited the lowest survival (10–30%), specific growth rate (8.42–9.1%) and increased bacterial load (2.86 × 10³ to 3.76 × 10⁵ cfu/g). The methanolic extracts of the herbs helped to increase survival and specific growth rate and reduced bacterial load in the P. monodon culture system. Among the three herbal extracts, P. corylifolia enriched Artemia fed post larvae showed the tendency to higher survival (>50%), growth rate (11.5 averaged) and low bacterial load (1.12 × 10⁵ cfu/g). This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Effects of cortisol on hepatic carbohydrate metabolism and responsiveness to hormones in the sea raven,Hemitripterus americanus

The sea raven, Hemitripterus americanus, is a sit-and-wait, low metabolic rate, marine teleost. The objective of this study was to determine i) whether cortisol implantation (50 mg. kg^-1) for 7 days altered hepatocyte metabolism, and hepatocyte responsiveness to epinephrine, glucagon and insulin, and ii) whether 8 weeks of food-deprivation modified the above response. Cortisol implantation significantly increased hepatocyte total glucose production and oxidation from alanine compared to the sham group. There was no cortisol effect on glycogen breakdown, suggesting that the activation of other pathways, including gluconeogenesis, are required to account for the increased glucose production. Epinephrine-mediated (10^-5M) glycogen breakdown and insulin-mediated (10^-8M) total glucose production were enhanced in hepatocytes of cortisol implanted sea ravens, but there were no change in any glucagon (10^-7M) effects. The enhanced glycogen breakdown in the absence of similar increases in total glucose production with epinephrine indicates mobilization of carbohydrate reserves for endogenous use by the liver. Food-deprivation for 8 weeks significantly decreased condition factor, plasma cortisol concentration and liver glycogen content in the sea raven, but had no effect on plasma glucose concentration. Hepatocyte total glucose production and flux rates from alanine increased significantly with food-deprivation. Moreover, food-deprivation increased responsiveness of total hepatocyte glucose production to the actions of glucagon and insulin, but not to epinephrine; none of these effects were modified by cortisol implantation. Our results indicate that cortisol in the sea raven exerts both a direct and an indirect or permissive effect on hepatocyte metabolism by modifying hepatocyte responsiveness to epinephrine and insulin stimulation. Cortisol implantation did not modify the effects of glucagon or food-deprivation in this species.     

Simulation and quantification of enrichment and retention processes in the southern Benguela upwelling ecosystem

Important environmental processes for the survival and recruitment of early life stages of pelagic fishes have been synthesized through Bakun's fundamental triad as enrichment, concentration and retention processes (A. Bakun, 1996, Patterns in the Ocean. Ocean Processes and Marine Population Dynamics. San Diego, CA, USA: University of California Sea Grant). This conceptual framework states that from favourable spawning habitats, eggs and larvae would be transported to and/or retained in places where food originating from enrichment areas would be concentrated. We propose a method for quantifying two of the triad processes, enrichment and retention, based on the Lagrangian tracking of particles transported within water velocity fields generated by a three‐dimensional hydrodynamic model. We apply this method to the southern Benguela upwelling ecosystem, constructing putative maps of enrichment and retention. We comment on these maps regarding main features of the circulation in the region, and investigate seasonal variability of the processes. We finally discuss the results in relation to available knowledge on the reproductive strategies of two pelagic clupeoid species abundant in the southern Benguela, anchovy (Engraulis encrasicolus) and sardine (Sardinops sagax). Our approach is intended to be sufficiently generic so as to allow its application to other upwelling systems.     

Effects of capture,loading density and transport stress on the mortality,physiological responses,bacterial density and growth of rohu <Emphasis Type="Italic">Labeo</Emphasis><Emphasis Type="Italic"> rohita</Emphasis> fingerlings

This study evaluated the effects of three levels of loading density (200, 300 and 400 g L⁻¹) and four levels of duration (1, 3, 6 and 9 h) on the mortality, plasma cortisol and chloride levels and growth of rohu Labeo rohita fingerlings in a transport simulation. While total immediate mortality was low (4–12%), delayed mortality was high (27–49%). Initial capture and handling were found to constitute the most stressful phase as indicated by elevated plasma cortisol. The levels of cortisol continued to rise at 6 and 9 h after transport, with the highest level observed at 9 h after transport. The level of plasma chloride fell after transport across all density levels and treatment durations. Specific growth rate (SGR, %/day) and total bacterial density (cfu/g) were not different between and within treatments, and between treatments and the controls. This study demonstrates that transport has a profound effect on the stress responses of rohu fingerlings. Although the level of immediate mortality was low, the higher level of delayed mortality has serious implications in terms of production inefficiency for grow-out farmers.     

The effects of introduced tilapias on native biodiversity

• 1. The common name ‘tilapia’ refers to a group of tropical freshwater fish in the family Cichlidae (Oreochromis, Tilapia, and Sarotherodon spp.) that are indigenous to Africa and the southwestern Middle East. Since the 1930s, tilapias have been intentionally dispersed worldwide for the biological control of aquatic weeds and insects, as baitfish for certain capture fisheries, for aquaria, and as a food fish. They have most recently been promoted as an important source of protein that could provide food security for developing countries without the environmental problems associated with terrestrial agriculture. In addition, market demand for tilapia in developed countries such as the United States is growing rapidly.
• 2. Tilapias are well‐suited to aquaculture because they are highly prolific and tolerant to a range of environmental conditions. They have come to be known as the ‘aquatic chicken’ because of their potential as an affordable, high‐yield source of protein that can be easily raised in a range of environments — from subsistence or ‘backyard’ units to intensive fish hatcheries. In some countries, particularly in Asia, nearly all of the introduced tilapias produced are consumed domestically; tilapias have contributed to basic food security for such societies.
• 3. This review indicates that tilapia species are highly invasive and exist under feral conditions in every nation in which they have been cultured or introduced. Thus, the authors have concluded that, despite potential or observed benefits to human society, tilapia aquaculture and open‐water introductions cannot continue unchecked without further exacerbating damage to native fish species and biodiversity. Recommendations include restricting tilapia culture to carefully managed, contained ponds, although exclusion is preferred when it is feasible. Research into culture of indigenous species is also recommended.

Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.