罗红霉素胶囊的人体生物等效性

目的:评价2种罗红霉素胶囊的生物等效性。方法:20名健康受试者单剂量随机交叉口服2种罗红霉素胶囊150 mg,采用HPLC-MS法测定血药浓度。结果:2种罗红霉素制剂的T1／2分别为(13.18±2.01),(13.31±2.45)h,tmax分别为(1.8±1.2),(2.2±1.1)h;cmax分别为(6.14±1.76),(6.47±2.42)nag·L-1,AUC0→72h分别为(71.81±28.40),(73.12±31.77)mg·h·L-1,受试制剂的相对生物利用度为(100.6±11.4)％。结论:2种制剂具有生物等效性。     

国产与进口司他夫定胶囊的人体生物等效性

目的评价国产与进口司他夫定胶囊的人体生物等效性。方法20名健康受试者随机分组、自身交叉口服单剂量司他夫定试验制剂和参比制剂。血浆样品采用固相萃取处理,HPLC内标法测定。结果试验制剂与参比制剂的AUC0→10分别为(2.36±0.65)、(2.40±0.69)h·mg·L-1;AUC0→∞为(2.41±0.67)、(2.46±0.72)h·mg·L-1;cmax为(1.15±0.36)、(1.10±0.32)mg·L-1;tmax为(0.95±0.13)、(0.94±0.14)h;T1/2为(1.90±0.34)、(1.90±0.26)h。试验制剂相对参比制剂的人体生物利用度是(99.69±14.28)%(n=20,以AUC0→10计)。2种司他夫定胶囊的主要药动学参数经交叉试验方差分析示差异无显著性(P>0.05)。2制剂的AUC0→10、AUC0→∞、cmax经双单侧t检验示90%置信区间位于有效区间80%～125%范围内。结论司他夫定胶囊的国产制剂与进口制剂具有生物等效性。     

甲砜霉素胶囊人体生物等效性研究

目的:进行试验制剂甲砜霉素胶囊与参比制剂市售甲砜霉素胶囊生物等效性研究。方法:男性健康志愿者20名,随机分为2组,分别交叉单剂服用试验制剂或参比制剂甲砜霉素胶囊500mg,采用高效液相色谱法测定甲砜霉素经时血药浓度,计算药动学参数,评价2制剂的生物等效性。结果:试验制剂和参比制剂主要药动学参数t1/2为(3.7±s0.5)h和(3.1±0.6)h,tmax为(2.0±0.3)h和(2.0±0.3)h,cmax为(2.3±0.6)mg·L-1和(2.3±0.5)mg·L-1,AUC0～12为(9.0±1.4)mg·h·L-1和(9.0±1.6)mg·h·L-1,AUC0～∞为(9.8±1.8)mg·h·L-1和(9.8±1.6)mg·h·L-1。试验制剂甲砜霉素胶囊相对生物利用度(F)为(101±6)%。结论:甲砜霉素胶囊试验制剂和参比制剂为生物等效制剂。     

吡嗪酰胺片剂的人体生物等效性

目的 :研究吡嗪酰胺片剂的人体生物等效性与药动学。方法 :2 0名健康受试者交叉口服单剂量 10 0 0mg吡嗪酰胺的2种片剂 ,分别在服药前及服药后 0 .2 5 ,0 .5 ,0 .75 ,1,1.5 ,2 ,4 ,6 ,9,12 ,2 4 ,36h取血样 ,以HPLC法测定吡嗪酰胺的血药浓度 ,并评价其生物等效性。结果 :口服受试制剂与参比制剂的药动学参数 :cmax分别为 (2 1.6 6± 3.0 4 ) ,(2 2 .4 5± 2 .97)mg·L-1;tmax分别为 (1.11± 0 .5 3) ,(1.0 6± 0 .39)h ;消除半衰期 (T1/2 β)分别为 (11.6 5± 2 .80 ) ,(10 .4 7± 1.6 7)h ;AUC0→ 13h分别为 (2 80 .89± 4 1.12 ) ,(2 87.4 3± 4 1.79)mg·h·L-1;AUC0→∞ 分别为 (312 .14± 4 6 .17) ,(315 .92± 5 0 .14 )mg·h·L-1;受试制剂相对生物利用度为 (99.0±16 .9) %。对参数cmax,AUC0→ 13h进行方差分析 ,并进行双单侧t检验 ,tmax经非参数检验均无统计学差异。结论 :2种制剂具有生物等效性     

国产与进口托烷司琼胶囊的人体生物等效性

目的:评价国产和进口托烷司琼胶囊的生物等效性。方法:采用双周期两制剂交叉试验设计,用LC-MS/MS法对国产和进口托烷司琼胶囊在20名中国健康男性受试者中的血药浓度进行测定。药动学参数用ANOVA处理。结果:国产与进口托烷司琼胶囊的AUC0-→t分别为:(543.61±415.55),(547.04±455.59)μg·h·L-1;AUC0→∞分别为(573.30±439.11),(591.77±513.15)μg·h·L-1;cmax为分别(39.13±14.45),(37.44±14.30)μg·L-1;tmax分别为(1.61±0.71),(1.85±0.79)h;T1／2分别为(9.69±4.81),(9.77±5.51)h。国产托烷司琼胶囊的相对生物利用度为(106.47±24.07)％(n=20)。2组参数cmax,AUC0→t经对数转换后,行方差分析和双单侧t检验,均未见统计学意义。结论:托烷司琼国产的制剂与进口制剂具有生物等效性。     

氯雷他定片的人体相对生物利用度

目的研究氯雷他定片在健康人体内的相对生物利用度.方法18名健康男性志愿者按随机交叉试验设计口服单剂量受试制剂和参比制剂40mg,用高效液相色谱-质谱(HPLC-MS)法测定血药浓度,NDSr程序作统计学处理.结果受试制剂和参比制剂在血浆中的cmax分别为(51.05±23.16),(47.55±20.22)μg·L-1;tmax分别为(1.35±0.35),(1.44±0.53)h;T1/2分别为(13.16±5.20),(13.25±4.08)h;AUC0→36h分别为(135.27±62.82),(130.59±55.58)μg·h·L-1.主要药动学参数AUC0→36h,tmax,cmax经方差分析均无显著性差异.以AUC0→36h计算,受试制剂的相对生物利用度为(103.5±24.7)%.结论2种制剂具有生物等效性.     

奈韦拉平胶囊人体相对生物利用度和生物等效性研究

目的比较奈韦拉平胶囊与奈韦拉平片的人体相对生物利用度,并进行生物等效性评价.方法按照两制剂两周期随机交叉设计,选择20名健康志愿者单剂量口服试验制剂或参比200mg,采用HPLC-UV法测定其血药浓度.DAS软件处理血药浓度数据和计算参数,并进行统计学分析,对两种制剂作出生物等效性评价.结果建立血浆奈韦拉平血浆浓度的HPLC测定法.该加权线性回归方程为A=3.72C-0.008 2(r=0.999 1),线性范围为0.05～5.0 mg·L-1,最低检测浓度为0.05 mg·L-1.单剂量口服200 mg的奈韦拉平试验和参比制剂,得AUC0→t(梯形法)分别为(152.7±23.1)mg·h·L-1和(150.5±18.7)mg·h·L-1,AUC0→∞(梯形法)分别为(167.2±27.2)mg·h·L-1和(164.8±22.4)mg·h·L-1;Cmax(实测)分别为2.5±0.4)mg·L-1和(2.5±0.4 mg·L-1;tmax(实测)分别为(3.2±1.2)h和(3.1±1.2)h.用药时曲线下面积AUC0→t计算,20名健康志愿者单剂量口服奈韦拉平胶囊(试验制剂)相对生物利用度为(102.0±24.3)%.结论本项目研究所用奈韦拉平血药浓度监测方法可满足生物利用度试验方法学的要求.试验制剂(奈韦拉平胶囊)与参比制剂(奈韦拉平片)相比较的人体相对生物利用度按AUC0→t计为(102.0±24.3)%,统计学检验表明,试验制剂与参比制剂具生物等效性.     

洛索洛芬钠片在健康志愿者体内的生物等效性

目的　研究洛索洛芬钠片的人体生物等效性。方法　健康志愿者2 0名,用随机双交叉试验方法,单剂量(6 0mg)口服洛索洛芬钠的试验或参比制剂,洗净期为2wk ;分别于服药后10h内不同时间点抽取静脉血。用HPLC法测定血浆中洛索洛芬浓度。用3P97程序进行生物等效性评价。结果　单剂口服试验或参比制剂的cmax分别为(3.6 72±1.0 4 1)、(3.35 4±0 .6 93)mg·L-1;tmax分别为(0 .6 6 7±0 .16 7)、(0 .75 0±0 .183)h ;T1/2 分别为(1.4 4 3±0 .2 0 4 )、(1.5 82±0 .30 5 )h ;AUC0→10 分别为(8.5 15±1.84 5 )、(8.0 2 4±1.36 9)mg·h·L-1;AUC0→∞分别为(8.6 19±1.85 1)、(8.14 9±1.4 4 0 )mg·h·L-1。AUC0→∞、AUC0→10 、cmax的90 %置信区间分别为93.3%～115 .8%、99.2 %～114 .8%、10 2 .4 %～12 3.3% ;相对生物利用度为(10 6 .5±16 .9) %。结论　试验制剂和参比制剂具有生物等效性     

茴拉西坦胶囊健康人体生物等效性与药代动力学研究

目的 研究两种茴拉西坦胶囊在健康中国人体的生物等效性.方法 20名健康志愿者随机分为试验组和对照组,采用双交叉设计和单剂量口服方式,HPLC法测定血清中茴拉西坦活性代谢产物对甲氧基苯甲酰氨基丁酸(ABA)血药浓度).经DAS2.0统计软件处理,计算主要药代动力学参数,并进行两种制剂的生物等效性评价.结果 口服600 mg受试制剂和参比制剂后,其主要活性代谢物ABA的血清t1/2分别为(0.63±0.25)h和(0.86±0.59)h,Cmax分别为(14.81±3.26)mg/L和(15.84±2.89)mg/L,Tmax分别为(0.68±0.25)h和(0.60±0.19)h,AUC0～3.5 h分别为20.33±4.58和(20.86±5.76)mg·h-1·L-1.受试制剂的相对生物利用度为(101.14".05%).结论 两种茴拉西坦胶囊具有生物等效性,临床上可替代使用.     

3种伊曲康唑胶囊的人体相对生物利用度

目的 :比较 3种市售伊曲康唑胶囊的生物等效性 ,为临床合理用药提供参考。方法 :15名健康男性受试者 ,随机分为3组 ,采用 3制剂、3周期的拉丁方设计 ,单剂量口服 2 0 0mg伊曲康唑后 ,采用HPLC法测定血浆药物浓度。cmax,tmax采用实测值 ,AUC用梯形法计算 ,并用双单侧t检验评价 3种制剂之间的生物等效性。结果 :口服制剂A ,B和参比制剂后的cmax分别为(197± 92 ) ,(2 16± 76 ) ,(2 72± 10 9) μg·L-1;tmax分别为 (4 17± 1 2 5 ) ,(4 2 7± 1 16 ) ,(4 0 0± 1 0 7)h ;T1/2 为 (2 5 2± 4 9) ,(2 4 6±5 5 ) ,(2 4 9± 3 9)h ;AUC0→ 72h分别为 (32 31± 1195 ) ,(30 38± 980 ) ,(4 2 97± 12 99) μg·h·L-1。制剂A ,B相对参比制剂的生物利用度分别为 (75 2 1± 9 18) %和 (71 72± 14 2 1) %。结论 :制剂A ,B与参比制剂的AUC ,cmax,均有显著性差异 (P <0 0 5 ) ;双单侧t检验结果显示A ,B制剂和参比制剂生物不等效     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.