射流泵内部流动的实验研究

实验研究射流泵内有限空间水射流与其周围低速水流间的紊动混合。在射流泵11个轴向位置上布置了测压点：1个在渐缩锥形喉管入口,6个在喉管,4个在扩散管。用U型管测量11个测压点的壁面压强。用粒子图像速度场仪(PIV)对射流泵喉管入口和喉管内有限空间水射流进行测量。获得了4种流量比情况下射流泵对称面流场的速度矢量和轴心速度分布。测量结果为射流泵内部流动分析提供了可靠依据。     

交叉孔喷油嘴内部流动特性的模拟

为改善柴油机的喷雾特性,提出了交叉孔喷油嘴的结构,其特征是每个喷孔都由两个子喷孔交叉汇聚而形成.为探索交叉孔喷油嘴的内部流动特性,采用双流体模型,对一种圆孔喷油嘴和两种交叉孔喷油嘴在不同条件下的内部多相流动进行了三维CFD模拟.结果表明:交叉孔喷油嘴与常规圆孔喷油嘴内部流场结构有明显的差异,在圆孔喷油嘴中,压力在喷孔入口附近急剧下降,速度急剧上升;而在交叉孔喷油嘴中从喷孔入口到喷孔出口,压力逐渐下降,速度逐渐上升;圆孔喷嘴在空穴数较小的条件下会出现空穴,空穴区可从喷孔入口延伸到喷孔出口,而交叉孔喷油嘴内即使空穴数很小也不产生或只产生微量空穴,后者只在带盲孔扰动区的交叉孔喷油嘴发生;交叉孔喷油嘴的流量系数比圆孔喷嘴的高23%,~32%,.此外,交叉孔喷油嘴的特殊喷孔结构使其内部燃油产生冲击扰动,在喷孔出口产生了更大范围的高湍动能区,有利于促进射流雾化.     

壁面约束对旋流流场影响的实验研究

为深入认识旋涡流动的受限特征以及解决一些文献中出现的分歧,使用2D-3C粒子影像测速仪(PIV)研究了壁面约束对某典型非预混旋流杯的冷、热态流场的影响。实验结果表明:开放空间下流场存在中心回流区,旋流杯出口锥形渐扩段扩张角决定射流宽度,进而影响回流区宽度。流场受限时,回流区收缩变窄,轴向射流峰值速度增大且贴着壁面内侧运动;此外,脉动速度分布特征发生显著变化。入口雷诺数增大导致射流轴向速度、回流强度以及流动湍流度都变大,但回流区结构和脉动速度分布特征几乎没有改变。相对于冷态流场,燃烧工况的回流区明显变短,并且燃烧放热使射流速度和脉动速度都显著增大。较大的速度波动主要分布在旋流射流和回流区的边界附近,即速度剪切层中。     

扇形喷孔气膜冷却流场的大涡模拟

对锥形角γ=30°扇形喷孔横向紊动射流进行了大涡模拟,在吹风比M=1.0工况下模拟了不同截面上涡量随时间变化的过程,并对各种涡的流动机理进行了分析.结果表明:对称面的正、反向旋转涡、垂直截面的马蹄形涡的两翼周期性地交替脱落成新的涡,对称面涡的周期为0.024 s,马蹄形涡的周期为0.032 s;反向旋涡对气膜冷却流场有重要影响,沿主气流流动方向的无量纲长度X/D在1～2时,反向旋涡的涡量值逐渐衰减;当X/D＞4时,反向旋涡开始逐渐消失,导致壁面附近的能量交换快,对底面的冷却效果好;由于在射流上游和下游的压力梯度不等,造成射流两侧的脉动速度变化不一致,导致了反向旋涡的不对称分布.     

缝隙式喷油嘴喷孔内流场及雾束形态仿真研究

利用发动机流场分析软件FIRE和其动网格技术建立了喷油嘴内部三维流动的实体模型,并利用该软件计算了缝隙式喷油嘴偶件的喷孔内流场及其雾化情况,基于相同喷孔截面积对缝隙式喷油孔与常规圆形喷油孔的雾化质量进行了比较,认为:缝隙式喷孔喷油嘴的喷雾燃烧将优于圆形喷孔喷油嘴。     

开槽圆柱孔气膜冷却流场的大涡模拟

采用大涡模拟的方法对开槽圆柱孔横向紊动射流流动进行数值模拟分析,并探讨在相同工况下,与圆柱孔附近壁面区流场、涡系结构以及传热特性进行比较,从而揭示其流动机理。计算结果表明:圆柱孔开槽之后主流和射流更加剧烈掺混,反向漩涡对被扭转,从而紊乱,使冷气无法抬升,所以提高了冷却效率;由于开槽的作用,冷气在槽内进行充分扩散,相比圆柱孔使轴向冷却范围更大;根据涡量等值线的分析,由于K-H稳定性会改变主流和二次流的交界面的速度方向和大小,进而影响反向漩涡对的形成。     

扩散燃烧流场测量的PIV应用研究

为了研究燃烧火焰结构及其内部流动状况,考察其在燃烧喷嘴前回流区冷态试验模拟中和实际燃烧状况下的差别,利用二维粒子成像速度仪(PIV)对带钝体燃烧器中的丙烷／空气扩散燃烧的流场进行了测量,实现了火焰内部流动的可视化．通过对热态流场与相应冷态流场的对比分析表明,在复杂燃烧中冷态流场模拟与实际燃烧过程中的流动存在较大差别,实际燃烧中的流动状况变得紊乱,回流区在长度和宽度上都明显增大．     

空化过程对柴油喷嘴内流特性的影响

利用均相平衡流模型并结合空泡动力学方程,对某试验用单孔柴油喷嘴内部的空化过程进行数值模拟,研究的工况覆盖了较宽的喷射压力范围。数值预测的结果与文献中已有的试验结果吻合较好,从而验证了所采用计算模型的可靠性。通过数值分析发现,空化的演变对喷孔内部的流动特性有着重大的影响。随着空化形态的改变,喷孔流量系数、出口动量以及喷孔出口附近流场的湍流参数呈现出明显不同的变化趋势或分布特征,进而为射流提供不同类型的初始条件。     

不同形状气膜孔对气膜冷却效果的影响

采用RNGk-ε湍流模型对扇形角(锥形角)γ为30°的垂直扇形气膜冷却单孔射流流场下游的流动和传热特性进行了详细的数值模拟,并将沿程方向的速度分布、相同吹风比下的冷却效率与相同条件下圆孔射流的计算结果进行了比较分析。结果表明:射流轨迹对横向主气流的影响主要集中在射流发生弯曲直至与主气流平行的区域内;喷孔为圆孔时,吹风比越小,射流中心线越靠近壁面,其冷却效率越好;吹风比相同,扇形喷孔的冷却效率高于圆孔的冷却效率;扇形孔的冷却效率并不随吹风比的变化而单调变化,而是在吹风比为1.0时存在最佳值。图7参10     

圆柱尾迹中气体射流平均浓度分布的实验研究

本文发展了一种新的等温热线浓度测量技术，详细测量了圆柱尾迹中ＣＯ２气体射流的浓度分布，研究了空气来流速度、圆柱直径、射流初始速度、喷孔直径、喷孔间距等参数对射流浓度分布的影响；通过对大量实验数据的统计分析，拟合出了圆柱尾迹中气体射流浓度沿轴向和径向分布的经验关系式。     

Aerodynamic performance effects of leading-edge geometry in gas-turbine blades

The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the advantages of the direct surface-curvature distribution blade-design method, originally proposed by Korakianitis, for the leading-edge design of turbine blades, and by extension for other types of airfoil shapes. The leading edge shape is critical in the blade design process, and it is quite difficult to completely control with inverse, semi-inverse or other direct-design methods. The blade-design method is briefly reviewed, and then the effort is concentrated on smoothly blending the leading edge shape (circle or ellipse, etc.) with the main part of the blade surface, in a manner that avoids leading-edge flow-disturbance and flow-separation regions. Specifically in the leading edge region we return to the second-order (parabolic) construction line coupled with a revised smoothing equation between the leading-edge shape and the main part of the blade. The Hodson–Dominy blade has been used as an example to show the ability of this blade-design method to remove leading-edge separation bubbles in gas turbine blades and other airfoil shapes that have very sharp changes in curvature near the leading edge. An additional gas turbine blade example has been used to illustrate the ability of this method to design leading edge shapes that avoid leading-edge separation bubbles at off-design conditions. This gas turbine blade example has inlet flow angle 0°, outlet flow angle −64.3°, and tangential lift coefficient 1.045, in a region of parameters where the leading edge shape is critical for the overall blade performance. Computed results at incidences of −10°,   −5°,   +5°,   +10° are used to illustrate the complete removal of leading edge flow-disturbance regions, thus minimizing the possibility of leading-edge separation bubbles, while concurrently minimizing the stagnation pressure drop from inlet to outlet. These results using two difficult example cases of leading edge geometries illustrate the superiority and utility of this blade-design method when compared with other direct or inverse blade-design methods.     

Hydrogen production by steam-gasification of carbonaceous materials using concentrated solar energy – V. Reactor modeling,optimization, and scale-up

A chemical reactor for the steam-gasification of carbonaceous particles (e.g. coal, coke) is considered for using concentrated solar radiation as the energy source of high-temperature process heat. A two-phase reactor model that couples radiative, convective, and conductive heat transfer to the chemical kinetics is applied to optimize the reactor geometrical configuration and operational parameters (feedstock's initial particle size, feeding rates, and solar power input) for maximum reaction extent and solar-to-chemical energy conversion efficiency of a 5 kW prototype reactor and its scale-up to 300 kW. For the 300 kW reactor, complete reaction extent is predicted for an initial feedstock particle size up to 35 μm at residence times of less than 10 s and peak temperatures of 1818 K, yielding high-quality syngas with a calorific content that has been solar-upgraded by 19% over that of the petcoke gasified.     

汽轮机数字电液调节系统挂闸异常的技术完善

分析了200MW汽轮机数字电液调节系统在运行中存在的挂闸异常问题,采取了相应的技术处理措施,且运行实践效果良好。     

新型高压共轨ECU升压模块的数字化开发与优化

为了提高喷油器电磁阀的响应速率,提出了一种基于CPLD(复杂可编程逻辑器件)应用于高压共轨ECU的数字升压模块。鉴于该升压电路结构参数多,其升压电压的恢复响应要求高等特征,基于Pspice建立了升压电路的仿真模型,研究了不同电路参数下升压模块的输出特性,全面优化了该升压模块的性能。结果显示,该升压模块的最大转换效率可以达90%以上。在柴油发动机上对ECU的试验表明,升压电压最大波动不超过10%,其恢复时间仅为1.3ms,功率管最大温升仅为41℃,满足整机运行范围内ECU的需求。     

Trace metal chemistry and silicification of microorganisms in geothermal sinter, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand

As part of a pilot study investigating the role of microorganisms in the immobilisation of As, Sb, B, Tl and Hg, the inorganic geochemistry of seven different active sinter deposits and their contact fluids were characterised. A comprehensive series of sequential extractions for a suite of trace elements was carried out on siliceous sinter and a mixed silica-carbonate sinter. The extractions showed whether metals were loosely exchangeable or bound to carbonate, oxide, organic or crystalline fractions. Hyperthermophilic microbial communities associated with sinters deposited from high temperature (92–94°C) fluids at a variety of geothermal sources were investigated using SEM. The rapidity and style of silicification of the hyperthermophiles can be correlated with the dissolved silica content of the fluid. Although high concentrations of Hg and Tl were found associated with the organic fraction of the sinters, there was no evidence to suggest that any of the heavy metals were associated preferentially with the hyperthermophiles at the high temperature (92–94°C) ends of the terrestrial thermal spring ecosystems studied.     

Wind power for pumping: The development of the ITP windpump

Water pumping has been one of the main applications for wind power in the past and despite the spread of mains-electric pumps, more than a million windpumps remain in regular use. This paper reviews the general technical and economic requirements for pumping water using wind energy and by way of example gives an overview of the development of the new ITP wind-pump. It then considers the future prospects for this kind of technology.     

Methods of creating solar-reflective nonwhite surfaces and their application to residential roofing materials

We describe methods for creating solar-reflective nonwhite surfaces and their application to a wide variety of residential roofing materials, including metal, clay tile, concrete tile, wood, and asphalt shingle. Reflectance in the near-infrared (NIR) spectrum (0.7–2.5 μm) is maximized by coloring a topcoat with pigments that weakly absorb and (optionally) strongly backscatter NIR radiation, and by adding an NIR-reflective basecoat (e.g., one colored with titanium dioxide rutile white) if both the topcoat and the substrate weakly reflect NIR radiation. Coated steel and glazed clay-tile roofing products achieved NIR reflectances of up to 0.50 and 0.75, respectively, using only cool topcoats. Gray-cement concrete tiles achieved NIR reflectances as high as 0.60 with coatings colored by NIR-scattering pigments. Such tiles could attain NIR reflectances of up to 0.85 by overlaying a white basecoat with a topcoat colored by NIR-transparent organic pigments. Granule-surfaced asphalt shingles achieved NIR reflectances as high as 0.45 when the granules were covered with a white basecoat and a cool color topcoat.     

Thermal decay of an initially hot isothermal water body with application to thermal energy storage

The thermal decay of an initially hot isothermal water body contained in a tank was studied. Analytical solutions (including a group-theoretic solution) were obtained for the one-dimensional heat conduction equation with heat loss from the sides of the tank. The convective heat transfer coefficient was assumed not to be constant over the surface of the tank but to vary with space and time. A very good agreement was obtained between the group-theoretic solution and a numerical solution using the Crank-Nicholson finite difference scheme. The analytical results are discussed in terms of the underlying physical mechanisms.     

Ash-forming elements in four Scandinavian wood species. Part 1: Summer harvest

Woody biomass in Finland and Sweden comprises mainly four wood species: spruce, pine, birch and aspen. To study the ash, which may cause problems for the combustion device, one tree of each species were cut down and prepared for comparisons with fuel samples. Well-defined samples of wood, bark and foliage were analyzed on 11 ash-forming elements: Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, Mn, Na, K, P, S and Cl. The ash content in the wood tissues (0.2–0.7%) was low compared to the ash content in the bark tissues (1.9–6.4%) and the foliage (2.4–7.7%). The woods’ content of ash-forming elements was consequently low; the highest contents were of Ca (410–1340 ppm) and K (200–1310), followed by Mg (70–290), Mn (15–240) and P (0–350). Present in the wood was also Si (50–190), S (50–200) and Cl (30–110). The bark tissues showed much higher element contents; Ca (4800–19,100 ppm) and K (1600–6400) were the dominating elements, followed by Mg (210–2400), P (210–1200), Mn (110–1100) and S (310–750), but the Cl contents (40–330) were only moderately higher in the bark than in the wood. The young foliage (shoots and deciduous leaves) had the highest K (7100–25,000 ppm), P (1600–5300) and S (1100–2600) contents of all tissues, while the shoots of spruce had the highest Cl contents (820–1360) and its needles the highest Si content (5000–11,300). This paper presented a new approach in fuel characterization: the method excludes the presence of impurities, and focus on different categories of plant tissues. This made it possible to discuss the contents of ash element in a wide spectrum of fuel-types, which are of large importance for the energy production in Finland and Sweden.     

秸秆燃烧中温度对钾转化与释放的影响

通过对稻秆原料进行常规特性分析和EDX元素含量分析,发现钾在稻秆无机元素中占有重要地位。参考原料化学分馏法和土壤中钾的分类与测试方法,给出了对生物质原料及其燃烧产物中钾的定性与定量简易方法。通过程序控温型固定床对稻秆先进行缓慢氧化,然后以100℃为间隔从400～900℃进行成灰,并分别测试其成灰率、有效钾和全钾的份额。结合稻秆原料及其灰中钾的份额分析,进行了稻秆灰中有效钾转化与释放的计算,发现有效钾在700～800℃之间有快速的释放和形态转变。稻秆灰的XRD分析结果表明秸秆灰中钾主要以KCl、K_2SO_4形式存在,得到了钾以盐的形式进行转化与释放的机理。该文中燃烧温度对钾转化与释放的影响规律对设计秸秆电厂时的炉型选择和燃烧参数确定有一定参考价值。