Growth in height of indigenous and non indigenous Chilean children

The aim of this study was to compare growth curves of stature in indigenous and non-indigenous children belonging to two levels of poverty and to establish the onset and evolution of the deficit. Children of indigenous and non-indigenous background living in communities of extreme and low poverty in Chile were studied and their height-for-age Z-score from birth until 6 year of age were compared. Mean weight at birth was within normal range, and no differences were found in ethnicity and levels of poverty. Length at birth was below the reference with the exception of the non indigenous newborn from counties of low poverty. Deficit in growth showed an early start, furthermore in indigenous children belonging to the extreme poverty, is from birth and progress through the 18 months. At 72 months the deficit reached -1.1 z scores in the indigenous of the extreme poverty versus -0.7 in the non indigenous group. Children from the low poverty had a Z-score of -0.4 z scores at 72 months without differences between ethnias. Indigenous of the extreme poverty had less accumulative growth while the indigenous of the low poverty areas growth satisfactory without differences with the non indigenous.     

食品中的化学污染及预防

随着人们生活水平的不断提高,食品的安全问题成了人们关注的焦点。本文探讨了当前食品中农药残留、毒物残留、重金属、N-亚硝胺、食品添加剂的污染状况及预防措施,并且介绍了排铅产品和新型着色剂——无硝血红蛋白的较新研究动态。     

世界的粮食与农业

大量数据显示了世界人口增长、耕地面积减少等因素导致粮食危机,分析了影响粮食生产的主要因素,并提出解决策略。     

Associated factors to dietary intake of fruits and vegetables in Bucaramanga, Colombia

The objective of this study was to determine associated factors to the consumption of fruit and vegetables (FV) in the adult population of each socioeconomic status (SES) in Bucaramanga, Colombia. We conducted a cross-sectional in a sample of 317 people and we measured socio-demographic, economic and anthropometric variables and dietary factors related to the purchase and consumption of FV. We made a survey, a 24-Hour dietary recall and we did anthropometric measurements. Portion sizes were estimated with a standardized set of utensils and food-photography atlas. Frequencies, measures of central tendency and dispersion were established and Logistic Regression models were used for the bi and multivariate analysis. Average consumption of FV was 162.6 g/day (188.5 g in high SES and 145.7 g in low SES, p = 0.056). On average 2 servings per day of FV (2.3 servings in high SES and 1.5 in low SES, p = 0.055). The prevalence of adequate intake of FV (more than 5 servings / day) was 8.6% (8.9% in high SES and 8.4% in low SES, p = 0.896). The associated factor to consumption of FV was BMI > or =25 (OR: 0.31, CI (95%): 0.11-0.89, p = 0.030), adjusted for occupation, income, SES, and number of family members. FV consumption is low; excess weight is the only variable associated to no-consumption of five or more servings; causes: cost to the consumption of fruit and flavor in the case of vegetables.     

食品塑料包装中抗氧化剂迁移研究

利用高效液相色谱仪对高密度聚乙烯包装中抗氧化剂1076和抗氧化剂168在微波条件下向食物中的迁移行为进行了研究。研究结果表明,微波功率增大、微波时间延长都会使两种抗氧化剂向食物中迁移的程度变大。另外随着时间的延长,在微波加热初期两种抗氧化剂的迁移量显著增高,随着作用时间延长至20 min后,抗氧化剂向食物中的迁移率增加不再明显。两种抗氧化剂向不同食物中的迁移率也不一样,向猪肉中的迁移率最高,米饭次之,向果蔬类食品中的迁移率最小。     

低密度聚乙烯薄膜中芥酸酰胺的检测及其向食品模拟物的迁移

采用气相色谱质谱联用法（GC-MS）对3种低密度聚乙烯薄膜中的芥酸酰胺进行检测,研究了芥酸酰胺向食品模拟物的迁移。用毒理学关注阈值（TTC）法对芥酸酰胺的风险性进行评估。结果表明,芥酸酰胺在质量浓度为100~5 000 μg/L的范围内线性良好,相关系数（R）为0.993,加标回收率为78.3 %~115.6 %,相对标准偏差为2.9 %~11.6 %,芥酸酰胺的检出限为30 μg/L;在一定范围内,随着时间、温度及芥酸酰胺添加浓度的增加,芥酸酰胺的迁移量不断增加;芥酸酰胺在低密度聚乙烯和食品模拟物之间的分配系数随着芥酸酰胺的添加浓度增加而有所增加,但变化不大。     

Allelochemicals in Chicory and Utilization in Processed Foods

In connection with a proposed defensive mechanism of chicory, antimicrobial, and nematicidal substances from the rhizomes were studied. A new antimicrobial sesquiterpenoid, 8-angeloyloxycichoralexin, in addition to guaianolides such as cichoralexin and 10-hydroxycichopumilide, was isolated and identified. These sesquiterpenoids exhibited antifungal activities against Pericularia oryzae, Pellicularia sasakii, Alternaria kikuchiana, and others. Ether-soluble phenolics from the chicory rhizome exhibited nematicidal activity. Thus, it appears that these secondary metabolites play an important ecological role. Furthermore, the allelochemical research was applied to the production of processed foods. The addition of dry powder from chicory rhizome to noodles, a boiled fish paste, and cocoaand coffeecakes provided elongation of food preservation.     

微量元素与绿色食品

综述了绿色食品的定义、开发现状以及微量元素在绿色食品开发方面的应用前景。     

Application of Drying Technology to Control Aflatoxins in Foods and Feeds: A Review

Aflatoxins are secondary metabolites produced by certain species of Aspergillus, i.e., A. flavus, A. parasiticus, and the rare A. nomius, during their growth under favorable conditions of temperature and humidity. Aflatoxins are highly toxic compounds, which can cause acute and chronic toxicity in humans and animals. The incidence of aflatoxins in foods and feeds is relatively high in tropical and subtropical regions, where the warm and humid weather provides optimal condition for the growth of molds. As aflatoxins are very heat stable and cannot be easily eliminated by domestic cooking, rapid drying of agricultural products to reduce their moisture content is important, as this can avoid the favorable conditions for the growth of fungi. This article reviews general information on aflatoxins, products prone to be contaminated with aflatoxins, and the use of different drying techniques to control mold growth and aflatoxins production, as well as to reduce the contamination level of aflatoxins in food products.     

Short-and long-term fertility trials in Colombia to determine the nutrient requirements of cassava

One-year simple NPK trials were conducted in 22 locations in four regions of Colombia to determine the response of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) to N, P and K and to relate this response to the available P and K contents of the soil, as well as to the N, P, and K concentrations in youngest fully expanded leaf (YFEL) blades sampled at 3–5 months after planting. It was found that cassava responded mainly to P applications in the low-P soils of the Eastern Plains and of Cauca Department, to K applications only in the Eastern Plains and to N applications principally in the sandy, low-OM soils of the Atlantic Coast. By relating the relative response to P and K to the available P and exchangeable K content of the soil, respectively, critical levels of 4 mg P/kg and 0.17 me K/100 g (both extracted with Bray II) were determined. Similarly, critical levels of 5.6% N, 0.41% P and 1.42% K were determined in YFEL-blades.A long-term fertilizer trial with 35 treatments was conducted for 8 consecutive years in the highly acid low-fertility soil at CIAT-Quilichao, to determine the effect of cassava production and fertilization on soil fertility. Although the first year response was mainly to P and N, already in the second year K became the most limiting nutrient and the importance of K fertilization increased over the years. This trial, and similar long-term fertility trials conducted in Colombia and in various parts of Asia, have all shown the importance of adequate annual applications of K for maintaining high yields of continuously grown cassava.     

食品中铅含量的快速分析

以点滴分析法分析玉米花中铅含量为例,介绍了点滴分析在食品检验中的应用。该法操作简便、快捷、灵活,并且有较高的灵敏度。     

食品中草酸的测定

本文介绍用高效液相色谱法测定食品中草酸的含量,通过与经典滴定法测定草酸含量比较,实验结果表明:高效液相色谱法测定草酸含量结果准确,重现性好。说明本分析方法有关技术指标满足食品中草酸含量分析测试要求,具有操作简单、快速、易掌握、回收率高等特点,为食品中草酸含量测定提供简便快速的实用方法,并对其进行安全性评价,具有实践意义。     

Alkaloidal responses to damage inNicotiana native to North America

We performed field tests of alkaloid induction inNicotiana attenuata plants growing in southwestern Utah with mimicry of the two major types of damage inflicted by invertebrate and vertebrate herbivores: leaf damage and stalk removal, respectively. In undamaged plants, seasonal increases in leaf nicotine content occurred at a rate of 0.046% leaf dry mass/day. Leaf damage doubled the accumulation rate to 0.086–0.138% leaf dry mass/day, while stalk removal resulted in a quadrupling of the accumulation rate to 0.206% leaf dry mass/day. These damage-induced increases in nicotine accumulation are significantly larger than between-plant and phenological variations. Leaf damage to the nornicotine-(N. repanda andN. trigonophylla) and anabasine-accumulating (N. glauca)Nicotiana species native to North America resulted in 1.5- to 5-fold increases in their principal leaf alkaloid pools. We conclude that alkaloid induction is not limited to nicotine-accumulatingNicotiana species and that herbivores feeding on previously damaged plants are likely to encounter tissues with alkaloid titers significantly higher than those of undamaged plants.     

Canadian native community to install NF system

In Canada, H₂O Innovation (2000) Inc has signed a contract worth C$360?000 (US$274?000) with the Manitoba Department of Aboriginal and Northern Affairs.Visit www.filtsep.com for the latest filtration industry news     

对出口哥伦比亚陶瓷砖标签技术法规的解析

本文主要研究了哥伦比亚对进口陶瓷砖标签要求的技术法规以及涉及的产品标准,并对该法规中的标签要求做了详细的解析。同时,对哥伦比亚在监督、执行和处罚等方面进行了详细阐述。     

Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Romanian Baby Foods and Fruits

Levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in commercially available baby food and in different sorts of fruits were investigated. PAHs determination was performed by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The sum of 15 PAHs varied in baby food from 2.52–6.7 μg/kg and in fruits from 0.40–21.52 μg/kg. Benzo[a]pyrene used as a marker for PAHs contamination was detected in lower levels in baby food than the maximum tolerable limit (1 μg/kg) stated in Commission Regulation no 1881/2006.     

Trends in Microwave-Assisted Freeze Drying of Foods

Microwave-assisted freeze drying (MFD) can be accomplished in two distinct ways: freeze drying assisted concurrently with microwave application (MFD-1) and freeze drying and assisted microwave/vacuum microwave drying in two consecutive separate drying stages (MFD-2). MFD is a rapid dehydration technique that can be applied to certain foods, particularly to seafoods, solid soup, and fruits and vegetables. MFD involves much less drying time and energy consumption than conventional freeze-drying methods. Currently, this technology has been successfully used to dry many food materials and has potential in the food industry. Increasing concerns over product quality, energy savings, and production costs have motivated researchers and the industry to adopt MFD technologies. The advantages of MFD include shorter drying time, energy savings, improved product quality, and flexibility in producing a wide variety of dried products. However, current applications are limited to small categories of foods due to high startup costs and relatively complex technology compared to conventional freeze drying. This article presents a concise review of recent progress in MFD R&D and makes recommendations for future research to bridge the gap between laboratory research and industrial applications.     

食品中硼砂快速定性方法

采用超声方法快速萃取样品中的硼砂,萃取液与姜黄试剂及氨水产生颜色反应从而快速定性测定硼砂。该方法适用于现场检测,也可制作成快速检测试剂箱。