浅谈太阳能低温有机朗肯循环

叙述了太阳能低温有机肯循环技术,该技术解决了如何高效的收集太阳能的问题,同时相关设备易于制造成本较低,具有很高的应用价值和前景。     

太阳能驱动的有机朗肯-喷气增焓（带二次吸气的增效）蒸汽压缩制冷系统性能分析

为有效利用太阳能,以有机朗肯−喷气增焓（带二次吸气的增效）蒸汽压缩式制冷系统为研究对象,建立了系统的热力学模型,分别选取R236fa、R245fa、RC318和R141b作为系统工质,研究了发生温度、凝结温度、冷凝温度、蒸发温度、膨胀机等熵膨胀效率及压缩机等熵压缩效率对系统性能的影响,并以系统性能最佳为目标对工质进行了优选。计算结果表明：对整个系统而言,R141b是最合适的工质,凝结温度和冷凝温度对系统性能有重要影响。以R141b为例,当发生温度在85℃、凝结温度为40℃、冷凝温度为40℃、蒸发温度为 −15℃时,系统COP_s达到0.2528,采用喷气增焓技术对于环境温度很低、太阳能资源丰富的北方地区具有很大的优势。     

有机朗肯循环发电系统利用的研究

理想发电循环系统仅与系统热源、冷源的温度相关,而实际低品位有机朗肯循环发电系统效率除与冷热源温度相关外,与工质、系统形式等因素密切相关.但是由于受到热源参数及优化目标等因素影响,尚未优选出合适的工质和系统形式.针对不同热源参数特性,研究相适应的系统形式及工质,为有机朗肯循环发电系统应用提供科学依据,是有机朗肯循环发电系统切实可用的关键.     

内燃机-有机朗肯循环联合循环动力系统技术经济性能分析

提出一套内燃机-有机朗肯循环系统方案,该方案的有机朗肯循环(ORC)子系统蒸发器布置在内燃机(ICE)排烟系统采集热量,其输出动力通过齿轮传动机构与ICE同轴输出.该系统可利用原有动力传输子系统启动ORC子系统,ORC子系统稳定运行后又可向其输出动力.以CAT3516CDITA ICE为例,进行ICE-ORC系统技术经济性能分析,结果表明,标定负荷条件下,该系统总热效率较现有ICE系统可提高7.8%,而ORC子系统的投资回收期仅为9.3,kh.分析表明,ORC子系统蒸发器平均温差降低或者燃料价格提高,均有利于改善ORC子系统技术经济性能;当ICE负荷高于90%或ORC子系统透平等熵效率高于65%,该系统具有技术经济性能优势.     

基于蒸汽再压缩技术的低温干燥系统设计与节能分析

为了解决干燥行业热效率低下的问题,本文将机械蒸汽再压缩技术引入热敏性物料的低温干燥领域,设计了一种新型低能耗低温干燥系统,并采用夹点分析技术对新型低温干燥系统的热力性能进行了优化。计算结果表明,所设计的新型低温干燥系统能耗为19.57 kW,与相同条件下的常规低温干燥系统相比,新型干燥系统的能耗仅为常规低温回热干燥系统的7.7%。同时,系统能耗随着蒸发温度与压缩机压比的降低而不断下降。所做工作为低温干燥系统的性能分析及优化提供了参考。     

基于有机朗肯循环的内燃机车柴油机废热回收技术可行性分析

介绍了采用有机朗肯循环的废热回收技术原理,分析了内燃机车柴油机废热的种类和废热的可回收性,制定了一种基于有机朗肯循环的内燃机车柴油机废热回收技术方案,间接提高了内燃机车柴油机的热工转换效率.     

内燃机尾气余热驱动有机朗肯蒸汽压缩制冷循环的研究

设计了以内燃机尾气余热为热源驱动的有机朗肯蒸气压缩制冷循环系统。根据热力学定律,建立了循环系统的数学模型,提出了尾气换热夹点确定方法。以Matlab和Refprop软件为工具,研究了有机朗肯循环(organic Rankine cycle,ORC)各换热器负荷、做功量、热效率分别随蒸发压力、冷凝温度的变化关系,并确定了最优工质。研究了蒸汽压缩制冷循环(vapor compression refrigeration,VCR)各换热器负荷、制冷系数分别随蒸发温度、冷凝温度的变化关系。由于压缩比的限制,确定了多种制冷工质在不同冷凝温度下的最低蒸发温度,结合相关标准中所规定的各型冷藏车蒸发温度的范围,确定了各型冷藏车的可选制冷剂。研究了与可选工质对应的制冷系数随蒸发温度的变化关系,从而确定最优工质。计算了各型冷藏车在采用最优制冷剂时,在最严苛工况下的制冷量、制冷系数及综合系数。     

基于有机朗肯循环的低温地热制冷系统热力学分析

为有效利用低温地热资源,本文以有机朗肯–蒸汽压缩制冷系统为研究对象,建立了系统的热力学模型,分析比较了分别以R290、R600、R600a、R601、R601a和R1270为工质时的系统性能,并以系统整体COP和每千瓦制冷量所对应的工质流量为关键指标对工质进行了优选。分析结果表明：当地热水温度为60 ~ 90℃,冷凝温度为30 ~ 55℃,蒸发温度为 –15 ~15℃时,R601是系统的最佳工质。当地热水温度为90℃,其余参数为典型工况值时,工质R601所对应的系统性能系数COP为0.49。     

基于proⅡ的回热/无回热朗肯循环的流程模拟

文中介绍了有回热/无回热有机朗肯循环,并对其进行了理论分析和基于pro II软件对朗肯循环的流程模拟。并针对某化工厂80℃左右的热水,以丁烷为工质,探讨了蒸发器冷源的工质的状态为饱和态和过热态对有回热/无回热朗肯循环的膨胀机输出功和朗肯循环的循环热效率的影响。当工质的状态为饱和状态时,对有无回热的朗肯循环影响不大。但是,当工质的状态为过热态时,有回热的朗肯循环的膨胀机输出功和热循环效率比无回热的朗肯循环要大。这说明增加回热器是很有必要的,它可使能量的回收利用大大增加。     

基于有机工质朗肯循环系统的低温余热发电技术简述

调整能源结构、推进节能减排是我国工业化的必经之路。我国工业生产产生的中高温余热发电技术较为成熟,而低品位余热发电尚在发展。以低沸点有机物为工质的朗肯循环低温发电技术是回收中低品位热能的有效手段,不仅节能降耗,还能为企业带来可观的经济效益。文中从技术原理、循环工质、关键设备等方面介绍有机工质朗肯循环低温发电技术,并对发展前景作出展望。     

Energetic and Exergetic Analysis of Organic Rankine Cycle Powered by Hot Geothermal Water

The paper presents an investigation of energy and exergy analysis of an existing ORC （organic rankine cycle） unit powered by hot geothermal water. The validated model of this unit was used to examine 25 refrigerants belonging to different chemical compositions. The study revealed that R141b and R123 produced the best net power, energy efficiency, and exergy efficiency, whereas R125 was the lowest. Hydrofluorocarbons （except R143a）, hydrocarbons, and inorganic reflected attractive energy and exergy efficiencies. All investigated mixtures gained low performance compared with other studied candidates. The R245ca was the best among the hydrofluorocarbons studied refrigerants, and R501 was the best among the mixture refrigerants. Furthermore, within the ORC system, the evaporator was found to have the highest exergy destruction and the refrigerant pump was the lowest.     

我国北方地区建筑节能技术发展对策研究

通过对京津唐地区的129位建筑企业和设计院工作人员进行问卷调查和访谈,研究了16种推动建筑节能技术发展的因素,并提出了两种未来我国北方地区最应重点发展的建筑节能技术。对全部样本的分析结果显示,16种推动因素中"法律、法规、规范、标准","政策导向","政府对节能技术提供的补贴和税费优惠"三个政策法规类因素作用最大。随后,将受调查者按照职业分组进行对比分析。最后根据上述调研结果提出有针对性的发展对策建议。     

Kalina循环的热力学第一定律分析

从热力学第一定律的角度出发,选取P-R方程作为氨-水混合物性质的基本计算公式,对一级蒸馏Kalina循环进行了热力学分析.编制了氨-水混合工质热力性质及Kalina循环热力性能计算程序,对Kalina循环热功转换的主要热力性能进行了理论计算,分析了透平进口压力、透平进口温度、透平背压、工作溶液浓度、基本溶液浓度、循环倍增率等关键参数对循环性能的影响.     

Parametric optimization and performance analysis of a waste heat recovery system using Organic Rankine Cycle

Parametric optimization and performance analysis of a waste heat recovery system based on Organic Rankine Cycle, using R-12, R-123 and R-134a as working fluids for power generation have been studied. The cycles are compared with heat source as waste heat of flue gas at 140 °C and 312 Kg/s/unit mass flow rate at the exhaust of ID fans for 4 × 210 MW, NTPC Ltd. Kahalgaon, India. Optimization of turbine inlet pressure for maximum work and efficiencies of the system along the saturated vapour line and isobaric superheating at different pressures has been carried out for the selected fluids. The results show that R-123 has the maximum work output and efficiencies among all the selected fluids. The Carnot efficiency for R-123 at corrected pressure evaluated under similar conditions is close to the actual efficiency. It can generate 19.09 MW with a mass flow rate of 341.16 Kg/s having a pinch point of 5 °C, First law efficiency of 25.30% and the Second law efficiency of 64.40%. Hence selection of an Organic Rankine Cycle with R-123 as working fluid appears to be a choice system for utilizing low-grade heat sources for power generation.     

Simulation and economic analysis of a CPV/thermal system coupled with an organic Rankine cycle for increased power generation

In concentrating photovoltaic (CPV) systems the incident solar radiation is multiplied by a factor equal to the concentration ratio, with the use of lenses or reflectors. This is implemented, in order to increase the electric power production, since this value has a linear dependence from the incident radiation. Therefore, the specific energy production of the cells (kWh/m²) radically increases, but due to this high intensity CPVs consequently operate at elevated temperatures, because heat dissipation to the environment is not so intense and heat produced cannot naturally convected. This temperature increase not only leads to a reduction of their electric efficiency, but also it must be dissipated, since issues regarding their degradation and reduction of their lifetime might arise. There are many reported ways of removing this heat, either by adding a cooling unit on the back side of the CPV module, or by recovering with possible uses in buildings, industry, additional power production or even desalination of seawater.The current work is actually a feasibility study, concerning a concentrating photovoltaic/thermal (CPV/T) system, where the heat produced is recovered by an organic Rankine cycle (ORC) for additional power production. A pump drives the organic fluid of the cycle, which is evaporated in the tubes of the CPV/T and driven to an expander for mechanical power production. For the condensation of the organic fluid several possible alternatives can be applied. That way, the PV cells can be cooled effectively and increase their electrical efficiency, while the recovered heat is designated to produce additional electric energy through the organic Rankine process, when the expander of the Rankine engine is coupled to a generator.The scope of the present work is to investigate an alternative application of concentrating PV modules through exploiting the generated heat by the ORC process and combining both technologies into an integrated system. The design of the system is presented in details, along with an optimization of some main parameters. The performance of the system will also be examined and compared with an equivalent conventional CPV system, referring to their design points. Finally, the annual and daily performance will be studied, which is a more realistic indicator, concerning the increased efficiency this integrated system is expected to have, followed by a cost analysis, in order to examine its economic feasibility as well.     

基于有机朗肯循环的APU余热回收系统性能分析

为有效利用飞机辅助动力装置（Auxitlary Power Unit , APU）排气余热,基于有机朗肯循环（Organic Rankine Cycle, ORC）发电系统,构建了APU余热回收系统。系统以APU排气余热为输入,驱动ORC做功,输出电能,为机载设备提供二次能源。结合工程热力学原理,建立系统热力学模型,并通过Matlab编程对余热回收系统进行了仿真计算及性能分析。仿真结果表明,系统功率及效率随飞行马赫数增加而降低;APU余热回收系统在飞机低音速飞行时有良好的性能;马赫数小于1时,系统功率在12 kW以上,效率在11%以上,耗气率低于0.0262 kg/kJ。     

Performance comparison and parametric optimization of subcritical Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) and transcritical power cycle system for low-temperature geothermal power generation

Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) is a promising technology for converting the low-grade energy to electricity. This paper presents an investigation on the parameter optimization and performance comparison of the fluids in subcritical ORC and transcritical power cycle in low-temperature (i.e. 80–100 °C) binary geothermal power system. The optimization procedure was conducted with a simulation program written in Matlab using five indicators: thermal efficiency, exergy efficiency, recovery efficiency, heat exchanger area per unit power output (APR) and the levelized energy cost (LEC). With the given heat source and heat sink conditions, performances of the working fluids were evaluated and compared under their optimized internal operation parameters. The optimum cycle design and the corresponding operation parameters were provided simultaneously. The results indicate that the choice of working fluid varies the objective function and the value of the optimized operation parameters are not all the same for different indicators. R123 in subcritical ORC system yields the highest thermal efficiency and exergy efficiency of 11.1% and 54.1%, respectively. Although the thermal efficiency and exergy efficiency of R125 in transcritical cycle is 46.4% and 20% lower than that of R123 in subcritical ORC, it provides 20.7% larger recovery efficiency. And the LEC value is relatively low. Moreover, 22032L petroleum is saved and 74,019 kg CO₂ is reduced per year when the LEC value is used as the objective function. In conclusion, R125 in transcritical power cycle shows excellent economic and environmental performance and can maximize utilization of the geothermal. It is preferable for the low-temperature geothermal ORC system. R41 also exhibits favorable performance except for its flammability.     

Comparison of trilateral cycles and organic Rankine cycles

A comparison of optimized trilateral cycle (TLC) - systems with water as working fluid and optimized organic Rankine cycle (ORC) – systems with pure organic working fluids is presented. The study includes the heat transfer to and from the cycles. The TLC - systems were optimized by the selection of the maximum water temperature, the ORC - systems by the selection of the working fluid and the process parameters. The optimization criterion is the exergy efficiency for power production being the ratio of the net power output to the incoming exergy flow of the heat carrier. Results will be presented for five different cases specified by the inlet temperature of the heat carrier and the inlet temperature of the cooling agent. The inlet temperature pairs are (350 °C, 62 °C), (280 °C, 62 °C), (280 °C, 15 °C), (220 °C, 15 °C) and (150 °C, 15 °C). It is found that the exergy efficiency for power production is larger by 14%–29% for the TLC than for the ORC. On the other hand, the outgoing volume flows from the expander are larger for the TLC than for the ORC by a factor ranging from 2.8 for the first case to 70 for the last case.     

Design study of configurations on system COP for a combined ORC (organic Rankine cycle) and VCC (vapor compression cycle)

The study introduced a novel thermally activated cooling concept - a combined cycle couples an ORC (organic Rankine cycle) and a VCC (vapor compression cycle). A brief comparison with other thermally activated cooling technologies was conducted. The cycle can use renewable energy sources such as solar, geothermal and waste heat, to generate cooling and power if needed. A systematic design study was conducted to investigate effects of various cycle configurations on overall cycle COP. With both subcooling and cooling recuperation in the vapor compression cycle, the overall cycle COP reaches 0.66 at extreme military conditions with outdoor temperature of 48.9 °C. A parametric trade-off study was conducted afterwards in terms of performance and weight, in order to find the most critical design parameters for the cycle configuration with both subcooling and cooling recuperation. Five most important design parameters were selected, including expander isentropic efficiency, condensing and evaporating temperatures, pump/boiling pressure and recuperator effectiveness. At the end, two additional cycle concepts with either potentially higher COP or practical advantages were proposed. It includes adding a secondary heat recuperator in the ORC side and using different working fluids in the power and cooling cycles, or so-called dual-fluid system.     

Comparative assessment of alternative cycles for waste heat recovery and upgrade

Thermally activated systems based on sorption cycles, as well as mechanical systems based on vapor compression/expansion are assessed in this study for waste heat recovery applications. In particular, ammonia-water sorption cycles for cooling and mechanical work recovery, a heat transformer using lithium bromide-water as the working fluid pair to yield high temperature heat, and organic Rankine cycles using refrigerant R245fa for work recovery as well as versions directly coupled to a vapor compression cycle to yield cooling are analyzed with overall heat transfer conductances for heat exchangers that use similar approach temperature differences for each cycle. Two representative cases are considered, one for smaller-scale and lower temperature applications using waste heat at 60 °C, and the other for larger-scale and higher temperature waste heat at 120 °C. Comparative assessments of these cycles on the basis of efficiencies and system footprints guide the selection of waste heat recovery and upgrade systems for different applications and waste heat availabilities. Furthermore, these considerations are used to investigate four case studies for waste heat recovery for data centers, vehicles, and process plants, illustrating the utility and limitations of such solutions. The increased implementation of such waste heat recovery systems in a variety of applications will lead to decreased primary source inputs and sustainable energy utilization.