现代城市公共艺术“建筑化”的思考

现代城市公共艺术多元化的发展为公共艺术的理论和实践带来更多的发展空间。建筑化的公共艺术更是广泛的把艺术和城市建筑环境融合起来。本文通过对我国公共艺术的概念和发展的分析,从建筑艺术形态的角度,探析公共艺术与城市建筑环境的融合,以及建筑要素尤其是建筑表皮和空间形态对公共艺术语意表达的意义,希望为建筑创作和公共艺术实践提供更多的参考。     

建筑中的设计语言

艺术和建筑是息息相关,在现代城市的发展中,建筑的艺术形式越来越多样化,本文通过对上海世博会建筑的分析,从上海世博会的建筑中学到了很多艺术的新的形式,以及对现代新技术运用到建筑中的感受和启发,通过了解3D全息投影技术与建筑的结合的新的形式有了很深的感悟。     

论中国现代雕塑元素与建筑艺术的借鉴和融合

中国现代雕塑艺术是随着时代的进步而发展的,其中建筑艺术也需要一种新的定义诠释其艺术法则。文章从建筑艺术转向现代雕塑艺术的视角,重新审视雕塑艺术与建筑的关系;从雕塑创作元素角度展开,分析建筑艺术风格与创作形式;深刻阐述当代建筑艺术从早期单纯的模仿转化为现代雕塑构成艺术的演变过程。雕塑性作为现代建筑的基本特征,已经融入两种艺术的共性。当代雕塑艺术创作元素与创作特点越来越多地被运用到建筑创作中。现代雕塑构成了建筑的尊严,同时建筑对雕塑也产生了更深层次的创作影响。     

现代建筑与奇异建筑

二十世纪世界建筑环境已经发生了戏剧性的变化，现代建筑星罗棋布于世界各个城市，而且，由这些现代建筑组成的现代化城市像雨后春笋般兴起。旧城市的天际轮廓线得到改造，它们以铝合金、彩色玻璃、不锈钢等装饰材料为特色，呈现出明快开朗的城市空间景观。仅从技术方面说，任何时代都不可能创造这样的建筑物。更醒目的是现代建筑艺术造型体现了新的艺术观，以其简洁新颖的立面构图给人以美的艺术感受。现代建筑比其守旧的店统建筑靓进了一大步。而城币景观中的现代建筑已经成为二十世纪胄遍采用的新型建筑风格，由它装点着现代化的城币，真…     

我国城市建筑环境艺术的审美视界

分析了城市建筑环境艺术审美的期待视界和功利视界，详细探讨了现代城市中传统的建筑环境艺术观——“天人合一”的美学境界，以创造出高质量的环境艺术，充分展示民族文化的现代价值。     

浅析上海世博会的建筑艺术

2010年上海世博会以精彩纷呈的建筑艺术,向人们阐释了"城市让生活更美好"主题。文章分析了2010年上海世博会建筑艺术表达的三个方面,总结了世博会建筑艺术实际上表达了地域建筑特色。     

与技术的纠缠:建筑艺术的几次进化与近未来思考

随着大数据、人工智能等新技术的爆炸式发展,为重新思考建筑艺术和建筑科学技术之间的关系提供了新的纬度,回溯梳理建筑艺术史上的数次建筑艺术的进化,分析得到三个启示:看似是建筑艺术问题,实则是建筑技术问题;建筑技术的革新引领建筑艺术的创新,建筑艺术是技术成熟的标志;建筑艺术的核心是建筑技术的,但建筑技术并不等同于建筑艺术.基于对建筑艺术历史发展规律的认识,新技术的出现将会对人类建筑艺术的发展实现促进,在科技迅猛发展的新时代大背景下,人类应力求实现建筑艺术与建筑科学技术的进一步融合统一.     

现代殡葬建筑空间艺术

殡葬建筑是城市的一个重要组成部分，该文对现代殡葬建筑的空间气氛和艺术特色等问题进行了较为系统的探讨，着重强调了现代殡葬建筑作为”场所”的精神功能一提出了应该挖掘人们潜在的集体意识是现代殡葬建筑设计的灵感源泉。     

鼓楼的视野与睿思

古都南京是一座历史文化底蕴深厚的城市,在中国建筑史上,南京近现代建筑占有极其重要的一席之地。南京的近现代建筑特别是民国建筑凝聚了众多中外建筑大师的心血,展示了中国传统建筑向现代建筑的演变历程,是中国古代建筑艺术向近现代建筑艺术转化、     

旧物艺术介入传统建筑的保护与更新

当前城市建设进入了发展的快车道,拆旧建新成为现代化城市建设的主要方式。在此背景下,传统建筑的处境岌岌可危,城市建设与传统建筑保护成为现代城市乃至乡村建设发展的矛盾双方。对此,需正确统筹协调传统建筑在现代社会与城乡建设发展中的作用、地位及其历史文化价值,通过旧物艺术介入传统建筑保护与更新的设计,赋予传统建筑新的功能,焕发传统建筑新的生命,顺应现代社会与城乡建设发展的需要。     

移动荷载下弹性半空间地基上矩形薄板的动力响应解析研究

基于三维弹性理论,先对位移表示的地基动力方程进行Laplace变换,再进行双重傅里叶变换,获得直角坐标系下弹性半空间地基受任意竖向动荷载作用下的Laplace变换域中的位移解析表达式;然后对地基上有限大矩形薄板的边值问题进行Laplace变换,并求得地基板的Laplace变换域中的含有未知地基反力的挠度解析解;最后结合板与地基的变形协调方程,完全求得弹性半空间地基板在移动荷载作用下的Laplace变换域中的解析解。在此基础上,利用Laplace数值逆变换得到地基板时间域内的动力响应。算例结果表明本文的研究方法是切实可行的。用该文方法可精确分析地基板在任意移动载荷作用下的动力特性。     

Chemically-speciated on-road PM2.5 motor vehicle emission factors in Hong Kong

PM_2.5 (particle with an aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5 µm) was measured in different microenvironments of Hong Kong (including one urban tunnel, one Hong Kong/Mainland boundary roadside site, two urban roadside sites, and one urban ambient site) in 2003. The concentrations of organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC), water-soluble ions, and up to 40 elements (Na to U) were determined. The average PM_2.5 mass concentrations were 229 ± 90, 129 ± 95, 69 ± 12, 49 ± 18 µg m^− 3 in the urban tunnel, cross boundary roadside, urban roadside, and urban ambient environments, respectively. Carbonaceous particles (sum of organic material [OM] and EC) were the dominant constituents, on average, accounting for ∼ 82% of PM_2.5 emissions in the tunnel, ∼ 70% at the three roadside sites, and ∼ 48% at the ambient site, respectively. The OC/EC ratios were 0.6 ± 0.2 and 0.8 ± 0.1 at the tunnel and roadside sites, respectively, suggesting carbonaceous aerosols were mainly from vehicle exhausts. Higher OC/EC ratio (1.9 ± 0.7) occurred at the ambient site, indicating contributions from secondary organic aerosols. The PM_2.5 emission factor for on-road diesel-fueled vehicles in the urban area of Hong Kong was 257 ± 31 mg veh^− 1 km^− 1, with a composition of ∼ 51% EC, ∼ 26% OC, and ∼ 9% SO₄⁼. The other inorganic ions and elements made up ∼ 11% of the total PM_2.5 emissions. OC composed the largest fraction (∼ 51%) in gasoline and liquid petroleum gas (LPG) emissions, followed by EC (∼ 19%). Diesel engines showed higher emission rates than did gasoline and LPG engines for most pollutants, except for V, Br, Sb, and Ba.     

Lagged temperature effect with mosquito transmission potential explains dengue variability in southern Taiwan: Insights from a statistical analysis

The purpose of this study was to link meteorological factors and mosquito (Aedes aegypti) abundance to examine the potential effects of climate variations on patterns of dengue epidemiology in Taiwan during 2001-2008. Spearman's rank correlation tests with and without time-lag were performed to investigate the overall correlation between dengue incidence rates and meteorological variables (i.e., minimum, mean, and maximum temperatures, relative humidity (RH), and rainfall) and percentage Breteau index (BI) level > 2 in Taipei and Kaohsiung of northern and southern Taiwan, respectively. A Poisson regression analysis was performed by using a generalized estimating equations (GEE) approach. The most parsimonious model was selected based on the quasi-likelihood based information criterion (QICu). Spearman's rank correlation tests revealed marginally positive trends in the weekly mean (ρ = 0.28, p < 0.0001), maximum (ρ = 0.26, p < 0.0001), and minimum (ρ = 0.30, p < 0.0001) temperatures in Taipei. However, in Kaohsiung, all negative trends were found in the weekly mean (ρ = − 0.32, p < 0.0001), maximum (ρ = − 0.30, p < 0.0001), and minimum (ρ = − 0.32, p < 0.0001) temperatures. This study concluded that based on the GEE approach, rainfall, minimum temperature, and RH, all with 3-month lag, and 1-month lag of percentage BI level > 2 are the significant predictors of dengue incidence in Kaohsiung (QICu = − 277.77). This study suggested that warmer temperature with 3-month lag, elevated humidity with high mosquito density increased the transmission rate of human dengue fever infection in southern Taiwan.     

Biochemical oxygen demand and nutrient processing in a novel multi-stage raw municipal wastewater and acid mine drainage passive co-treatment system

A laboratory-scale, four-stage continuous flow reactor system was constructed to test the viability of high-strength acid mine drainage (AMD) and municipal wastewater (MWW) passive co-treatment. The synthetic AMD had pH 2.60 and 1860 mg/L acidity as CaCO₃ equivalent with 46, 0.25, 2, 290, 55, 1.2 and 390 mg/L of Al, As, Cd, Fe, Mn, Pb and Zn, respectively. The AMD was introduced to the system at a 1:2 ratio with raw MWW from the City of Norman, Oklahoma USA containing 265 ± 94 mg/L BOD₅, 11.5 ± 5.3 mg/L PO₄⁻³, and 20.8 ± 1.8 mg/L NH₄⁺-N. During the 135 d experiment, PO₄⁻³ and NH₄⁺-N were decreased to <0.75 and 7.4 ± 1.8 mg/L, respectively. BOD₅ was generally decreased to below detection limits. Nitrification increased NO₃⁻ to 4.9 ± 3.5 mg/L NO₃⁻-N, however relatively little denitrification occurred. Results suggest that the nitrogen processing community may require an extended period to mature and reach full efficiency. Overall, results indicate that passive AMD and MWW co-treatment is a viable ecological engineering approach for the developed and developing world that can be optimized and applied to improve water quality with minimal use of fossil fuels and refined materials.     

Influence of pore water chemistry on GCL self-healing with hydration from silica sand

The self-healing of a GCL with a circular hole is examined in experiments where the GCL, overlain by geomembrane, is hydrated from a silica sand subgrade (SSS) having three different pore water chemistries. Factors considered included: hole size, subgrade initial moisture content w_fdn, GCL mass per unit area, and overburden stress (20–100 kPa). GCL self-healing is better for w_fdn = 16% than for w_fdn = 10%, which is better than for 5%, when the SSS pore water has negligible cations (ionic strength, I < 0.1 mM). However, only the 14.3 mm-diameter hole fully self-healed and only when w_fdn = 16%. In contrast, when the GCL is hydrated from SSS with pore water having an ionic strength, I, of 20 and 30 mM, the self-healing for w_fdn = 5% is better than for w_fdn = 10%, which is better than for w_fdn = 16%, although none of the holes self-healed. When a ~0.5 m hydraulic head was applied above the GCL under σ_v = 20–100 kPa, a 38.1 mm-diameter hole self-healed with water having I < 0.1 mM, a 25.4 mm-diameter hole self-healed with pore water with I = 20 mM and 30 mM, but none self-healed with simulated synthetic landfill leachate (SSL). Post-hydration hydraulic conductivity (k) tests with SSL suggest that a hole up to 14.3 mm-diameter would not pose a significant adverse impact on the k compared to an intact GCL; however, this is not the case for the larger holes tested.     

Immediate and long-term impacts of UV-C irradiation on photosynthetic capacity, survival and microcystin-LR release risk of Microcystis aeruginosa

In this study, the immediate and long-term impacts of shortwave ultraviolet (UV-C) irradiation on photosynthetic capacity, survival, and recovery of Microcystis aeruginosa were investigated. The risk of microcystin-LR (MC-LR) release during irradiation was also estimated. The cell density was determined by a flow cytometry, and typical chlorophyll fluorescence parameters, including the effective quantum yield, photosynthetic efficiency and maximal electron transport rate, were measured by a pulse amplitude modulated (PAM) fluorometer. Under various UV-C dosages (140-4200 mJ cm⁻²), photosynthetic capacities were reduced, to different degrees, accompanied by slight cytoclasis and complete degradation of extracellular MC-LR immediately after irradiation. In a 6-d cultivation following UV-C irradiation, cell density and extracellular MC-LR in the samples treated by 140 mJ cm⁻² UV-C irradiation increased from 4.0 × 10⁶ cells mL⁻¹ and 8 μg L⁻¹ to 5.1 × 10⁶ cells mL⁻¹ and 20 μg L⁻¹, respectively. Significant M. aeruginosa cytoclasis (cell density from 4.0 × 10⁶ to 1.0 × 10⁶ cells mL⁻¹) and MC-LR release (2-25 μg L⁻¹) occurred when the UV-C dosage reached 350 mJ cm⁻². Cell cytoclasis and MC-LR release were enhanced in the cultivated samples under higher UV-C dosages. Results revealed that photosynthetic parameters were useful tools to predict the recovery profiles of M. aeruginosa cells, and the MC-LR release risk should be considered after UV-C inactivation.     

Importance of monsoon rainfall in mass fluxes of filtered and unfiltered mercury in Gwangyang Bay, Korea

We investigated the effects of the East Asian Summer Monsoon (EASM), which brings approximately half of Korea's annual rainfall in July, on the concentration and particle-water partitioning, and sources of Hg in coastal waters. Surface seawater samples were collected from eight sites in Gwangyang Bay, Korea, during the monsoon (July, 2009) and non-monsoon dry (April and November, 2009) seasons and the concentrations of suspended particulate matter, chlorophyll-a, and unfiltered and filtered Hg were determined. We found significant (p < 0.05) increases in filtered Hg in the monsoon season (1.8 ± 0.019 pM) compared to the dry season (0.62 ± 0.047 pM). In contrast, the Hg concentrations associated with particles showed no significant differences (p > 0.05) between the monsoon (459 ± 141 pmol g^− 1) and the dry season (346 ± 30 pmol g^− 1), which resulted in decreased particle-water partition coefficients of Hg in the monsoon season compared to the values in the dry season: 5.7 ± 0.1 in April, 5.3 ± 0.1 in July, and 5.8 ± 0.1 in November. The annual Hg input to Gwangyang Bay was estimated at 64 ± 6.6 mol yr^− 1 and 27 ± 1.9 mol yr^− 1 for unfiltered and filtered Hg, respectively. The Hg discharged from rivers was a major source of Hg in Gwangyang Bay: the river input contributed 83 ± 13% of total input of unfiltered and 73 ± 6.0% of filtered Hg. On a monthly basis, unfiltered Hg input was 17 ± 11 mol month^− 1 in the monsoon season and 3.2 ± 0.70 mol month^− 1 in the dry season, while filtered Hg input was 7.1 ± 4.1 mol month^− 1 in the monsoon and 1.3 ± 0.26 mol month^− 1 in the dry. Consequently, the EASM resulted in an unfiltered Hg input 5.3 times greater than the mean dry month input and a filtered Hg input 5.5 times greater than the mean dry month input, which is mainly attributable to enhanced river water discharge during the monsoon season.     

Accumulation of gas‐phase methamphetamine on clothing,toy fabrics,and skin oil

To better understand methamphetamine exposure and risk for occupants of former residential clandestine methamphetamine laboratories, we measured the dynamic accumulation of methamphetamine in skin oil, cotton and polyester (PE) clothing, upholstery, and toy fabric (substrates) exposed to 15–30 ppb (91–183 μg/m³) neutral methamphetamine in air for up to 60 days. The average equilibrium partition coefficients at 30% RH, in units of μg of methamphetamine per gram of substrate per ppb, are 3.0 ± 0.2 for a PE baby blanket, 5.6 ± 3.5 for a PE fabric toy, 3.7 ± 0.2 for a PE shirt, 18.3 ± 8.0 for a PE/cotton upholstery fabric, and 1200 ± 570 in skin oil. The partition coefficients at 60% RH are 4.5 ± 0.4, 5.2 ± 2.1, 4.5 ± 0.6, 36.1 ± 3.6, and 1600 ± 1100 μg/(g ppb), respectively. There was no difference in the partition coefficient for a clean and skin‐oil‐soiled cotton shirt [15.3 ± 2.1 μg/(g ppb) @ 42 days]. Partition coefficients for skin oil may be sensitive to composition. ‘Mouthing’ of cloth is predicted to be the dominant exposure pathway [60 μg/(kg body weight*ppb)] for a toddler in former meth lab, and indoor air concentrations would have to be very low (0.001 ppb) to meet the recommended reference dose for children.     

Degradation of bromoxynil and trifluralin in natural water by direct photolysis and UV plus H2O2 advanced oxidation process

The degradation of two pesticides, bromoxynil and trifluralin, was investigated in ultrapure and natural water solutions under ultraviolet (UV) light and a combination of UV and hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂). The effect of pH on the photooxidation of the pesticides was also studied. The results indicated that under direct photolysis with monochromatic light at 253.7 nm and different conditions, the photochemical rates followed first-order kinetics, with fluence-based rate constants ranging from 9.15 × 10⁻⁴ to 6.37 × 10⁻³ cm² mJ⁻¹ and 7.63 × 10⁻³ to 1.47 × 10⁻² cm² mJ⁻¹ for bromoxynil and trifluralin, respectively. Quantum yields, in the range of 0.08-0.25 for bromoxynil and 0.12-0.72 for trifluralin, were observed in experiments using ultrapure water. The study also found that the UV/H₂O₂ process enhanced the oxidation rate in comparison to direct photolysis. A 90% degradation with UV dose of 333 and 188 mJ cm⁻² was achieved for bromoxynil and trifluralin, respectively, in natural water, in presence of 8.8 × 10⁻⁴ M H₂O₂. To assess the aquatic toxicity, the Microtox^® 81.9% screening test protocol was used before and after treatment. The test results indicated a decrease in the acute toxicity of the samples after treatment for both pesticides.     

Effects of lanthanum and lanthanum-modified clay on growth, survival and reproduction of Daphnia magna

The novel lanthanum-modified clay water treatment technology (Phoslock^®) seems very promising in remediation of eutrophied waters. Phoslock^® is highly efficient in stripping dissolved phosphorous from the water column and in intercepting phosphorous released from the sediments. The active phosphorous-sorbent in Phoslock^® is the Rare Earth Element lanthanum. A leachate experiment revealed that lanthanum could be released from the clay, but only in minute quantities of 0.13-2.13 μg l⁻¹ for a worst-case Phoslock^® dosage of 250 mg l⁻¹. A life-history experiment with the zooplankton grazer Daphnia magna revealed that lanthanum, up to the 1000 μg l⁻¹ tested, had no toxic effect on the animals, but only in medium without phosphorous. In the presence of phosphorous, rhabdophane (LaPO₄ · nH₂O) formation resulted in significant precipitation of the food algae and consequently affected life-history traits. With increasing amounts of lanthanum, in the presence of phosphate, animals remained smaller, matured later, and reproduced less, resulting in lower population growth rates. Growth rates were not affected at 33 μg La l⁻¹, but were 6% and 7% lower at 100 and 330 μg l⁻¹, respectively, and 20% lower at 1000 μg l⁻¹. A juvenile growth assay with Phoslock^® tested in the range 0-5000 mg l⁻¹, yielded EC₅₀ (NOEC) values of 871 (100) and 1557 (500) mg Phoslock^® l⁻¹ for weight and length based growth rates, respectively. The results of this study show that no major detrimental effects on Daphnia are to be expected from Phoslock^® or its active ingredient lanthanum when applied in eutrophication control.