空冷型自动追光百叶帘式光伏窗的应用研究

简述了国内外光伏技术在建筑窗体上的研究及应用现状,设计了一种自动追光百叶帘式光伏窗,将薄膜太阳能光伏片取代传统百叶帘中的百叶并内置于中空双层窗中,调节室内采光量的同时还能获得电能收益。通过光敏元件的控制使其具有追踪太阳光的能力,光伏百叶倾角的调节过程将形成扰流,加速空冷散热,进而提高光电转换效率。此外,利用不同的工作模式将散热量与室内外进行热量交换,进一步提升了光伏的发电效率,极大降低了室内建筑能耗,在建筑环境与能源应用领域拥有着广大的市场前景。     

玻璃窗在建筑节能中的作用及其特性分析

本研究根据中国不同地区的气候特点,利用玻璃窗模拟软件Window5.1和建筑环境设计模拟分析软件DeST2,以一个典型住宅建筑模型为研究对象,通过模拟计算9种典型玻璃窗的热工特性以及冬季供暖和夏季供冷的能耗,分析并评估了不同类型玻璃窗的节能特性和对建筑能耗的影响。从而可得出如下结论:在严寒和寒冷地区建议采用中空高透射Low-e玻璃窗;在夏热冬冷地区选用中空 内遮阳窗户类型可比普通单窗节能近20%;而在夏热冬暖地区可以选择低透射Low-e玻璃窗、中空 内遮阳模式或者普通单玻 内遮阳模式均可达到理想的节能效果。为将来的建筑外窗节能设计以及玻璃窗的合理选型设计提供参考依据。     

Modeling windows in DOE-2.1E

The most recent version of the DOE-2 building energy simulation program, DOE-2.1E, provides for more detailed modeling of the thermal and optical properties of windows. The window calculations account for the temperature effects on U-value, and update the incident angle correlations for the solar heat gain properties and visible transmittance. Initial studies show up to a 35% difference in calculating peak solar heat gain between the detailed approach and a constant shading-coefficient approach. The modeling approach is adapted from Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory's WINDOW 4 computer program, which is used in the National Fenestration Rating Council (NFRC) U-value rating procedure 100-91. This gives DOE-2.1E the capability to assess the annual and peak energy performance of windows consistent with the NFRC procedure. The program has an extensive window library and algorithms for simulating switchable glazings. The program also accounts for the influence of framing elements on the heat transfer and solar heat gain through the window.     

Camera-based window-opening estimation in a naturally ventilated office

Naturally ventilated offices enable users to control their environment through the opening of windows. Whilst this level of control is welcomed by users, it creates risk in terms of energy performance, especially during the heating season. In older office buildings, facilities managers usually obtain energy information at the building level. They are often unaware or unable to respond to non-ideal facade interaction by users often as a result of poor environmental control provision. In the summer months, this may mean poor use of free cooling opportunities, whereas in the winter space heating may be wasteful. This paper describes a low-cost, camera-based system to diagnose automatically the status of each window (open or closed) in a facade. The system is shown to achieve a window status prediction accuracy level of 90–97% across both winter and summer test periods in a case study building. A number of limitations are discussed including winter daylight hours, the impact of rain, and the use of fixed camera locations and how these may be addressed. Options to use this window-opening information to engage with office users are explored.     

节能门窗热工性能对建筑能耗影响的模拟研究

采用WINDOW和THERM软件模拟研究了典型节能门窗玻璃和整窗系统的热工性能,并结合杭州市全年气候条件,采用DeST软件模拟研究了配置不同节能门窗建筑的全年能耗状况.研究结果表明：门窗材料对于门窗热工性能有显著影响,选用低辐射系数的玻璃、热导率较小的木材等型材均可显著降低门窗的传热系数,而增加铝合金型材的厚度则增大了门窗的传热系数.不同材质、不同型号的节能门窗对杭州市建筑夏季制冷能耗和冬季采暖能耗产生不同影响,节能门窗实际选用时需根据当地气候条件具体考虑.     

Heat transfer modelling on windows and glazing under the exposure of solar radiation

Due to the effect of solar radiation on windows and glazing system the evaluation of heat flow is of primary importance in modeling the thermal performance within building interiors to account thermal comfort and overall energy consumption of a building. In this context the optical properties of window glazing are measured to determine the percentage absorption of incident solar radiation. An experimental study was performed in a room to measure the glazing surface temperature due to the global radiation on it. The corresponding window plane global radiation and horizontal global radiation were measured outside for simulation. Mathematical models have been developed to simulate the window plane solar radiation and corresponding glazing surface temperature aiming at validating the measured values. The thermal model is concerned with laminar heat transfer for natural and forced convection process according to the ambient conditions. The estimated errors between experimental and simulated values of window plane radiation and glazing temperature are shown to be within ±5%. Using the developed thermal model the heat flow inside the room through windows is determined. Thus overall heat transfer coefficient of glazing (U-factor) and the Solar Heat Gain (SHG) of building interior have been predicted from the simulation.     

绿色纤维素醚类热致调光材料的研制及节能效果

采用羟丙基甲基纤维素(HPMC)、氯化钠、纯净水研制了绿色纤维素醚类热致调光材料,测试了不同配比下的热致转变温度、可见光透射比及太阳光直射透射比。通过能耗模拟分析,研究了不同配比热致调光中空玻璃窗的节能效果。结果表明：羟丙基甲基纤维素(HPMC)、氯化钠、纯净水质量配比在2:15:100时,可以较好地满足实际建筑热致转换需求,以此配比研制的热致调光中空玻璃窗运用于夏热冬冷地区,其节能效果比Low E中空玻璃窗高约3%,比普通中空玻璃窗高约8%。此类热致调光材料在节能建筑和绿色建筑中具有广阔的应用前景。     

Real climate experimental study of two double window systems with preheating of ventilation air

This paper aims to characterize the thermal performance of a window system that consists in doubling an existing window, converting it into a ventilated double window. The air coming from the outside circulates upwards through the channel between windows and enters the building through a vent on the top of the window's case. A series of experimental measurements was conducted in a test cell exposed to real outdoor weather conditions located in a mountain region at Centre of Portugal, during heating season in order to determine how this window system can act as a heat exchanger. It was found that such window system act as an efficient heat exchanger using transmission heat losses and solar radiation to preheat ventilation air, thus reducing the building's operational energy costs. An average of about 19 m³/h of air flow rate was found with an air temperature increment within the air gap of about 6 °C, during night-time, for an indoor/outdoor temperature difference of about 16 °C. Air temperature increment reached up to 12 °C using a plastic shutter. With solar radiation, the average of that increment was about 10 °C. This is a simple and cheap building technology which can be implemented both in new and existing buildings.     

太阳能-地源热泵组合空调／热水系统的设计与应用

太阳能-地源热泵组合系统是将太阳能与地源热泵相结合的高效节能、绿色环保系统。在夏季太阳能充足的情况下,通过蓄热装置将过剩的太阳能储存在土壤中;冬季太阳能不足时,通过地源热泵将夏季储存的能量取出加以利用。天津某休闲会馆设置了一套太阳能-地源热泵组合系统,以实现供热、空调和供热水三联供。本文对该会馆所采用的太阳能与地源热泵组合系统进行了介绍,并对地源热泵和太阳能集热系统及太阳能跨季节蓄热分别进行了分析。     

建筑节能与玻璃

公共建筑与居住建筑是建筑整体构成的主要部分。建筑物的节能,以外围护结构节能为主;外围护结构节能由屋面、外墙、外窗节能构成。由于现代建筑设计中,外窗占外墙的比例越来越大,导致通过窗户造成的能源损耗约占整体建筑的1/3~1/2。因此,窗户的节能性十分重要。窗户由窗框、玻璃组成,玻璃约占整体窗户的80%~90%,窗玻璃的隔热性能至关重要。阐述了太阳光辐射热能的性质及各种玻璃的节能性,着重介绍了镀膜玻璃及相关节能效果,对建筑节能设计有一定的参考价值。     

夏热冬冷地区节能窗的设计与选择

夏热冬冷地区节能窗在设计方面应控制窗墙面积比,选择平开、下悬等封闭性较强的开启方式。在窗料选择上,塑料窗的节能要优于铝合金型材窗;在玻璃选择上,要根据地域气候特征,综合比较全年的能耗而决定,同样是夏热冬冷地区,不同地区玻璃遮蔽系数Se和传热系数U应有不同的选择。     

Passive annual heat storage principles in earth sheltered housing,a supplementary energy saving system in residential housing

This paper looks through the many benefits of earth not only as a building element in its natural form but as a building mass, energy pack and spatial enclosure which characterized by location, unique physical terrain and climatic factors can be utilized in developing housing units that will provide the needed benefits of comfort alongside the seasons. Firstly the study identifies existing sunken earth houses in the North-west of China together with identifying the characters that formed the ideas behind the choice of going below the ground. Secondly, the study examines the pattern of heat exchange, heat gains and losses as to identify the principles that makes building in earth significant as an energy conservation system. The objective of this, is to relate the ideas of sunken earth home design with such principles as the passive annual heat storage systems (PAHS) in producing houses that will serve as units used to collect free solar heat all summer and cools passively while heating the earth around it and also keeping warm in winter by retrieving heat from the soil while utilizing the free solar heat stored throughout the summer as a year-round natural thermal resource.     

公共建筑冬夏季累计评价法真空玻璃窗节能效果分析

将冬季和夏季门窗的逐时得热进行累积,得到采暖季和空调季的热工性能计算公式,进而对门窗的节能效果进行评价。针对同一公共建筑模型,分别选用真空玻璃铝合金窗替代单片白玻铝合金窗、普通中空玻璃铝合金窗和Low—E中空玻璃铝合金窗,按计算公式得到哈尔滨、北京、上海和广州地区和四个朝向窗户全年的累积得热值、节能率、节约能耗总量、节省的能源成本及污染物和温室气体排放量。     

炎热地区夏季窗户的热过程研究

以重庆地区为例，探讨了炎热地区夏季南向和西向窗户的太阳辐射得热问题。认为辐射得热是导致室内热环境恶化的首要原因，西向铝合金双玻窗的辐射得热高达520W／m^2，而基于室内外温差的热流最大也不超过50W／m^2；对于南向窗，太阳直射对室内热环境影响相对较小，天空散射与环境反射是窗户得热的主要来源。对炎热地区的窗户节能而言，有效控制辐射得热、采用遮阳装置是问题的关键。     

The performance of a passive solar house with window sunspace systems

The performance of a single family residential solar house with three different window systems is presented. Of these three systems, two are window sunspace systems that operate as a heating component in winter and as a solar chimney for summer ventilation.The first window sunspace system is a small, local one and operates like a Trombe wall. However, contrary to a Trombe wall, the system presented here allows the penetration of daylight like any window. This window system can easily be used in small apartment buildings, where extra area for full-scale sunspace is not available.The second window sunspace system is a large central one and is designed between two tilted roofs. The heat collected by this sunspace is driven down into the living area by forced convection. The central window sunspace system collects sufficient amount of energy to heat the floor, which is shaded by the neighbouring building to its south. Such a situation is frequently encountered in low-rise high density areas. The realized solution can generally be applied to such areas.Evaluation of the expected performance of the building was carried out during the design process by means of a detailed simulation model. Comparisons between actual measurements during the first year occupancy and the simulation model are presented.     

夏热冬冷地区居住建筑节能技术适用性分析

从建筑围护结构隔热保温、各种玻璃窗的热工性能参数对比、家用空调系统形式的对比、可再生能源在建筑节能中的应用等方面分别对夏热冬冷地区相应的节能技术进行了适用性分析.总结出了适合该地区的建筑节能技术,包括节能窗、遮阳设施、家用集中空调系统的选择和可再生能源利用等.认为充分结合该地区的气候和空调系统特点,合理选择相应的节能技术可以达到降低该地区居住建筑能耗的最终目的.     

门窗玻璃的热工性能对建筑能耗的影响

利用DeST-c软件,通过大量的模拟分析,探讨了不同气候区门窗玻璃的热工性能参数即传热系数(U)和太阳得热系数(SHGC)对建筑能耗的影响.结果表明:从节能方面考虑,对于严寒地区(哈尔滨),应降低K值,增加SHGC值.对于夏热冬暖地区(广州),应降低SHGC值.对于夏热冬冷地区(上海)和温和地区(重庆),应降低K值和SHGC值.而对于寒冷地区(北京),当窗墙比较大时,应降低K值和SHGC值;当窗墙比较小时,应降低K值,增加SHGC值.门窗玻璃的SHGC值全年固定不变对建筑节能不利.理想的门窗玻璃SHGC值应能随季节变化进行相应调整.     

A simple model for assessing the energy performance of windows

A simple model for the annual energy balance of the window taking solar radiation and heat losses into consideration has been further developed and analysed. Hourly meteorological data for the solar irradiation and the outside temperature are used together with the optical and thermal performance of the window to evaluate the net energy heat flow through a window. The model renders a very simple way to compare different advanced windows in different geographical locations, orientations and buildings using basically only the balance temperature as building input. The energy balance and the cost efficiency for several glazing combinations are evaluated for buildings with different balance temperatures in a typical mid-Swedish climate. This model has a potential to be used for energy rating of windows.     

Methods of estimating air infiltration through windows

The mechanism of air infiltration is reviewed as background for introducing a procedure that yields more reliable estimates of average infiltration rates through a window unit than do methods currently employed. The procedure is applied to estimating the average winter heat losses through windows in low-rise residential buildings variuosly located throughout the United States. It is concluded that, regardless of climate, the heat loss attributable to infiltration through the window unit is small compared with that incurred as a result of direct transmission of heat through the window.     

The use of a heavy internal wall with a ventilated air gap to store solar energy and improve summer comfort in timber frame houses

This paper considers supplementary heating and cooling within timber frame houses. The transmission of solar energy to an internal concrete cavity wall by air is analyzed. The objective of this work was initially to study the dynamic insulation in timber frame houses. The initial studies showed that it is more efficient to recover solar energy rather than heat losses, which is the principle of dynamic insulation. Clearly, the thermal regulations lead to lower heat losses through walls by conduction. Due to these factors we have decided to study a wall with an integrated solar air collector and a heavy ventilated internal wall. This internal wall, which is used to store solar energy will allow the reduction of heat demand in winter and will improve thermal comfort in summer because thermal mass increases and ventilation during the night will cool the internal wall. We have selected a closed loop air circulation system because, with an air to air heat exchanger, it can be proved to be more effective and the risk of unhealthy air pollution is reduced because the flow of fresh air will not pass through the ventilated air gap. We are constructing an integrated air collector prototype.