纳米Fe3 O4 磁性液体的稳定性研究

采用化学共沉淀法制备Fe3O4磁性粉体,采用球磨分散法将磁性粉体分散于水溶液中,制得稳定分散的纳米Fe3O4磁性液体。实验中用十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTAB)对纳米粉体进行表面处理和分散,主要研究球磨时间、溶液pH值和表面活性剂的用量对Fe3O4磁性液体稳定性的影响,从理论上对纳米粒子在水溶液中的分散稳定性进行了分析。结果表明:球磨时间、分散剂种类和用量以及溶液的pH值对磁性液体的稳定性有很重要的影响;在酸性条件下,球磨时间为4~5 h,十六烷基三甲基溴化铵用量为Fe3O4粉体用量的8%时,制得的磁性液体分散稳定性效果较好;表面活性剂在粒子表面起到了保护作用,抑制了粒子团聚长大,同时在溶液中还起到了分散作用,使得磁性液体具有较好的稳定性。     

纳米Fe3O4磁流体的制备及其影响因素研究

通过液相共沉淀法制备了Fe3O4水基磁流体,选择油酸作为表面活性剂,获得油酸包覆的Fe3O4纳米粉,将其分散于有机溶剂中,制备了纳米Fe3O4有机基磁流体。采用X-Ray衍射分析仪和粒径分布仪分析了生成物的结构和粒径分布;用FT-IR和高分辨透射电镜表征了生成物的成分和形貌。结果表明:制得的立方晶体纳米Fe3O4平均粒径为16.3 nm,FT-IR图谱中1 593、1 736和2 926 cm-1等处的吸收峰很强烈,这充分说明该纳米粒子被油酸很好地包覆;选择油酸作为表面活性剂,起到表面改性和萃取出纳米粒子的作用;制得的油酸包覆纳米Fe3O4粒子能够稳定分散于有机溶剂中。     

聚乙烯醇分散水基磁流体制备工艺

在聚乙烯醇(PVA)高分子溶液中制得聚乙烯醇分散水基磁流体.用Gouy磁天平对磁流体的磁性能进行了测试,用正交试验法优化了制备工艺.结果表明:当其它条件一定时,制备磁流体的各组分含量对其磁性能影响的主次顺序依次为碱含量(pH值)、PVA含量、Fe2 与Fe3 的数量比.其最佳制备条件为pH=1,PVA水溶液体积分数为70%,Fe2 与Fe3 数量比为1.2:2.     

琼脂铁氧体水基磁流体的制备

采用化学共沉淀法,选择食用琼脂为稳定剂,NaOH作沉淀剂在水溶液中共沉淀FeCl2和FeCl3得到Fe3O4磁粒子,由此制备具有高度生物亲和性的琼脂水基磁流体。用古埃磁天平法对影响磁流体磁性和稳定性的主要因素进行了研究。结果表明:在FeCl2.7H2O和FeCl3.9H2O的数量比为1∶1.7,pH值为11,反应温度50℃,时间30 min,琼脂和Fe3O4质量比为1∶1.6的条件下,可得到磁粒子粒径约12 nm,饱和磁化强度16 mT,对空气不敏感的高稳定性水基磁流体。该磁流体可用作X射线造影剂。     

纳米磁性液体的制备技术

文中对纳米磁性液体从概念、构成及性能上进行了综述研究,并在此基础上对纳米磁性液体的制备技术进行了探讨。用化学共沉淀法制备纳米Fe3O4磁性液体过程中,磁性粒子的纯度、稳定性和表面活性剂的控制问题是技术关键。     

受控部分还原法制备Fe3O4纳米粒子及其性能研究

采用受控部分还原法(CPRM)制备Fe3O4纳米粒子。由于反应乳液中的大分子表面活性剂限制了成核和核的生长过程,使得纳米粒子的粒径分布很好,且系统中纳米粒子的含量较微乳液法有明显提高。改变反应物浓度可使反应系统中的Fe2 稍过量,故采用CPRM时,反应系统无须惰性气体保护,合成的Fe3O4纳米粒子经TEM、X-ray、动态光散射和振动磁强计等进行表征,结果表明Fe3O4磁性粒子的平均粒径为16 nm,且粒径分布窄,具有极好的超顺磁性。CPRM法使得在一般条件下合成高质量的纳米粒子和Fe3O4磁流体成为可能。     

纳米Fe_3O_4/油酸添加剂对磨损表面的修饰作用

采用水热法合成了在液体石蜡中具有良好亲和性和稳定性的Fe3O4/油酸(OA)纳米粒子。四球测试实验结果表明:Fe3O4/OA纳米粒子作为液体石蜡添加剂具有良好的摩擦学性能。当Fe3O4/OA的添加量为0.25%时,可使摩擦因数和磨斑直径分别减小68.2%和16.9%。试球磨斑表面的SEM分析表明:Fe3O4/OA纳米粒子在磨损表面微观缺陷区域有良好的表面修饰作用,避免了摩擦副的直接接触,减少了摩擦界面的黏着磨损,进而有效地提高了液体石蜡的摩擦学性能。     

憎油性聚醚基磁流体的研制

采用阴离子表面活性剂和非离子表面活性剂双层包覆的方法制备得到聚醚基磁流体.通过研究表面活性剂的化学结构式,讨论了双层包覆方法的化学机理;重点探讨了非离子表面活性剂的种类、用量以及非离子表面活性剂的包覆温度对Fe304粒子分散性的影响;得到了提高包覆Fe3O3粒子分散稳定性的最佳工艺和参数.这种制备工艺能够显著提高聚醚基磁流体的稳定性.     

添加油酸修饰的纳米Fe3 O4粒子润滑油的摩擦学性能研究

利用化学共沉淀法制备了平均粒径为10nm、油酸表面修饰的Fe3O4粒子，并对其作为润滑油添加剂的摩擦学性能进行了研究。试验结果表明，添加油酸修饰的纳米Fe3O4粒子的润滑油表现出了较好的抗磨减摩性能，但是，纳米粒子的添加量有一最佳值。与基础油相比，添加纳米Fe3O4粒子润滑油的摩擦因数最大降低了26％，磨损量降低了28％。在摩擦磨损过程中，添加纳米Fe3O4粒子润滑油的摩擦力矩的变化表现出了时间效应。添加纳米Fe3O4粒子润滑油摩擦磨损后的磨痕表面比基础油摩擦磨损后的磨痕表面光滑，可以推测，纳米Fe3O4粒子对摩擦表面的抛光作用提高了润滑油的摩擦学性能。     

液相沉积法制备磁性纳米Fe3O4/SiO2复合粒子

采用液相沉积法在磁性Fe3O4纳米粒子的表面包覆了一层SiO2膜,制备磁性较强的纳米Fe3O4／SiO2复合粒子,采用IR、XPS、XRD、TEM、VSM等方法对复合粒子的性能进行了表征。结果表明：复合粒子的较佳制备条件为正硅酸乙酯(TEOS)的浓度为0．6mol／L,Fe3O4与TEOS物质的数量比为5：1,反应温度为50℃,搅拌速度为800r／min;在此条件下制得的复合粒子的粒径在20nm左右,比饱和磁化强度为60．5emu／g,呈球形且分散均匀。     

Minimal Realization of Linear Graph Models for Multi-physics Systems

An engineering system may consist of several different types of components,belonging to such physical"domains"as mechanical,electrical,fluid,and thermal.It is t...     

Non-monotonic material contrast in scanning ion and scanning electron images

30 keV Ga⁺ focused ion beam induced secondary electron (iSE) imaging was used to determine the relative contrast between several materials. The iSE signal compared from C, Si, Al, Ti, Cr, Ni, Cu, Mo, Ag, and W metal layers does not decrease with an increase in target atomic number Z₂, and shows a non-monotonic relationship between contrast and Z₂. The non-monotonic relationship is attributed to periodic fluctuations of the stopping power and sputter yield inherent to the ion–solid interactions. In addition, material contrast from electron-induced secondary electron (eSE) and backscattered electron (BSE) images using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) also shows non-monotonic contrast as a function of Z₂, following the periodic behavior of the stopping power for electron–solid interactions. A comparison of the iSE and eSE results shows similar relative contrast between the metal layers, and not complementary contrast as conventionally understood. These similarities in the contrast behavior can be attributed to similarities in the periodic and non-monotonic function defined by incident particle–solid interaction theory.     

Application of Feature Extraction through Convolution Neural Networks and SVM Classifier for Robust Grading of Apples

This paper proposes a novel grading method of apples,in an automated grading device that uses convolutional neural networks to extract the size,color,texture,an...     

分布动态载荷识别的抗噪处理

针对正交多项式频域法在用多种响应对矩形薄板进行载荷识别中抗噪性较差的问题,综合运用平均法、矩阵预处理和奇异值截断法等方法对之进行改善,并引入空间映射的思想,将该方法的应用范围拓展为复杂的模型.利用仿真算例,证实了该方法具有较好的抗噪性.     

基于MELTAC-N平台的核电厂安全级DCS环网研究与测试

针对工程实践中环网通讯相关问题的处理缺乏理论基础及国产化安全级DCS平台的开发缺乏成熟经验借鉴问题,对基于MELTAC-N平台核电厂安全级DCS环网的软硬件实现进行了研究。提出了安全级DCS环网双环网冗余设计、光切换开关设计等硬件设计方法,以及以RPR协议为基础,采用全数据收发策略的软件设计方法。在CPR1000安全级DCS平台上对安全级DCS环网的可靠性及实时性进行了评价,并进行了容错能力、响应时间及响应时间稳定性测试验证实验。结果表明,基于MELTAC-N平台安全级DCS环网软硬件设计具有较好的容错能力及响应时间稳定性。     

The laboratory simulation of abrasive wear

Abrasive wear has long been recognised as one of the most potentially serious tribological problems facing the operators of many types of plant and machinery; several industrial surveys have indicated that wear by abrasion can be responsible for more than 50% of unscheduled machine and plant stoppages. Locating the operating point of a tribological contact in an appropriate operational ‚map’︁ can provide a useful guide to the likely nature and origins of the surface degradation experienced in use, though care must be exercised in choosing the most suitable parameters for the axes of the plot. Laboratory testing of materials and simulations of machine contacts are carried out for a number of purposes; at one level for the very practical aims of ranking candidate materials or surface hardening treatments in order of their wear resistance, or in an attempt to predict wear lives under field conditions. More fundamentally, tests may be aimed at elucidating the essential physical mechanisms of surface damage and loss, with the longer term aim of building an analytical and predictive model of the wear process itself. In many cases, component surface damage is brought about by the ingress of hard, particulate matter into machine bearing or sealing clearances. These may be running dry although, more usually, a lubricant or service fluid is present at the interface. A number of standardised wear test geometries and procedures have been established for both two- and three-body wear situations, and these are briefly described. Although abrasive wear is often modelled as following an ‚Archard’︁ equation (i.e. a linear increase in material loss with both load and time, and an inverse dependence on specimen hardness) both industrial experience and laboratory tests of particularly lubricated contacts show that this is not always the case: increasing the hardness differential in an abrasively contaminated lubricated pair may not always reduce the rate of damage to the harder surface.     

Limits of topographic measurement by the scanning tunnelling and atomic force microscopes

Parameters describing the topographic character of a surface (height, surface wavelength, slope and curvature) can be derived from equivalent sinusoidal profiles. The response of a surface-measuring instrument may be modelled in terms of instrument parameters such as stylus radius, and scanning range and resolution. The performance of the instrument may then be mapped as a zone in amplitude-wavelength (AW) space to show the sinusoidal profiles it is capable of measuring. In a first-order analysis the STM and AFM are considered as equivalent to contact-stylus instruments with a notional stylus radius equal to the tip radius plus the gap. Comparisons between different instruments and types of instrument are readily made by mapping in AW space. The error arising from convolution of the sinusoidal profile with that of the finite tip may be quantified and plotted as contours in AW space.     

Fractional order nonsingular terminal sliding mode control for flexible spacecraft attitude tracking

This paper investigates a fractional terminal sliding mode control for flexible spacecraft attitude tracking in the presence of inertia uncertainties and extern...     

奥氏体不锈钢表面双辉等离子渗锆的动力学

利用双辉等离子渗金属技术在0Cr18Ni9Ti奥氏体不锈钢表面制备了一层均匀、致密、呈良好冶金结合的渗锆合金层,并对1 060℃下的渗锆动力学进行了研究。结果表明:随着距锆合金层表面距离的增加,锆元素的含量呈梯度递减,扩散系数逐渐减小,而扩散激活能逐步增大;在1 060℃采用双辉等离子技术渗锆时,渗锆合金层表层的空位密度为2.945×(1012~1013)cm-2,与相同温度下采用常规渗金属工艺相比,提高了1~2个数量级。     

气化炉三维扫描测量与数据处理

以德士古气化炉耐火砖的内壁蚀损检测设备为基础,对采集到的点云数据做了进一步处理.通过对数据的筛选和剔除,实现了数据点的平滑降噪细化和精简.然后利用点云对整、网格划分和分色显示等方法,最终完成了内壁腐蚀情况的三维建模.重点讨论了点云数据的预处理及后处理的方法,并根据内壁耐火砖的腐蚀阈值,提出了一种气化炉内壁腐蚀区域的识别与分割方法.对耐火砖的腐蚀分析、气化炉的生产与维修提供了可靠依据,并在工程应用中获得了一致认可.