中频带通ΣΔ调制器的建模与仿真设计

中频带通sigma-delta(ΣΔ)调制器是数字中频接收机的核心模块。基于一个双采样技术的低失真四阶带通sigma-delta调制器,分析了其主要的非理想特性,并建立了模型。利用根轨迹法对该调制器进行了稳定性研究,同时在TSMC 0.18μm的工艺下给出了该调制器的电路图以及版图的后仿真结果。后仿真结果显示了建立模型的准确性,证明该模型可以有效指导后级电路设计。     

一个16位高性能音频Sigma-Delta调制器

设计了一个适用于音频信号系统的sigma-delta调制器.针对24KHz的音频信号,比较了各种调制器结构,选择了二阶一位的采样型结构.sigma-delta调制器工作在1.8V电源电压下,采用全差分开关电容电路,功耗为6.5mW.仿真结果显示在256倍的过采样率,12.288MHz的采样频率下,信噪比(SNR)可达到98dB,实现16位的精度.该调制器采用UMC 0.18μm混合信号工艺实现,电容采用MIM结构,有效面积为0.209mm2.完全可用于设计低成本、高性能芯片.     

基于观测器的一类连续非线性系统的采样控制

首先使用反演方法分别设计了系统的连续时间状态反馈控制器、连续时间观测器和基于连续时间观测器的连续时间控制器. 接下来, 利用零阶保持法对连续时间状态反馈控制器进行离散化, 获得了状态反馈采样控制器; 利用零阶保持法对基于连续时间观测器 的连续时间控制器离散化, 获得了基于连续时间观测器的采样控制器; 利用Euler法对连续时间观测器离散化, 同时利用零阶保持法对控制器离散化, 从而获得了采样观测器和基于采样观测器的采样控制器. 本文论证了上述状态反馈采样控制器和基于连续时间观测器的采样控制器可以保证闭环系统渐近稳定, 而基于采样观测器的采样控制器可以保证被控对象的状态是有界的, 其最终边界依赖于设计参数与采样周期. 最后, 通过选择适当的采样周期, 完成了闭环采样控制系统的设计. 一个船舶航向控制的例子表明应用本文 所提方法设计出的三种采样控制器具有良好的控制效果.     

基于混合信号的状态估计方法

传统的系统状态估计方法只用到连续信号,而离散测量信号所包含的信息没有得到利用.提出一种基于混合信号(包括连续和离散)的系统状态估计方法,既利用了连续信号,也用到离散信号的信息.该方法将离散信号的变化视作系统的离散事件,提取其准确的信息并参与系统状态估计,构成具有混合系统特性的新型状态估计器.还讨论了该估计器的稳定性条件和设计方法.仿真实验证明这种所提出的状态估计方法可以有效地改善系统的状态估计性能.     

基于Rough集的连续属性离散化方法

连续属性离散化是Rough集理论应用中面临的主要问题之一.提出了一种基于的Rough集连续属性离散化方法.首先提出主泛化决策等概念,在数据过滤方法的基础上,利用等价类的合并对属性离散化.实验表明,利用该方法对数据进行离散预处理后提取的规则具有较好的分类预测准确性.     

基于柔性逻辑的区分矩阵属性约简算法

传统的基于区分矩阵的属性约简算法只能处理离散数据,而绝大部分数据既包含离散属性又包含连续属性.针对这一问题,本文使用一种可以对离散数据和连续数据进行统一处理的方法.该方法利用柔性逻辑等价关系替代原来的不可分辨关系,简化了传统算法中的离散化过程,提高了算法效率.实验表明,与传统的算法相比,改进后算法省略了离散化这一过程,可以对离散数据和连续数据统一进行处理.     

一种不确定离散时间系统的变结构控制方法

针对离散时间系统变结构控制中存在的问题,利用指数趋近律的趋近特性,提出一种新的离散变结构控制方法.利用递推估计的方法设计变结构控制律,有效地抵消了线性系统中慢变不确定性的影响,实现了对慢变非线性系统的控制.该方法克服了以往控制方法中需已知扰动上界的限制,降低了抖振,加快了趋近速度.仿真结果证明了该方法的有效性.     

连续型Δ∑调制器设计综述

Δ∑调制器作为数字转换器中重要的类型,以其较高精度及对CMOS工艺演进的更强适应性得到广泛应用.阐述了Δ∑调制器中连续型的Δ∑调制器的主要设计要点,介绍了国内外在连续型Δ∑调制器上的研究现状,并对相应设计方法进行分类总结.分析了连续Δ∑调制器的工作原理、系统结构、电路误差及模型,对其发展趋势以及面临的挑战进行了总结.结果说明合理地利用新工艺及新型积分器可以有效提高连续型Δ∑调制器的带宽及能效.     

基于二维混合模型的重复控制系统稳定性分析与控制器设计

针对一类线性不确定系统, 提出一种基于连续/离散二维混合模型的重复控制系统设计新方法. 首先建立重复控制系统的连续/离散二维混合模型, 将重复控制器设计问题转化为一类连续/离散二维系统的稳定性问题; 然后应用二维连续/离散系统方法, 给出了重复控制系统新的稳定性条件. 进一步, 利用线性矩阵不等式方法, 获得了重复控制系统稳定边界和重复控制器参数的计算方法. 与现有方法不同的是, 本文以二维混合模型来描述重复控制系统, 更加符合其本质特征, 实现了对重复控制过程中两种不同行为的独立调节. 最后, 数值仿真实例验证了本文所提方法的有效性.     

一种基于云模型的决策表连续属性离散化方法

传统Rough集理论只能处理离散属性,所以在对决策表进行处理之前,必须对决策表中的连续属性进行离散化.本文提出了一种基于云模型的、领域独立的决策表连续属性离散化方法,尤其适合大数据量的情形.该方法首先根据数据的实际分布,利用云变换将连续属性的定义域划分为多个基于云的定性概念,然后利用决策表不确定性程度的反馈信息合并相邻的定性概念.这种离散化方法是一种软划分,更加符合实际的数据分布和人的思维方式另外通过合并相邻的定性概念,能够有效提高信息系统中信息的粒度,从而提高所挖掘规则的统计意义和预测强度.     

Optimal digital controller and observer design for multiple time-delay transfer function matrices with multiple input–output time delays

In this article, we address the optimal digital design methodology for multiple time-delay transfer function matrices with multiple input–output time delays. In our approach, the multiple time-delay analogue transfer function matrix with multiple input–output time delays is minimally realised using a continuous-time state-space model. For deriving an explicit form of the optimal digital controller, the realised continuous-time multiple input–output time-delay system is discretised, and an extended high-order discrete-time state-space model is constructed for discrete-time LQR design. To derive a low-order optimal digital observer for the multiple input–output time-delay system, the multiple time-delay state obtained from the multiple time-delay outputs is discretised. Then, the well-known duality concept is employed to design an optimal digital observer using the low-order discretised multiple input time-delay system together with the newly discretised multiple time-delay state. The proposed approach is restricted to multiple time-delay systems where multiple time delays arise only in the input and output, and not in the state.     

Subspace identification of continuous time models for process fault detection and isolation

This paper proposes a novel subspace approach towards identification of optimal residual models for process fault detection and isolation (PFDI) in a multivariate continuous-time system. We formulate the problem in terms of the state space model of the continuous-time system. The motivation for such a formulation is that the fault gain matrix, which links the process faults to the state variables of the system under consideration, is always available no matter how the faults vary with time. However, in the discrete-time state space model, the fault gain matrix is only available when the faults follow some known function of time within each sampling interval. To isolate faults, the fault gain matrix is essential. We develop subspace algorithms in the continuous-time domain to directly identify the residual models from sampled noisy data without separate identification of the system matrices. Furthermore, the proposed approach can also be extended towards the identification of the system matrices if they are needed. The newly proposed approach is applied to a simulated four-tank system, where a small leak from any tank is successfully detected and isolated. To make a comparison, we also apply the discrete time residual models to the tank system for detection and isolation of leaks. It is demonstrated that the continuous-time PFDI approach is practical and has better performance than the discrete-time PFDI approach.     

频率合成器中Σ-Δ调制器的设计与实现

本文首先介绍了Σ-Δ调制技术的基本原理,分析了一阶及高阶Σ-Δ调制器,最后结合一阶Σ-Δ调制器,给出了在FPGA器件上实现Σ-Δ调制器的设计。仿真结果表明,设计实现了Σ-Δ调制器,通过控制分频器实现了小数分频,方法简单易行。与运用Matlab软件仿真的结果完全一致,并进一步证实了高阶数字Σ-Δ调制对量化相位噪声的高通整形特性,从而有效地解决了小数分频频率合成器中的小数杂散问题,具有很高的实用性。     

Robust fuzzy control of nonlinear systems with parametricuncertainties

Addresses the robust fuzzy control problem for nonlinear systems in the presence of parametric uncertainties. The Takagi-Sugeno (T-S) fuzzy model is adopted for fuzzy modeling of the nonlinear system. Two cases of the T-S fuzzy system with parametric uncertainties, both continuous-time and discrete-time cases are considered. In both continuous-time and discrete-time cases, sufficient conditions are derived for robust stabilization in the sense of Lyapunov asymptotic stability, for the T-S fuzzy system with parametric uncertainties. The sufficient conditions are formulated in the format of linear matrix inequalities. The T-S fuzzy model of the chaotic Lorenz system, which has complex nonlinearity, is developed as a test bed. The effectiveness of the proposed controller design methodology is finally demonstrated through numerical simulations on the chaotic Lorenz system     

State-space forms for higher-order discrete-time models

This paper presents a fundamental study of the connection between continuous- and discrete-time systems. Provided is a definition for discrete-time models, that is discrete-time systems with a continuous-time counterpart, whose order can be higher than that of the continuous-time system. This definition is based on a comparison in a certain sense on the time responses of continuous- and discrete-time systems. A theorem is presented for relating the higher-order discrete-time models to their continuous-time counterparts, which is an extension of a previous theorem for models with order equal to that of the continuous-time system. State-space forms are derived for models obtained through the use of a certain class of hold elements and through the use of mapping models, and these discrete-time systems are shown to be valid according to the definition. Special cases are models obtained using first-order and slewer hold devices, whose convergence to a continuous-time counterpart has not been shown mathematically before, and mapping models corresponding to two-step linear multi-step methods, which have not previously presented in the state-space form. The derived state-space forms provide a convenient way to implement these models for purposes of analysis, design, and implementation of discrete-time systems and finds applications in such areas as digital signal processing, digital simulation, and digital control.     

Discrete-time adaptive sliding mode control of a linear system in statespace form

A discrete-time adaptive sliding mode controller for linear systems represented by the state space is presented. The controller is developed using the delta operator, which is better for approximating continuous-time systems than the shift operator. The use of the delta model allows the selection of the sliding surface to be similar to that for the continuous-time case. It is shown that the adaptive control algorithm leads to a stable closed-loop system. Simulation results are presented to illustrate the features of the proposed control scheme.     

H∞-optimal controller discretization

A redesign method for discretizing a continuous-time controller is proposed. The resulting hybrid control system, for example with continuous-time plant and discrete-time controller, is stable, and performance including the system's inter-sampling behaviour can be optimized by approximating some chosen reference transfer function of the continuous-time control system. In order to obtain a tractable problem, the continuous-time part of the hybrid system and the reference transfer function are approximated by a discrete-time system with arbitrary fast sampling. After lifting the resulting periodic system, the approximation problem can be formulated as a standard H_∞-problem which is solved using standard software for H_∞-controller design.     

Quadratic stabilizability of switched linear systems with polytopic uncertainties

In this paper, we consider quadratic stabilizability via state feedback for both continuous-time and discrete-time switched linear systems that are composed of polytopic uncertain subsystems. By state feedback, we mean that the switchings among subsystems are dependent on system states. For continuous-time switched linear systems, we show that if there exists a common positive definite matrix for stability of all convex combinations of the extreme points which belong to different subsystem matrices, then the switched system is quadratically stabilizable via state feedback. For discrete-time switched linear systems, we derive a quadratic stabilizability condition expressed as matrix inequalities with respect to a family of non-negative scalars and a common positive definite matrix. For both continuous-time and discrete-time switched systems, we propose the switching rules by using the obtained common positive definite matrix.     

Regulator design for continuous-time distributed parameter systems by discrete-time controls

In this paper, a regulator problem is investigated regarding a continuous-time parabolic distributed parameter system with constant disturbances. The regulator problem is to determine a feedback control law which stabilizes and regulates the system. A new feedback control law is presented which stabilizes the continuous-time system and regulates the output, using only discrete-time controls. The design procedure of a regulator can be realized in finite-dimensional theories and techniques.     

Constrained controllability of discrete-time systems†

The constrained controllability of the discrete-time system x_k+1=A(k)x_k+B(k)u,_k is considered where the control uk is termed admissible if it satisfies specified magnitude constraints. Constrained controllability is concerned with the existence of an admissible control which steers the state x to a given target set from a specified initial state

Conditions for checking constrained controllability to a given target set from a specified initial state are presented. These conditions involve solving finite-dimensional optimization problems and can be checked via numerical computation. In addition, conditions for checking global constrained controllability to a given target set are presented. A system is globally constrained controllable if for every initial state, there exists an admissible control that steers the system to the target.

If a given discrete-time system is constrained controllable, it may be desirable to obtain an admissible control that steers the system to the target from a specified initial state. Such a control is called a steering control. Results for computing steering controls are also presented

This paper is concluded with a numerical example. In this example, it is shown that the constrained controllability of a continuous-time system which has been discretized is dependent on the discretization time. The set of states which can be steered to the target changes as the discretization time changes. Furthermore, the example shows that a discrete-time steering control cannot always be obtained by discretizing a continuous-time steering control; the steering control for the discrete-time system must be obtained directly from the discrete-time model.