Effects of discectomy on the stress distribution in the lumbar spine.

The change of the stress distribution of the lumbar spine after discectomy was analysed by the three-dimensional finite element method. It was shown that the stress level in the posterior element was higher, but that in the anterior element was lower than before disc excision. The most significant change of the stress distribution was found in the trabecular bone of the vertebral body. It is considered that in discectomy the normal disc tissue should be preserved as much as possible to maintain good function of the spine.

     

人工腰椎间盘置换术治疗腰椎间盘退行性变的初步效果

目的 探讨人工腰椎间盘置换术治疗腰椎间盘退行性病变的初步效果。方法 2001年4月～2003年10月，应用改良型SB Charite Ⅲ型人工腰椎间盘行椎间盘置换术6例。结果 至2003年10月，6例均获随访，随访时间30-18个月(平均24．5个月)。术前JOA下腰痛平均评分4．83分；术后11．83分。结论 人工腰椎间盘置换术是治疗腰椎间盘退行性病变的一种新方法，其近期疗效满意，但应严格掌握手术适应证并进一步随访观察远期疗效。     

肥胖与腰椎间盘退变的关联性临床研究

目的探讨肥胖与腰椎间盘退变的关联性。方法筛选符合既定相关标准的研究对象150例,分为病例观察组60例、病例对照组60例、健康组30例,均进行MRI检查,再根据Pfirrmann分级方法判断腰椎间盘退变的程度,然后运用统计软件对所得资料进行分析。结果病例观察组及病例对照组腰椎间盘退变为Ⅴ级与健康组腰椎间盘退变为Ⅴ级所占比例比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）;病例对照组中,肥胖者腰椎间盘退变为Ⅳ～Ⅴ级所占比例与超重及正常体重者间腰椎间盘退变为Ⅳ～Ⅴ级所占比例相比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）,健康组中,肥胖者的腰椎间盘退变程度也比超重及正常体重者严重。结论体质指数越大,腰椎间盘退变的程度越高,肥胖可能是引发腰椎间盘退变的危险因素之一。     

The lumbar disc.

Some cases of low back pain and sciatica can be due to chemical radiculitis caused by irritant glycoprotein from the nucleus pulposus in contact with the nerve root. The beneficial effects of active and maintenanc f mobilization of the nerve root.     

Stress distribution and bone density in the lumbar spine.

The stress distribution of the lumbar spine was analyzed with a mechanical model of the lumbar motion segment constructed by a three-dimensional finite element method, and the results were compared with the corresponding bone density represented by the value of CT. The results showed that the stress levels in the various parts of the lumbar spine were closely related to the CT values. The authors conclude that the dynamic balance of bone growth is maintained in large part by mechanical stress.     

脊柱腰段三维有限元模型的构建与椎间盘应力分析

［摘要］ 目的建立正常脊柱腰段三维有限元模型,为生物力学研究及腰椎损伤研究提供可靠模型。 方法采集1名健康成年男性脊柱腰段CT和MRI断层影像数据,应用Mimics软件依据CT数据对全部腰椎骨及骶骨上部进行三维模型重建,依据MRI数据对L1~L5椎间盘髓核进行三维模型重建。将椎骨与髓核进行空间配准,在此基础上建立椎间盘、关节囊和韧带的三维模型。在Ansys中划分网格并定义材料属性,对模型施加运动性载荷模拟脊柱腰段处于前屈、后伸、侧弯和扭转等运动工况下的生物力学特征,验证模型的有效性。 结果建立了完整的脊柱腰段三维有限元模型,包含椎骨、椎间盘、骶骨上端、韧带、关节囊等重要结构,总节点数为104 190个、总单元数为339 165个。模型通过有效性验证,运动工况下的角位移范围和椎间盘的应力分布特点符合腰椎的生物力学特性。 结论本研究建立的三维有限元模型仿真度高,可用于脊柱腰段的生物力学研究以及模拟疾病和手术对腰椎生物力学的影响。     

Degenerative disc disease of the lumbar spine on MRI

A retrospective analysis was done of all patients referred for MRI of the lumbar spine at the University Hospital of the West Indies, Kingston, Jamaica, during the three-year period January 1, 2005 and December 31, 2007. Data were collected to determine patients 'age, gender, weight and the presence or absence of degenerative disc disease (DDD). The patients' presenting symptoms were not evaluated. There were 362 patients examined: 154 males, 204 females and four uncharacterized, aged between 8 and 87 (mean age = 50.45) years. Degenerative Disc Disease (DDD), was found in 283 (78.2%) patients: 121 males, 159 females and three unidentified, with a total of 669 degenerate discs. L 4/5 and L 5/S 1 were most frequently affected accounting for 31.2% and 30.6% of degenerate discs respectively. Patients with DDD were significantly heavier and significantly older than patients without disc disease. Gender was not predictive of DDD in general nor of involvement of any particular disc though a marginally significant tendency was found for males to more frequently have DDD at L1/2 and L5/S1. Conclusion: Degenerative disc disease of the lumbar spine occurred more frequently in older and heavier patients. Gender did not affect the presence or the extent of the disease; compared to females, males showed a marginally increased tendency to have DDD at L1/2 and L5/S1.     

腰椎间盘及小关节退变程度与曲度变化的关系

目的探讨腰椎间盘和小关节退变程度与曲度变化的关系。方法通过改良Pfirrmann分级系统评价腰椎间盘退变程度,采用Seze判定法取MRI正中矢状位T2WI图像评估腰椎变直与否,运用Weishaupt分级标准评价腰椎小关节骨关节炎程度。结果椎小关节骨关节炎影像学分级与椎间盘退变分级显著相关(P<0.01);腰椎曲度变直与曲度正常2组间椎小关节骨关节炎影像学分级及椎间盘退变程度差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),而腰椎间盘各节段退变形式与腰椎曲度变化相关(P<0.01),并且在椎间盘退变较明显的患者中,腰椎曲度变直与曲度正常2组间椎小关节骨关节炎影像学表现差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。结论腰椎曲度与椎间盘和椎小关节组成三关节复合体相互协调作用,同时腰椎间盘各节段退变形式可能影响腰椎曲度变化。     

腰椎间盘退变的候选基因研究进展

本文总结了目前国内外对腰椎间盘退变遗传学方面的研究,旨在找出椎间盘退变的候选基因,以达到分析基因多态性与椎间盘退变易感性的关系及筛选易感人群的目的。     

经皮全脊柱内镜技术治疗腰椎间盘突出症的疗效分析

目的 分析经皮全脊柱内镜技术治疗腰椎间盘突出症的临床疗效。 方法 经皮全脊柱内镜手术的腰椎间盘突出患者并随访时间超过12个月的共1143例。其中,经椎间孔入路832例,经椎板间隙入路311例。观察术中术后的并发症发生情况,采用Mac Nab标准评价术后12个月疗效。结果术中术后共发生并发症84例,发生率7.34%。术后12个月时随访优470例(41.1%)、良590例(51.6%)、可60例(5.2%)、差23例(2.0%),优良率92.7%。结论经皮全脊柱内镜技术治疗腰椎间盘突出症能够获得满意的临床疗效,但是存在一定的并发症,应该严格把握手术适应症,并做好并发症的应对措施。     

经皮脊柱内窥镜下腰椎间盘切除术治疗腰椎间盘突出症的疗效

目的探讨经皮脊柱内窥镜下腰椎间盘切除术治疗腰椎间盘突出症的疗效。方法腰椎间盘突出症患者460例,在C型臂X线引导下实施侧后路经皮脊柱内窥镜下椎间盘髓核摘除、射频热凝纤维环成形术。于术前、术后各时点记录VAS评分,并于术后6个月时进行MacNab疗效评定。结果优效率为57．8％（266／460例）,良效率为39．4％（181／460例）,无效率为2．8％（13／460例）,总有效率为97．2％（447／460例）。术后各时点VAS评分较术前均明显降低,差异有统计学意义（P〈O．05）。结论经皮脊柱内窥镜下椎间盘切除术可有效治疗腰椎间盘突出症。     

基质金属蛋白酶-3和维生素D受体的基因多态性与腰椎间盘退变的易感性

目的探索基质金属蛋白酶-3（MMP-3）和维生素D受体（VDR）的基因多态性与腰椎间盘退变的关系。方法采用病例对照研究方法,以CT确诊腰椎间盘退变患者178人为病例组,随机选择体检人员中无腰背痛史且腰椎功能正常者284人为对照。应用聚合酶链反应-限制性片段长度多态性（PCR-RFLP）的方法分析MMP-3和VDR的基因多态性。结果MMP-3和VDR-Apa的等位基因5A和A在病例组中的分布明显高于对照组（P〈0．05）,其OR值分别为1．96和1．70。而VDR-Taq的等位基因t在两组间分布没有统计学差异（P〉0．05）。分层分析显示男性腰椎间盘退变仅与MMP-3基因多态性有关,而女性则与MMP-3和VDR-Apa基因多态性均有关。叉生分析显示MMP-3的等位基因5A和VDR-Apa的等位基因A同时存在对腰椎间盘退变有交互促进作用。结论MMP-3和VDR-Apa的多态基因型是腰椎间盘退变的危险基因。     

不同时间腰椎正骨治疗腰椎间盘突出症的疗效

目的探讨不同时间腰椎正骨治疗腰椎间盘突出症(LIDP)的临床疗效。方法选择符合入选标准的LIDP患者80例,分为对照组、急性期正骨组、亚急性期正骨组和恢复期正骨组,每组20例。对照组患者予以电针和中药热雾治疗,急性期正骨组、亚急性期正骨组和恢复期正骨组患者在对照组治疗的基础上,分别在LIDP急性期、亚急性期及恢复期给予正骨治疗,治疗结束后比较疗效。结果亚急性期正骨组患者治疗后LDIP评分和治疗有效率高于对照组、急性期正骨组和恢复期正骨组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);对照组、急性期正骨组和恢复期正骨组LDIP评分和治疗有效率比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论电针和中药热雾治疗LIDP疗效确切,中医正骨治疗LIDP的最佳时机是亚急性期。     

腰椎间盘退变中终板骨软骨炎的低场MRI诊断

目的探讨低场MRI对腰椎间盘退变中终板骨软骨炎的诊断价值。方法对60例腰椎间盘退变中终板骨软骨炎的低场MRI表现进行回顾性分析。结果 60例患者共累及终板136个,按Modic分型,Ⅰ型77个（56.6%）;Ⅱ型45个（33.1%）;Ⅲ型14个（10.3%）。多发累及49例（81.7%）;单发11例（18.3%）。好发于下腰段,累及双侧终板多见。结论低场MRI能准确显示腰椎间盘退变中终板骨软骨炎的部位、范围及各期信号特点,为临床制定合理的治疗方案提供了有力依据。     

不同滑脱程度退变性腰椎滑脱椎间盘形态改变及意义

目的:观察不同滑脱程度的退变性腰椎滑脱的椎间盘影像学特点,探讨椎间盘退变程度、椎间隙角度及椎间隙高度与不同程度退变性腰椎滑脱的关系.方法:回顾性分析了2009年10月至2011年11月北京市石景山医院和北京大学第三医院L4/5退变性腰椎滑脱患者51例,Ⅰ度退变性腰椎滑脱35例为试验1组,Ⅱ度退变性腰椎滑脱16例为试验2组;对L4/5椎间盘退变程度按照Pfirrmann法分级,CT测定L4/5椎间盘正中矢状面的椎间隙角度和椎间隙高度,对所得数据进行统计学分析.结果:实验1组L4/5椎间盘MRI退变程度B、C、D、E级分别为0、23、11及1例,试验2组分别为2、10、3及1例,两组椎间盘退变程度间差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);CT测量L4/5椎间隙角度实验1组和试验2组分别为(3.49±1.91)°和(2.14±1.38)°,实验1组椎间隙角度明显大于实验2组(P＜0.05);椎间隙高度实验1组和试验2组分别为(8.57±1.80) mm和(7.40±1.54)mm,两组间比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论:椎间隙角度减小和椎间隙高度丢失严重程度,可能是导致退变性腰椎滑脱出现不同滑脱程度的重要因素之一.     

四环素对退变腰椎间盘影响的实验研究

目的观察四环素延缓和抑制大鼠腰椎间盘退变病理变化的作用及与基质金属蛋白酶（MMP）的关系。方法建立大鼠腰椎间盘退变模型。实验设正常组、模型组、四环素治疗组（造模后4周,每日皮下注射四环素25mg,持续2周）。大鼠在退变模型建立8周后处死,HE染色光镜观察各组腰椎间盘组织病理改变,免疫组织化学和蛋白印记实验检测腰椎间盘组织MMP-3的表达。结果动物模型建立8周后除正常组外,其它各组椎间盘组织均出现不同程度退行性病理改变,四环素治疗组病理改变较模型组减轻。四环素治疗组椎间盘组织中MMP-蛋白表达呈弱阳性,与模型组差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）,与正常组无统计学意义。蛋白印记检测同免疫组化结果相同。结论MMP-3的增高可导致椎间盘细胞外基质降解,而四环素能降低MMP-3的表达,从而减轻椎间盘基质的降解,延缓和抑制实验性大鼠腰椎间盘退变的形成。     

腰椎软骨终板细胞凋亡与椎间盘退变的关系

目的:建立脊柱退变的动物模型,确定脊柱软骨终板细胞凋亡在脊柱退变过程中的意义。方法:选取健康大白鼠24只,随机分为实验组和对照组。建立模型后,在不同时间段对腰椎标本行矢状位切片,分离软骨终板和椎间盘。计数椎间盘软骨终板细胞凋亡数量,评估软骨终板消失状况。结果:腰椎间盘退变的组织学表现,HE染色观察腰椎间盘细胞凋亡状况,TUNEL染色比较对照组和实验组在18周均有明显差别。结论:脊柱退变模型显著增加了软骨终板细胞凋亡数量,腰椎间盘退变过程加速,所以软骨终板细胞凋亡是椎间盘发生退行性变的重要原因。     

Paraplegia by acute cervical disc protrusion after lumbar spine surgery

Non-traumatic paraplegia caused by herniation of the cervical intervertebral disc is an uncommon postoperative complication. A patient with claudication and radiculopathy was scheduled for lumbar laminectomy due to spinal stenosis. Postoperatively, numbness below T6 was found in his both legs of the patient. MRI showed a protruded intervertebral disc between C6 and C7. Despite urgent disectomy, the patient's lower extremities remained paralyzed without significant improvement for 3 months. Loss of muscle support during general anesthesia, excessive neck extension during endotracheal intubation and positioning, as well as bucking and agitation are believed as triggering factors for the protrusion of the cervical disc. We suggest that a complete history taking and physical examination be accomplished in patients scheduled for lumbar spine surgery in order to exclude coexisting cervical spine disorders. In addition, skillful endotracheal intubation and careful neck positioning are mandatory for patients receiving surgery in the prone position.     

The anatomy of the lumbar intervertebral disc syndrome.

Four elements of the nervous system may be involved in the production of the lumbar intervertebral disc syndrome. These are the lumbosacral nerve roots, the spinal nerves, the dorsal rami and the sinuvertebral nerves. Each nerve is associated with a particular group of pathological conditions which may irritate the nerve and produce symptoms. The anatomy of each nerve determines which particular conditions may irritate it. Moreover, one or both of two mechanisms may be involved in symptom production. The type of nerve irritated determines which mechanism is involved. In the first mechanism, low back pain and referred lower limb symptoms are produced when afferent fibres from dorsal and ventral rami are stimulated where they pass in common through spinal nerves or nerve roots. In the second mechanism, dorsal rami or sinuvertebral nerves are stimulated. This directly produces low back pain, but referred pain is produced by reflex mechanisms in the spinal cord.     

基质金属蛋白酶-3在实验性腰椎间盘退变中的表达及其意义

目的检测实验性椎间盘退变中MMP-3的表达,进一步研究椎间盘退变的发病机制。方法建立SD大鼠腰椎间盘退变模型为实验组,正常SD大鼠为对照组,每组各16只,采用免疫组织化学、SDS—PAGE进行检测两组椎间盘组织中MMP-3的表达。结果实验组和对照组的椎间盘组织均有MMP-3表达,实验组的MMP-3表达较对照组显著增高（P〈0．05）。结论MMP-3在腰椎间盘退变的发生和发展中起着非常重要的作用。