水平正方形小通道内氮气-水两相流流型特性

利用高速摄影仪对正方形小通道(dh=1 mm)内氮气-水两相水平流动进行可视化观察,对流动特性进行了实验研究.获得了典型的流型图像,并观测到了很少见的毛细泡状流,但是未发现常规尺寸通道中的层流流型.将本文实验结果与相关文献比较,结果表明:相同(相近)水力直径的小通道内,截面形状和实验条件对小通道内流型转变有显著的影响.     

超临界CO2在垂直圆管内对流换热实验研究

本文对超临界压力CO2在垂直圆管(Din=2mm)内在高进口雷诺数和低进口雷诺数条件下的对流换热进行了实验研究,以研究变物性、浮升力和热加速对流动和换热的影响.实验结果发现,在低进口雷诺数情况下,向上流动中管子入口处出现了局部壁面温度下降,而在向下流动中未观察到此类现象;在高进口雷诺数情况下,向上流动中壁面温度发生了异常分布,这主要是因为向上流动中浮升力使得湍流发生了层流化现象,而在向下流动中未观察到此类现象.     

细小圆管内液体流动特性实验研究

本文实验研究了去离子水在直径为 1.0～2.0 mm 的细小圆管中的流动阻力特性.通过比较相同直径、不同管长的压差,获得了摩擦因子及局部损失系数随 Re 数变化关系.本文实验条件下,对于不同直径的细小圆管,沿程压降及局部压降随流速变化趋势一致;随着管径减小,摩擦因子也减小,且在层流区和湍流区内均要比常规尺度条件下的小;对于不同直径的细小圆管,局部损失系数随 Re 数变化趋势基本一致,当 Re 数相同时,管径越小,对应的局部损失系数越大;对于直径为 1.0～2.0 mm 的细小圆管,临界雷诺数 Rec=2050～2300.     

流体横掠圆形微针肋热沉流动与传热特性

本文以去离子水为冷却工质,对流体横掠当量直径为90～200 μm的圆形微针肋阵列热沉的流动与传热特性进行了实验研究.实验数据显示:对于叉排实验件热沉,摩擦阻力系数对雷诺数的依变关系在Re=100前后发生转变;端壁效应、高径比和布置方式对摩擦阻力系数有很大影响;努塞尔特数随雷诺数的增大显著增大,其依变关系在双对数坐标下呈现较好的线性关系.     

微通道内流体流动的阻力特性

本文重点研究了微通道内入口效应和粗糙度等因素对流动阻力特性的影响。实验结果表明;对于粗糙度3.5%,水力直径为345μm的微圆管,入口段长度比常规管道短,转捩雷诺数Re_c位于2000～2300,其内入口效应并不影响微管内流体从层流到湍流转捩的拐点位置;内径为112.6μm和169.8μm,高宽比为0.59和0.63以及粗糙分别为1.29%和2.03%的矩形微通道内流动由层流向湍流的转捩发生在Re≈1600～2800之间。实验结果表明,微尺度是微管内流体转捩提前的必要条件,但不是充分条件,拐点提前是由多因素综合作用所造成的结果,其机理有待于进一步研究。     

用泊肖叶公式测液体粘滞系数条件的说明

作为测定液体粘滞系数的方法之一,用泊肖叶公式测液体的粘滞系数。目前几乎所有的高校都开设这一实验。翻阅手头上能得到的各校实验教材,可以看出对实验时应满足的条件,要么不予交待,要么交待得不全。下面对这个问题作一扼要说明。不言而喻,泊肖叶公式适用于稳定的层流情况。因此,它要求实验时所测流体在管中的流动必需是稳定的层流。我们知道,流体在管中的流动是层流还是紊流,可用雷诺数 R 的大小进行判断。通常认为,R<1000流体在管中的流动为层流;R>2000时为紊流;R 界于1000—2000     

表面粗糙度的分形特征及其对微通道内层流流动的影响

基于分形几何学,研究了表面粗糙度的分形特征.采用Weierstrass- Mandelbrot函数对多尺度自仿射的表面粗糙度进行了描述;建立了微通道内层流流动的三维模型并对表面粗糙度的影响进行了数值模拟,分析了雷诺数、相对粗糙度和分形维数对流动阻力特性的影响.研究结果表明,与常规尺度通道不同,粗糙微通道的Poiseuille数不再是常数,而是随雷诺数近似线性增加;相对粗糙度越大,流动产生的回流和分离所导致的流动压降越明显.在相同的相对粗糙度下,粗糙表面的分形维数越大,表面轮廓变化就越频繁,这也将导致流动阻 关键词： 粗糙度 层流阻力系数 微通道 分形     

周期性渐扩-渐缩通道层流流动与换热特性研究

以渐扩-渐缩通道内周期性充分发展的层流流动与换热为研究对象,采用SIMPLE算法,适体坐标网格及Amano周期性边界条件的实施方案对之进行数值模拟,计算了在层流范围内不同Re数下的流动与换热规律.结果表明,在Re=100~1000范围内,与平行平板通道相比,阻力增强了(10~200)%,换热增强了(40~320)%.     

多孔材料微通道流动沸腾可视化实验研究

微通道换热器因其结构紧凑、换热能力高、工质消耗少等优点成为解决微小空间"散热难"问题的有效途径之一,采用多孔材料制作的微通道热沉能够极大地增加换热面体比,因而可以进一步提高其换热能力.本文利用可视化手段对槽道翅片顶部与盖板间留有狭缝、通道截面为矩形(400 μm×600 μm)的开放型多孔微通道的流动沸腾现象进行实验研...     

流体在微细多孔介质中的流动阻力研究

本文对空气和水流过烧结微细多孔介质内部的流动阻力进行了实验研究和数值模拟,分析不同颗粒直径条件下摩擦因子与等效雷诺数的关系.结果表明:对于水,实验及数值模拟得到的摩擦因子与经验公式符合很好.对于空气,当颗粒直径为200μm和125 μm时,由于可压缩性的影响,摩擦因子略大于经验公式结果.当颗粒直径为90μm和40 μm时,实验及考虑速度滑移得到的摩擦因子小于经验公式结果.因此,当颗粒平均直径小于90 μm时,空气在微细多孔介质中的流动需要考虑稀薄气体效应.     

Hybrid Wavelength and Code Division Multiple Access in Optical Networks

A review of schemes for multiple access in fiber optic networks shows that a hybrid of wavelength and code division multiple access (WCDMA) combines the best features of both. In particular, the hybrid scheme retains the large information carrying capacity of wavelength division multiple access (WDMA) and flexibility of code division multiple access (CDMA). In this paper WDMA, optical CDMA (OCDMA), and WCDMA networks are discussed. In OCDMA networks, concept of incoherent and coherent coding including inverse decoding and matched filter is introduced. The delay performance of both WDMA and WCDMA networks, under the simple suboptimum access protocols based on cyclic search, is computed. It has been shown quantitatively that tuning delay significantly affects the delay performance of both WDMA and WCDMA networks. Futhermore, delay performance of WCDMA networks is always better than the WDMA networks for the same tuning delay, load, and number of users.     

Guided-Wave Two-Dimensional Acousto-Optic Scanner Using Proton-Exchanged Lithium Niobate Waveguide

Two-dimensional scanning of a 0.6328 mum guided-light beam has been realized using noncolinear acousto-optic (AO) coplanar Bragg diffraction together with colinear AO guided-mode to substrate radiation-mode conversion in a Z-cut Xpropagation LiNbO3 proton-exchanged (PE) waveguide. The two surface acoustic (SAW) waves utilized are at the center frequencies of 500 and 200 MHz, propagating in the Y and X axes, respectively. Two-dimensional scanning of approximately 720 resolvable light beam spots, namely, 18 40 (horizontal vertical) scanning, has been demonstrated using a light beam of 1.0 mm aperture. The total number of resolvable beam spots can be greatly increased from 720 by simply utilizing SAW transducers of larger bandwidth and a light beam of greater aperture. It should also be possible to significantly increase the diffraction efficiency from 3 % by optimizing the parameters of the PE waveguide and the SAWs.     

Femtosecond Transform-Limited Pulse Generation by Compensating for the Linear Chirp of SPM Spectra in Dispersion Shifted Fibers

A simple technique of pulse compression, based on the linear chirp compensation of self-phase modulation (SPM) spectra in dispersion shifted fibers, is demonstrated. The optimization procedure is carried out, for a short span of a single-mode fiber, using a parabolic law, which describes the behavior of the squared output pulse width versus the pump peak power in the case of Gaussian pulses. The experimental results give a minimum pulse duration of 233 fs, which is in good agreement with the model. Shorter and coherent pulses, down to 90 fs, have been obtained by inserting an interference filter at the optical output.     

Effect ofγ-radiation on the spectral luminescence characteristics of impure cadmium tungstate crystals

Results of a study of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of cadmium tungstate crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations are presented. Spectral characteristics of the nondnnnoped crystals are briefly described. Absorption and photo and X-ray luminescence spectra of the crystals taken before and after exposure to γ-radiation (5.5·10⁴ Gy) are compared. It is found that the spectral characteristics of the crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations do not change markedly after the exposure. The relation between the type of impurity-induced defects, individual characteristics of the impurity cations, and the character of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of impure crystals is analyzed (preliminarily). Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Spektroskopii, Vol. 64, No. 1, pp. 55–60, January–February, 1997.     

Research on beamforming method for dual-line array with space mismatch between the two line arrays

The performance of port/starboard discrimination of dual-line array will be seriously degraded when the space between the two line arrays of the dual-line array is mismatched. The directivity function of the delay-sum and delay-subtract beamforming is deduced and the port/starboard discrimination of the delay-sum and delay-subtract beamforming is also studied both under the ideal status and the status under which the space between the two line arrays of the dual-line array is mismatched. Analysis results show the delay-subtract beamforming has better performance of port/starboard discrimination. At last, the sea trial results demonstrate the theoretical results.     

Sorting of bending magnets for the SSRF booster

The Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility(SSRF)booster ring,a full energy injector for the storage ring,is deigned to accelerate the electron beam energy from 150MeV to 3.5GeV that demands high extraction efficiency at the extraction energy with low beam loss rate when electrons are ramping.Closed orbit distortion(COD)caused by bending magnet field uniformity errors which affects the machine performance harmfully could be effectively reduced by bending magnet location sorting.Considering the affections of random errors in measurement,both ideal sorting and realistic sorting are studied based on measured bending magnet field uniformity errors and one reasonable combination of bending magnets which can reduce the horizontal COD by a factor of 5is given as the final installation sequence of the booster bending magnets in this paper.     

Retrieval of ultraviolet skylight radiances and O3 slant column densities from balloon-borne limb spectrometer

With a novel light-weight and absolutely calibrated ultraviolet （UV） spectrometer, UV skylight radiances and O3 slant column densities are measured by balloon-borne limb measurements in Xinjiang area, China. UV skylight radiances measured at the height of 31 km are compared with the results from Modtran in the wavelength range from 290 to 420 nm. O3 slant column densities are derived from radiance spectra in the Huggins bands （320 - 335 nm） using differential optical absorption spectroscopy method. And the parameter exhibits a good correlation with the same value simulated by radiative transfer model （Tracy）. The O3 profile simultaneously measured by an O3 sonde is used as input in Tracy calculations. The O3 sonde is launched on the same balloon.     

Design optimization of highly sensitive LSPR enhanced surface plasmon resonance biosensors with nanoholes

For breaking through the sensitivity limitation of conventional surface plasmon resonance (SPR) biosensors, novel highly sensitive SPR biosensors with Au nanoparticles and nanogratings enhancement have been proposed recently.But in practice, these structures have obvious disadvantages.In this study, a nanohole based sensitivity enhancement SPR biosensor is proposed and the influence of different structural parameters on the performance is investigated by using rigorous coupled wave analysis (RCWA).Electromagnetic field distributions around the nanohole are also given out to directly explain the performance difference for various structural parameters.The results indicate that significant sensitivity increase is associated with localized surface plasmons (LSPs) excitation mediated by nanoholes.Except to outcome the weakness of other LSP based biosensors, larger resonance angle shift, reflectance amplitude, and sharper SPR curves' width are obtained simultaneously under optimized structural parameters.     

Polymer gratings based on photopolymerization for low-order distributed feedback polymer lasers

Novel polymer distributed feedback(DFB)gratings are fabricated based on photopolymerization to reduce lasing threshold of polymer lasers.A photopolymer formulation sensitive to 355-nm ultraviolet(UV)light is proposed for the fabrication of polymer gratings and it can be used to form polymer films by spin-coating process.A very low surface-relief depth ranging from 12.5 to about 1.0 nm has been demonstrated with a refractive-index modulation of about 0.012.The experimental results indicate that such polymer gratings have promising potentials for the fabrication of low-order DFB organic semiconductor lasers.     

A novel methodology for photometric compensation of projection display on patterned screen

We propose a novel methodology based on the projector-camera (ProCam) system to address the photometric compensation issue for the projection display on the patterned screen.The patterned screen is treated as the combination of a perfect white screen and a color modulator.The perfect white screen is used to automatically and accurately characterize the ProCam system offline using the polynomial model,and the parameters of the color modulator can be efficiently recovered by employing only two gray images based on the linear reflectance model.The experimental results show that the color artifacts of the display image can be greatly improved with this methodology,which demonstrates its feasibility and validity in the photometric compensation.