Al-Li合金弯曲过程中微观组织结构演变与应变集中的DIC/EBSD耦合分析（英文）

通过扫描电镜(SEM)、电子背散射(EBSD)和数字图像相关方法(digital image correlation,DIC)相结合的方法对2060-T8铝合金在弯曲变形过程中微观组织结构进行表征并对其损伤机制进行了研究。基于DIC和EBSD准原位技术,发展了一种以弥散分布的铜粉末为标记点的同一区域应变测量和微观结构表征技术。实验结果显示合金在弯曲过程中形成了宏观剪切带且裂纹的扩展也是沿着宏观剪切带进行,发现造成这种现象的原因是由于在形变过程中在宏观剪切带上产生了大量的小角晶界(SAGBs),而裂纹沿小角晶界富集的地方进行扩展所需的能量相对是最小的。     

TC6钛合金动态压缩变形中“应力塌陷”的形成原因

采用分离式Hopkinson Bar技术和一种新型的中断动态试验方法对TC6钛合金进行了动态压缩试验,通过光学显微镜、扫描电子显微镜分析了TC6钛合金变形到不同应变量时所产生绝热剪切带的微观形貌,通过与宏观力学响应相对应,研究了TC6钛合金在动态压缩变形中,绝热剪切带的形成过程及造成应力快速下降的原因。结果表明:在高应变率下,材料绝热剪切带的形成是一个由萌生、扩展、完全发展组成的过程;在应变率为2.5×10~3s~(-1)的动态压缩过程中,"应力塌陷"现象是由于材料内产生了大于一定尺寸的微裂纹所致。     

冷却方式对TC21钛合金绝热剪切敏感性的影响

采用分离式Hopkinson Bar技术,对热处理后经3种冷却方式的TC21钛合金帽形试样进行动态剪切试验,结合宏观力学响应及微观形貌分析,研究冷却方式对TC21钛合金绝热剪切敏感性的影响。结果表明:热处理后的冷却方式对TC21钛合金在高应变率下的绝热剪切敏感性有较大影响;在相同应变率下,水冷试样的绝热剪切敏感性最高,炉冷试样的其次,空冷试样的最低;在4300 s~(-1)应变率下,水冷试样开裂程度较为严重,裂纹不仅在剪切带中延伸,还在基体中大幅度扩展,绝热剪切带最短、最窄;炉冷试样中裂纹尖端较为尖锐,且沿剪切带呈现了进一步扩展的趋势;空冷试样开裂程度较弱,裂纹没有呈现出进一步扩展的迹象,剪切带最长且最宽。     

Macro-Micro Fracture Mechanism of TA3 Alloy under High- Velocity Deformation

材料在高速成形过程中其成形性能和成形精度更能够得到显著的提高。但是,材料在高速成形过程中的断裂机制尚不清楚或未知。因此,采用 TA3 钛合金材料利用 Hopkinson 压杆实验并结合显微镜、扫描电镜和应力响应分析手段研究了该材料在动态变形过程中的断裂机制。结果表明,绝热剪切带是导致宏观裂纹的形成和扩展以及流动软化的根源;TA3 钛合金动态变形微观断裂机制为纺锤状孔洞在绝热剪切带内各自独立形核,然后各自长大从而相互贯通,形成微观裂纹;第二相粒子的偏聚是微观裂纹发生的源泉。     

TA3钛合金高速变形的断裂机制(英文)

材料在高速成形过程中其成形性能和成形精度更能够得到显著的提高。但是,材料在高速成形过程中的断裂机制尚不清楚或未知。因此,采用TA3钛合金材料利用Hopkinson压杆实验并结合显微镜、扫描电镜和应力响应分析手段研究了该材料在动态变形过程中的断裂机制。结果表明,绝热剪切带是导致宏观裂纹的形成和扩展以及流动软化的根源;TA3钛合金动态变形微观断裂机制为纺锤状孔洞在绝热剪切带内各自独立形核,然后各自长大从而相互贯通,形成微观裂纹;第二相粒子的偏聚是微观裂纹发生的源泉。     

激光选区熔化生物医用Ti-6Al-4V合金的弯曲疲劳行为

分析了SLM Ti-6Al-4V合金的弯曲疲劳行为及相应的微观组织和断口形貌,设置与SLM试样化学成分相同的轧制态Ti-6Al-4V合金进行对比研究.采用X射线衍射(XRD)、结合电子背散射衍射(EBSD)的扫描电子显微镜(SEM)对合金的微观组织进行分析.结果表明,三点弯曲疲劳裂纹起始于准解理断裂表面附近的应力集中,随后向内扩展.SLM成形Ti-6Al-4V合金的弯曲疲劳寿命高于轧制成形Ti-6Al-4V合金,SLM Ti-6Al-4V合金内部孔洞缺陷导致表面附近应力集中,促进疲劳裂纹形核;而SLM Ti-6Al-4V合金中随机取向的α+β晶粒、二次裂纹和孔洞延缓了裂纹扩展,提高了疲劳寿命.对于轧制态Ti-6Al-4V合金,由大量近似取向α晶粒组成的宏观区引起应力集中,形成微裂纹,导致疲劳裂纹形核,而且宏观区对裂纹扩展的阻碍作用较小,不利于材料的疲劳寿命.     

SEM原位观察3104铝合金板材的断裂行为

利用原位拉伸扫描电镜,观察并研究了3104铝合金冷轧板动态拉伸过程中裂纹萌生和裂纹扩展情况,讨论了裂纹萌生和扩展与板材微观组织之间的关系。结果表明：在拉伸过程中,裂纹起源于滑移带处,并沿滑移带扩展。裂纹扩展路径受拉伸应力状态以及板材内部晶粒和粗大第二相分布的影响。原位拉伸断裂模式为韧窝断裂和剪切断裂复合断裂模式,断口形貌受裂纹扩展应力状态的影响。     

单晶γ-TiAl合金纳米切削过程声发射响应的原子模拟

本工作采用分子动力学方法研究了单晶γ-TiAl合金纳米切削过程的声发射响应。从原子尺度阐述了单晶γ-TiAl合金切削过程中裂纹形成机理。研究发现：切削初期随着切削力持续增大,剪切区域产生周期性的剪切带;与此同时,在高压应力和弹性应力波共同作用下,类晶粒晶界的非晶原子带的产生阻碍了剪切带的持续发射,使主剪切区的应力无法及时通过剪切带释放,产生局部应力集中现象,导致裂纹萌生并扩展;通过对采集的声发射信号分析,压应力会导致切削过程中声发射功率下降。在时域上,通过对微观缺陷演化和声发射功率-频率对比分析,阐述了纳米切削过程中晶格振动、剪切带以及裂纹萌生与扩展的声发射响应特征,并通过聚类分析得到了损伤的功率和频率特性。     

ZrTiNiCuBe块体非晶合金剪切带内温升与断裂温升

在室温环境下(25℃)对某ZrTiNiCuBe块体非晶合金材料进行不同应变率条件下的静态与动态压缩实验。并采用扫描电镜技术(SEM)对试样断口、侧面等进行表征,对比静、动态条件下的应力-应变曲线形貌的差异。结果表明:静态压缩时为剪切断裂,微观形貌上出现脉状花样与剪切带;剪切带诱发裂纹的形成,裂纹随着剪切带扩展。动态压缩时为脆性解理断裂,断面粗糙且发现大量熔滴;断口处出现解理台阶,塑性阶段出现明显的锯齿流变现象。从能量守恒定律出发,利用变形过程中弹性应变能的变化规律推测剪切变形区域内温升的变化规律,温升的变化规律揭示锯齿流变与试样的断裂机制。     

氢对锆基块体非晶合金形变和开裂的影响

通过充氢和未充氢缺口拉伸试样和三点弯曲试样在SEM下的原位加载,研究了氢对Zr65Al7．5Ni10Cu17．5块体非晶合金形变和开裂过程的影响,结果表明,无论是否有氢,块体非晶的剪切带发展到临界尺寸,剪切裂纹就沿剪切带形核、扩展,它一旦张开就导致快速的断裂,断口边缘观察到的无特征区是剪切带,而不是剪切裂纹断口;剪切断口形貌和拉伸断口形貌没有本质区别,只有当长时间充氢才能形成氢鼓泡,如鼓泡很小或尚未形成,则氢对剪切带以及裂纹的形核、扩展没有明显影响;如存在较大的氢鼓泡,则当剪切带尚未充分发展时微裂纹就形核,导致低应力脆断。     

AZ31镁合金中绝热剪切带的组织演变规律

为了深入了解镁合金绝热剪切带与裂纹的关系,进而揭示镁合金在高速冲击载荷作用下局部变形绝热剪切的组织演变规律,采用分离式Hopkinson压杆对AZ31镁合金的帽状式样进行冲击压缩实验,而后利用光学显微镜,扫描电镜和维氏硬度计分别对冲击后的AZ31试样进行分析。结果表明,绝热剪切带形成于最大剪应力方向,随着冲击载荷的不断增加,沿着切应力方向上的微孔洞和微裂纹不断长大,直至彼此相互连接成裂纹,最终导致材料的断裂。经对剪切带及周围组织维氏硬度的测量发现,剪切带内细小晶粒区的硬度明显高于周围组织。     

高速弹丸冲击诱发TC32钛合金中绝热剪切带的组织演化行为

采用光学显微镜(OM),扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和透射电子显微镜(TEM)研究了Ti-5Al-3Mo-3Cr-1Zr钛合金在高速弹丸冲击后的组织特征和演变行为。在弹坑周围,绝热剪切带(ASB)和剪切应力一直呈半圆状分布。观察到绝热剪切带中尺寸较大等轴晶粒和细长板条亚晶粒的旋转细化过程。采用聚焦离子束(FIB)技术准确地从ASB中的裂纹尖端取样制备TEM样品,在裂纹尖端区域周围发现非晶区、非晶-纳米晶过渡区域、细小纳米晶区共存。计算结果表明,绝热剪切带内温度升高可导致微观组织熔化,快速淬火后形成非晶区和细小的纳米晶。由于绝热剪切带中的显微组织是细小的等轴晶和非晶,具有较高的强度,使形变带与基体之间成为相对较弱的区域,绝热剪切带中的裂纹也主要在该区域萌生,裂纹通过微孔洞旋转联结的方式扩展。     

Microstructure evolution mechanism in adiabatic shear band in TA2

The microstructure evolution mechanism in adiabatic shear band in commercial pure titanium (TA2) at high strain rates(γ≈l0^5 - 10^6/s) were studied. The nanosized recrystallized grains (about 50 nm in diameter) within the center of adiabatic shear band (ASB) were observed by means of transmission electronic microscope (TEM). A Rotational Dynamic Recrystallization (RDR) mechanism can explain the microstructure evolution (i. e. nanosized grains were formed within 5 - 10μs) in ASB. Kinetics calculations indicate that the recrystallized small grains are formed during the deformation and don‘t undergo significant growth by grain boundary migration after deformation.     

Localized shear deformation during shear band propagation in titanium considering interactions among microstructures

Closed-form analytical solutions of plastic shear strain and relative plastic shear displacement during shear band propagation are proposed under dynamic loadings based on gradient-dependent plasticity considering the effect of microstructures due to heterogeneous texture of Ti. According to the differences in shear stress levels, Ti specimen is divided into three regions: residual region, strain-softening region and elastic region. Well-developed shear band is formed in the residual region and the relative plastic shear displacement no longer increases. In the normal and tangential directions, the plastic strain and the displacement are nonuniform in the strain-softening region.At the tip of shear band, the shear stress acting on the band is increased to shear strength from the elastic state and the shear localization just occurs. Prior to the tip, Ti remains elastic. At higher strain rates, the extent of plastic strain concentration is greater than that under static loading. Higher strain rate increases the relative plastic shear displacement. The present analytical solution for evolution or propagation of shear localization under nonuniform shear stress can better reproduce the observed localized characteristics for many kinds of ductile metals.     

Shear band spacing under bending of Zr-based metallic glass plates

Metallic glasses often exhibit marked ductility when subjected to compressive or bending loads as a result of multiple shear band formation. This observed ductility depends upon sample geometry; thin plates show ductility in bending while thicker plates of the same composition fracture under similar loading. The thickness dependence of yielding and fracture of metallic glass plates subjected to bending is considered in terms of the shear band processes responsible for these properties. Experimental results show that shear band spacing and length scale with the thickness of the plate at a ratio of 1:10. Both shear band offset and shear band spacing increase with increasing curvature; shear band offset as the square of the plate thickness. As bending is increased beyond yield, shear band spacing continues to increase until the strain is accommodated by a few long shear bands. Continued bending leads to crack formation and failure.     

工业铸造A357铝合金SEM原位拉伸实验

通过场发射扫描电镜装载原位拉伸台,对不同凝固条件下工业铸造A357铝合金进行原位拉伸试验。结果表明,裂纹微裂纹首先萌生于组织中破裂的共晶硅处,近邻的微裂纹连接形成小裂纹;多处形成的小裂纹彼此连接并形成较长裂纹,沿共晶区深化和扩展,逐渐发展为主裂纹;当主裂纹遇到铝基体时,扩展受阻,裂纹发生钝化并在其前沿区域形成剪切带;剪切带深化并开裂,主裂纹沿着深化的剪切带穿过基体继续扩展,最终导致试样断裂。A357铝合金的断裂方式为兼具韧性断裂和解理断裂的混合断裂。反重力铸造有效地改善合金微观组织形态,提高了合金的力学性能。     

Nucleation and thickening of shear bands in nano-scale twin/matrix lamellae of a Cu–Al alloy processed by dynamic plastic deformation

Microstructural evolution associated with the shear banding in nano-scale twin/matrix (T/M) lamellae of a Cu–Al alloy processed by means of dynamic plastic deformation was investigated using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and high-resolution TEM. The development of a shear band was found to be a two-stage process, namely a nucleation stage resulting in a narrow band composed of nano-sized (sub)grains intersecting the T/M lamellae, followed by a thickening stage of the narrow band into adjacent T/M lamellae regions. The nucleation stage occurred within a narrow region of an almost constant thickness (100–200 nm thick, referred to as “core” region) and consisted of three steps: (1) initiation of localized deformation (bending, necking, and detwinning) against the T/M lamellae, (2) evolution of a dislocation structure within the detwinned band, and (3) transformation of the detwinned dislocation structure (DDS) into a nano-sized (sub)grain structure (NGS). On the two sides of a core region, two transition layers (TRLs) exist where the T/M lamellae experienced much less shear strain. The interface boundaries separating the core region and the TRLs are characterized by very large shear strain gradients accommodated by high density of dislocations. Increasing shear strains leads to thickening of shear bands at the expense of the adjoining T/M lamellae, which is composed of thickening of the core region by transforming the TRLs into the core region with DDS and NGS, analogous to steps (2) and (3) of the nucleation process, and outward movement of the TRLs by deforming the adjoining T/M lamellae. Grain sizes in the well-developed shear bands are obviously larger than the lamellar thickness of original T/M lamellae.     

Al-4%Cu合金中锯齿形屈服剪切带的变形测量

通过高速CCD（1000 fps）连续记录Al—4％Cu合金材料在拉伸实验中出现的B型锯齿形屈服（PLC）剪切带发生前后一系列非相干光散斑图,结合数字散斑相关法图像分析技术,定量地给出了PLC剪切带及周围区域的位移和应变的空间分布,再现了PLC剪切带随时间演化发展的过程．实验结果清楚地证实了B型PLC剪切带的一种演化机制,即先在试样一侧成核,然后与拉伸轴成一定角度横向贯穿整个试样,最终形成非均匀塑性变形带．实验结果表明,在PLC剪切带形成瞬间变形带外存在弹性收缩变形．     

细晶93W-4.9Ni-2.1Fe合金动态压缩下绝热剪切带的形成及其特征

利用分离式Hopkinson动态压缩装置对添加0.03%Y2O3(质量分数, 下同)的细晶93W-4.9Ni-2.1Fe合金试样进行动态力学性能测试,观察分析了动态压缩后合金试样的显微组织。结果表明：在应变速率为1900 s-1下,合金沿着与冲击方向成45o的方向形成了明显的绝热剪切带,宽度10~25 μm。说明该合金对局部绝热剪切的敏感性大大提高且能在相对较低的应变速率下发生绝热剪切。同时位于剪切带中心区域的钨颗粒沿着其扩展方向被剧烈拉长成纤维状,表现出塑性流动局域失稳的特征     

Microstructure evolution and nanograin formation during shear localization in cold-rolled titanium

The microstructure evolution within the shear localization areas formed in commercial titanium subjected to cold rolling is systematically investigated. Sheared micro-regions are first initiated followed by the formation of distinct microscopic shear bands, which gradually grow and coalesce to form a macroscopic shear band. The latter contains thin lath structures in the boundary regions, fine elongated subgrains in the outer areas and roughly equiaxed (sub)grains with a mean size of 70 nm in the centre region. The early stage of shear localization involves the formation of twin/matrix lamellae aligned along the shear direction. The lamellae subsequently undergo longitudinal splitting into thin laths, which are in turn subjected to transverse breakdown, giving rise to fine elongated subgrains. The continuing thermally assisted lath breakdown, in conjunction with lateral sliding and lattice rotations, ultimately leads to the formation of roughly equiaxed, nanosized (sub)grains in the macroscopic shear band centre at large strains.