南海东北部上层海洋对台风“莲花”的响应

台风过境会引起所经海域海洋环境要素场剧烈响应。本文通过分析南海东北部上层海域各要素对2015年第10号台风"莲花"的响应过程,发现以下规律:台风过境期间,海表温度(SST)影响台风的移动路径和强度,两次显著的台风移动方向偏转均发生在台风下垫面温度发生显著改变的条件下。台风吸收海表热量引起SST降低0～1.5℃,而这种热量(以短波辐射和潜热通量为主的海表净热通量)吸收引起的海表失热每秒可达60 W/m2,对台风移动过程产生影响。同时,台风过境时(7月6—9日)的SST降低与失热变化都存在一定的"左偏性"。台风引起的Ekman抽吸速率最高可达1.6×10-3m/s,引起台风过后(7月9日之后) SST的降低。通过对海面10 m风场、海表温度、降雨量进行EOF分析发现:风场在南海东北部海域呈东西反位相分布,风场增强持续时间约5天,具有显著"右偏性"且近岸的局部风场特征明显;降雨量在台风期间呈全域一致性的增加,持续时长约4天,具有显著"左偏性"且在吕宋岛北部局部降雨特征明显;SST在南海东北部绝大部分海域呈降温态势,时长超过8天,降温时间滞后风场约2～3天。整个降温过程(7月5—15日)受Ekman抽吸作用较海表失热作用更大,表现为在台风右侧降温更为显著。同时,台风移动速度越慢,降温效果越明显。台风过境时,粤东离岸流显著增强,上升流区的垂直温度降幅可达2.5℃且滞后流场响应约1～2天;垂直盐度降幅可达1.3 psu且滞后流场响应约2～3天。总体上看,温度在台风响应过程中起着重要的联结作用。     

一次台风过程对西北太平洋西边界流系源区影响的数值模拟研究

利用POM及其与WRF的耦合模式对"格美"台风影响下的该海区进行了5组数值模拟试验,在对结果分析的基础上,得到了西北太平洋西边界流系源区对此次台风过程的响应。研究表明:在台风影响下,最大风速区及热通量输送决定了海表温度(SST)降温中心范围,热通量的输送对SST的降低贡献超过16.7%;受此次台风影响的混合层(OML)加深、维持的时间为42 h,热通量对OML的加深有正作用,但不如风应力的贡献明显。台风移动方向右侧,OML加深范围更大,且SST最大降低区并不是OML最大加深区。此次台风过程对黑潮南向流的影响较弱,主要增加了海洋混合层的北向流流量。利用耦合模式,考虑了海气间的相互作用,在台风中心附近模拟出由于低压引起的海面升高现象。     

吕宋海峡上层海洋对于台风南玛都响应的观测分析与数值模拟试验

利用海洋模式POM模拟了吕宋海峡上层海洋对历经其上的2011年8月1111号台风南玛都的响应过程。基于2个方面进行了模拟实验,其一是吕宋海峡上层海洋对固定大小及位置的台风风场响应;其二是吕宋海峡上层海洋对台风南玛都移动期间的响应。并分析了台风南玛都的风场和海洋响应南玛都的表层流场、SST及SSS。研究结果表明:(1)吕宋海峡上层海洋对台风风场结构不对称的响应表现出吕宋海峡上层海洋右侧的流速要远大于左侧,海流和台风一样具有右偏特征。海洋表面温度(SST)下降2~7℃,下降的空间范围直径在百公里,表现为右强左弱的不对称性。(2)上层海洋对驻台风的响应过程中,海洋流场及SST达到能量的极值后,会触发1个反气旋流场控制吕宋海峡,SST经过约10d时间恢复到初始态。(3)上层海洋对台风移动过程的响应表现为1个随台风移动的海洋流场,海流的强度和SST下降的幅度都较小,海流气旋式结构沿着路径有一定的拉伸,并且在路径后方出现尾流。     

南海西北部上层海洋对台风“杜苏芮”的响应分析

基于锚碇观测资料,本文分析了南海西北部陆坡区上层海洋对台风“杜苏芮”的动力学和热力学响应特征。在动力学响应方面,台风“杜苏芮”期间上层流速显著增强,混合层纬向流速可达1.20 m/s;“杜苏芮”经过后上层海水运动以近惯性振荡为主(流向顺时针旋转周期在36～40 h之间)。近惯性能量在垂向分布上存在两个高值中心,分别位于混合层和温跃层深度上。近惯性能量耗散过程的e折时间尺度约为3.7 d,我们认为能量的向下传播在局地近惯性能量衰减过程中起主要作用。对能量谱的分析表明,“杜苏芮”作用期间近惯性频率能量相对于其作用前增大了约29.4倍,而全日和半日频率(K₁和M₂)能量有所减弱。此外,能量谱显示近惯性频率存在明显的“蓝移”现象,即对于纬向和经向流速分量在400 m以浅平均的近惯性振荡频率分别为1.167 f₀和1.170 f₀(f₀为局地惯性频率)。蓝移与近惯性内波的向下传播及正的相对涡度的输入有关。在热力学响应方面,上层海洋在台风的搅拌作用下,40～250 m深度均出现较小增温,最大增温幅度接近1°C;此外70 m以浅盐度的降低可能与台风过境时的降水相关,而Ekman抽吸引起的上升流则可能对70～100 m深度盐度的升高具有重要作用。     

台风“杜鹃”对西太平洋上层温度的影响研究

本文利用海气耦合模式COAWST模拟了2015年的1521号超强台风"杜鹃",并结合再分析资料综合分析了台风过境期间西太平洋上层温度的变化规律。研究结果表明台风过境会使海区内上层温度降低,最大降温可达5-6℃,降温范围直径可达上百千米,台风路径右侧温度降低幅度大于左侧,具有明显的右偏性,路径两侧降温最大差异可达4-5℃。台风过境的引起了海水的垂直混合,"冷抽吸"作用将下层温度低的海水混合到海洋上层,影响深度可达200m。海洋上层温度对台风的响应速度与深度密切相关,深度越小,响应速度越快。台风经过后造成的降温区,约在7-15d内恢复到台风经过前的温度。     

连续台风对海表温度和海表高度的影响

利用多卫星观测资料,分析了2008年9月3个连续台风前后的海表温度(SST)和海表高度距平(SSHA)的时空变化特征,并探讨了影响其变化的主要因子。结果表明:(1)3个台风引起了强烈的上升流(1×10-5~150×10-5 m/s),海表显著降温(1~6 ℃),海表高度也有不同程度降低(10~50 cm);(2)台风引起的SST最大降温中心与SSHA负值或中尺度冷涡的区域中心十分吻合,同时台风使得先前存在的海洋中尺度冷涡得到加强;(3)同一区域台风对SST影响程度大小受台风的强度、移动速度以及台风对海面强迫时间等因素控制;(4)在原先SSHA为正值的海域,3个台风连续强迫下使得局地洋面形成一个SSHA为负值的中尺度涡,这与单一"打转"台风强迫海洋生成中尺度涡的现象不同。因此,对于西北太平洋海域而言,频发的台风在中尺度涡生消演变过程中的影响应不容忽视。     

2021年10月南海北部上层细结构对台风“圆规”的响应分析

基于水下滑翔机观测资料,分析了2021年10月南海北部上层海洋细结构强度及类型对台风“圆规”的响应特征。在细结构强度响应方面,受台风“圆规”影响,次表层盐度升高,温度降低,最大降温幅度可达3℃,温跃层中上部细结构显著增强。“圆规”影响期间,温度、盐度细结构强度最大值深度均约为50 dbar;台风过境后,温度、盐度细结构强度最大值分别移至温跃层上部和中部。结果表明,“圆规”通过加强海洋上层混合促进了“共变型”细结构的生成。台风中心过境时,Ekman抽吸引起的上升流对温跃层产生了水团入侵的效果,从而使“侵入型”细结构瞬时增多;台风过境后,“侵入型”细结构强度迅速衰减,“共变型”细结构在温跃层内减弱,而在200～400 dbar深度范围内继续加强,表示该层海水混合继续加强。由此表明,南海北部上层细结构的强度和类型变化对台风“圆规”响应显著。     

南海上层对台风响应的模拟研究

利用中尺度海气耦合模式对2006年第1号台风Chanchu海气相互作用的模拟结果.分析了南海上层海洋对台风的热力和动力响应特征.研究发现:模拟的chanchu影响下南海SST分布与观测较为符合;与SST降低相对应的是混合层深度普遍增加,较大的海面冷却对应了较大的混合层加深;在台风作用下,海面上产生了一个气旋式环流,随着台风中心的移动而移动.流场呈现明显的不对称结构;模拟结果表明南海对台风的响应具有很明显的近惯性振荡特征.     

西北太平洋上层海洋对台风“巴威”(2008)的响应分析

基于多源卫星遥感数据、Argo浮标数据和HYCOM（HYbrid Coordinate Ocean Model）再分析数据,分析上层海洋对2020年第8号北上强台风“巴威”的温盐响应特征,结果表明：（1）台风中心附近埃克曼（Ekman）抽吸引起上升流,表层以下海水辐合高盐冷水上翻,Ekman输运方向由台风路径指向路径两侧沿岸,海水在黄海两侧沿岸堆积引起下降流。由此导致台风路径附近海面温度（sea surface temperature,SST）与海面高度（sea surface height,SSH）下降,海面盐度（sea surface salinity,SSS）上升,路径两侧沿岸SSH上升,次表层海水温度增加和盐度降低。（2）由于台风前进方向右侧的风速更大,右侧Ekman输运强度比左侧大。台风更靠近右侧陆地,地形阻挡导致风速减小,在济州岛西南侧的海域上空10 m风呈现反气旋旋转,出现负Ekman抽吸速率（Ekman pumping velocity,EPV）,为下降流,所以在台风和济州岛之间的海域存在着由强烈上升流到下降流的转变。这会让原本台风前进方向右侧强的夹卷和垂直混合进一步加强。这就导致了SST下降和SSS上升在台风前进方向右侧更为显著。（3）除了夹卷和垂直混合,台风前进方向右侧SSS的增加还与表层海水由南向北的水平流动有关。     

台风影响南海上层环流的统计分析研究

利用温州台风网台风信息以及卫星遥感海表风场数据,研究了南海上层环流对台风的响应特征。合成分析发现,台风以Ekman输运的形式,能够诱发上层海洋十几厘米每秒的流速变化,并且主要集中在南海东部海盆。虽然台风引起的上层环流异常比较小,但是其方差非常显著。另一方面台风通过Ekman抽吸,引发上层海洋垂向运动异常,并且能够诱发强烈的等效混合。基于历史温盐数据发现,这种强的等效混合主要分布在吕宋海峡以西、越南以东以及台湾海峡,并且能够达到10~(-3)m~2/s的量级。     

Response of the western North Pacific subtropical ocean to the slow-moving super typhoon Nanmadol

Based on in-situ observation,satellite and reanalysis data,responses of the western North Pacific subtropical ocean(WNPSO)to the slow-moving category 5 super typhoon Nanmadol in 2011 are analyzed.The dynamical response is dominated by near-inertial currents and Ekman currents with maximum amplitude of 0.39m/s and 0.15m/s,respectively.The near-inertial currents concentrated around 100m below the sea surface and had an e-folding timescale of 4 days.The near-inertial energy propagated both upward and downward,and the vertical phase speed and wavelength were estimated to be 5m/h and 175m,respectively.The frequency of the near-inertial currents was blue-shifted near the surface and redshifted in ocean interior which may relate to wave propagation and/or background vorticity.The resultant surface cooling reaches-4.35℃ and happens when translation speed of Nanmadol is smaller than 3.0m/s.When Nanmadol reaches super typhoon intensity,the cooling is less than 3.0℃ suggesting that the typhoon translation speed plays important roles as well as typhoon intensity in surface cooling.Upwelling induced by the slow-moving typhoon wind leads to typhoon track confined cooling area and the right-hand bias of cooling is slight.The mixed layer cooling and thermocline warming are induced by wind-generated upwelling and vertical entrainment.Vertical entrainment also led to mixed layer salinity increase and thermocline salinity decrease,however,mixed layer salinity decrease occurs at certain stations as well.Our results suggest that typhoon translation speed is a vital factor responsible for the oceanic thermohaline and dynamical responses,and the small Mach number(slow typhoon translation speed)facilitate development of Ekman current and upwelling.     

The upper ocean response to a moving typhoon

The upper ocean response to the translation speed of typhoons is studied using a three-dimensional primitive equation model. Similar models studied previously have applied stability criteria rather than the diffusion term to simulate the vertical mixing process. This study retains the diffusion term and uses the level-2 turbulence closure scheme to estimate the vertical eddy viscosity. The model results indicate that in the forced period, the mixed-layer temperature decrease is greater for a slow-moving storm due to stronger upwelling caused by the longer residence time. A fast-moving storm can attain a similar cooling intensity in the wake period if its residence time allows the wind to resonate with the current. The significant downward momentum diffusion and advection in the first few inertial periods of these events leads to strong, persistent inertial pumping throughout the upper ocean in the wake period. The mixed layer is further cooled by turbulent mixing supported by vertical current shears. Meanwhile, the upper thermocline exhibits a compensating temperature increase. The vertical transfer magnitude and penetration scale are smaller in the slow-moving case, when the inertial motion decays rapidly. The model results also indicate that the dominant cooling process can be inferred from the non-dimensional storm speed. However, this value may be misleading for rapidly moving storms in which the current response is so distant from the storm that little wind work is performed on the ocean.     

Upper ocean responses to category 5 typhoon Megi in the western north Pacific

Category 5 typhoon Megi was the most intense typhoon in 2010 of the world. It lingered in the South China Sea (SCS) for 5 d and caused a significant phytoplankton bloom detected by the satellite image. In this study, the authors investigated the ocean biological and physical responses to typhoon Megi by using chlorophylla (chla) concentration, sea surface temperature (SST), sea surface height anomaly (SSHA), sea surface wind measurements derived from different satellites and in situ data. The chla concentration (>3 mg/m³) increased thirty times in the SCS after the typhoon passage in comparison with the mean level of October averaged from 2002 to 2009. With the relationship of wind stress curl and upwelling, the authors found that the speed of upwelling was over ten times during typhoon than pretyphoon period. Moreover, the mixed layer deepened about 20 m. These reveal that the enhancement of chla concentration was triggered by strong vertical mixing and upwelling. Along the track of typhoon, the maximum sea surface cooling (6-8℃) took place in the SCS where the moving speed of typhoon was only 1.4-2.8 m/s and the mixed layer depth was about 20 m in pretyphoon period. However, the SST drop at the east of the Philippines is only 1-2℃ where the translation speed of typhoon was 5.5-6.9 m/s and the mixed layer depth was about 40 m in pretyphoon period. So the extent of the SST drop was probably due to the moving speed of typhoon and the depth of the mixed layer. In addition, the region with the largest decline of the sea surface height anomaly can indicate the location where the maximum cooling occurs.     

利用Argo剖面浮标分析上层海洋对台风“布拉万”的响应

In situ observations from Argo profiling floats combined with satellite retrieved SST and rain rate are used to investigate an upper ocean response to Typhoon Bolaven from 20 through 29 August 2012. After the passage of Typhoon Bolaven, the deepening of mixed layer depth(MLD), and the cooling of mixed layer temperature(MLT) were observed. The changes in mixed layer salinity(MLS) showed an equivalent number of increasing and decreasing because the typhoon-induced salinity changes in the mixed layer were influenced by precipitation, evaporation, turbulent mixing and upwelling of thermocline water. The deepening of the MLD and the cooling of the MLT indicated a significant rightward bias, whereas the MLS was freshened to the left side of the typhoon track and increased on the other side. Intensive temperature and salinity profiles observed by Iridium floats make it possible to view response processes in the upper ocean after the passage of a typhoon. The cooling in the near-surface and the warming in the subsurface were observed by two Iridium floats located to the left side of the cyclonic track during the development stage of the storm, beyond the radius of maximum winds relative to the typhoon center. Water salinity increases at the base of the mixed layer and the top of the thermocline were the most obvious change observed by those two floats. On the right side of the track and near the typhoon center when the typhoon was intensified, the significant cooling from sea surface to a depth of 200×104 Pa, with the exception of the water at the top of the thermocline, was observed by the other Iridium float. Owing to the enhanced upwelling near the typhoon center, the water salinity in the near-surface increased noticeably. The heat pumping from the mixed layer into the thermocline induced by downwelling and the upwelling induced by the positive wind stress curl are the main causes for the different temperature and salinity variations on the different sides of the track. It seems that more time is required for the anomalies in the subsurface to be restored to pretyphoon conditions than for the anomalies in the mixed layer.     

Analyses of factors forming offshore SST anomaly(O-SSTA) in China seas

INTRoDUCTIONThestatusofChinaseasisverycomplicated.First,itisoftendisturbedbystrongsynopticsy8tems,suchastheadvanceandretreatofthesubtropichighs,theactivityofthetyphoonsandthecoldwavesetc;next,ithascomplexwater-systemswhicharecontrolledbyaplanetary-scalecurrentsyStemofKuroshio;inaddition,italsohasacomplicatedtopographyandwidecontinen-talshelves(about4OOkmwide).Underthesecircumstances,theSSTvariesObviouslythrough-outtheyear.OneoutstandingvariationistheoffshoreSSTanomaly,namely,crSSTA.…     

海洋对热带气旋响应的研究 Ⅰ.海洋对静止、移速不同的热带气旋响应

建立一个二层非线性原始方程海洋模式，用以研究海洋对静止和以不同移速移动的热带气旋（TC）的响应。数值试验结果表明，海洋对静止TC的响应，具有不对称性；在TC中心处，抽吸使混合层（ML）变浅，在TC最大风速半径处，大风夹卷明显使ML加深和海表温（SST）下降；海洋对移动TC的响应，具有右偏性，且随移速加快而加剧。ML深度和SST的变化对TC移速十分敏感，而海流则不同。     

黄海海洋对台风“灿鸿”外围过程响应的观测研究

2015年9月台风“灿鸿”经过黄海海域的QF111浮标,该浮标观测到黄海海洋的温度和流速响应。受台风影响,黄海海表温度有明显的下降,降温幅度在2~4°C,且在台风路径右侧形成了海表面温度低于20°C的低温斑块。流速的响应主要表现为台风过境期间流速增强,达1.2~1.5 m/s,呈现出全水深强化的特征。风一直对海洋有能量输入,且在台风过境期间风输入海洋的能量最大,旋转功率谱的分析结果表明台风输入海洋的能量向海洋内部传播。黄海海域由台风激发出的近惯性振荡衰减较快,近惯性振荡e折时间尺度约为2 d。     

冬季婆罗洲岛西北沿岸上升流的时空特征及机理研究

Winter coastal upwelling off northwest Borneo in the South China Sea(SCS) is investigated by using satellite data, climatological temperature and salinity fields and reanalysis data. The upwelling forms in December, matures in January, starts to decay in February and almost disappears in March. Both Ekman transport induced by the alongshore winter monsoon and Ekman pumping due to orographic wind stress curl are favorable for the upwelling. Transport estimates demonstrate that the month-to-month variability of Ekman transport and Ekman pumping are both consistent with that of winter coastal upwelling, but Ekman transport is two times larger than Ekman pumping in January and February. Under the influence of El Ni?o-Southern Oscillation(ENSO), the upwelling shows remarkable interannual variability: during winter of El Ni?o(La Ni?a) years, an anticyclonic(a cyclonic) wind anomaly is established in the SCS, which behaves a northeasterly(southwesterly) anomaly and a positive(negative) wind stress curl anomaly off the northwest Borneo coast, enhancing(reducing) the upwelling and causing anomalous surface cooling(warming) and higher(lower) chlorophyll concentration. The sea surface temperature anomaly(SSTA) associated with ENSO off the northwest Borneo coast has an opposite phase to that off southeast Vietnam, resulting in a SSTA seesaw pattern in the southern SCS in winter.     

台风“布拉万”过境黄海时的异常增温事件研究

海洋对台风的响应通常表现为海表温度的降低,然而,出现在2012年8月的台风“布拉万”在经过黄海时却引起朝鲜半岛木浦沿岸海域海表的增温(而非降温),且增温幅度达4.2°C。本研究详细分析了此次异常事件的时空特征,并探讨了其可能的成因。结果发现,此次事件的产生和黄海表层冷水斑块(Surface Cold Patch,SCP)存在密切关系,并恰好出现在木浦SCP所在位置。上升流和潮混合是木浦SCP的两大形成机制,此次增温事件主要是台风“布拉万”通过抑制其生成机制之一的上升流而导致降温不足之故。具体而言,台风“布拉万”过境时位于木浦SCP的左侧,其上的北向风应力带来向岸的Ekman输运,造成外围暖水在木浦SCP地区堆积,从而抑制了该地区原本的上升流(甚至变为下降流)。     

海面温度变化影响台风"海棠"强度的数值研究

通过对台风"海棠"5 d的数值模拟,研究海表温度(SST)变化对台风强度的影响。与NCEP月平均海表温度相对比,在中尺度大气模式中引入热带测雨卫星(TRMM)微波成像仪(TMI)/先进微波扫描辐射计(AMSR-E)来考察SST对台风"海棠"路径和强度的影响。研究结果表明,每天变化SST的试验模拟的台风强度和路径整体效果不错;模拟的台风路径不敏感于SST的变化,而台风强度的变化不仅取决于由于台风移动引发的SST冷却的幅度大小,而且取决于SST冷却区域的相对位置。在台风"海棠"强烈发展过程中,台风中心右侧冷却区对台风中心气压影响很小;台风强烈发展过后,SST冷却区开始影响台风强度,但造成台风中心气压下降幅度不大,6 h内台风中心气压减弱约3.9 hPa。海面热量通量和海面风速与SST的分布都有良好的相关性:在SST变化为正值的暖水区,感热通量和潜热通量都是一个正的通量分布的极值区,并有风速极大值区域存在;在台风右侧相应的冷却区,则存在着负的通量异常和风速极小值区域。