核事故后果评价中剂量与干预评估模式初探

本文以田湾核电站事故场外后果评价系统TW-NAOCAS中的剂量与干预模块为例,介绍核事故后果评价中的剂量与早期干预评估模式及一个算例.剂量估算模式主要给出估算潜在剂量、正常生活剂量与事故释放后2天的预期剂量的模式;干预措施评估模式主要涉及相应于设计基准事故(DBA)与超设计基准事故(BDBA)的各类干预措施(隐蔽2天、撤离7天、服碘片)的可避免剂量的估算模式,此中考虑了撤离途径的附加剂量.最后介绍了程序验证与实例计算结果.     

田湾核电站场外事故后果评价系统--TW-NAOCAS

从田湾核电站早期应急的需要,开发了一套核事故场外后果实时评价计算机系统软件（TW-NAOCAS）。该系统设计为一个连接多种模型（数据预处理、风场预测、大气弥散、剂量估算和干预与防护对策评估）和数据库的综合系统。本文对该系统进行介绍,并通过模式比对,对系统物理模型有效性进行了初步分析。结果表明,该系统采用的物理模型和运行设计是有效而可靠的。     

秦山核电厂气载放射性释放的环境影响

本文评价了秦山核电厂气载放射性流出物对环境的影响。应用现场及风洞大气扩释实验结果和厂址周围的人口与食谱调查资料,估算了秦山核电厂在正常运行和事故条件下释放的气载放射性流出物对公众产生的个人有效剂量当量和集体有效剂量当量。计算结果表明,正常运行时厂址边界(0.5km)处的最大个人有效剂量当量为2.7×10~(-2)mSv/a,该剂量的大部分来自~(137)Cs 的食入(主要由地表湿沉积引起);80km 范围内的集体有效剂量当量为1.1人·Sv/a,归一化集体有效剂量当量为3.7人·Sv/GW(e)·a。文中还给出了事故情况下剂量估算结果。     

秦山核电厂实时剂量评价系统的设计,模式,参数与程序

本文介绍应用于秦山核电厂事故应急的实时剂量评价系统的设计、模式、参数与程序。该评价系统由实时数据采集系统、评价计算机系统和评价程序系统三部分组成。评价系统采用地形随动座标的质量守恒三维风场诊断模式来确定每小时的地面和低空风场；大气扩散计算采用变天气条件下的烟团模式，计算区域分近、中、远三区；烟团释放采用分阶段变长度方式，外照射剂量估算采用了半无限烟云与有限烟云两种模式，该评价系统可在输入数据后约１     

5MW低功率堆运行的环境影响

本文评价了5MW 低功率堆(5MW LPR)放射性流出物对环境的影响。应用厂址周围的人口与食谱调查资料,以及计算模式和参数,估算了该堆在正常运行时,厂址边界1km 处的最大个人有效剂量当量为8.89×10~(-8)Sv·a~(-1),80km 范围内的集体有效剂量当量为7.17×10~(-4)人·Sv·a~(-1)。调查数据说明,该堆正常运行和假想事故期间对本地区的环境影响都是可以接受的。     

西安脉冲堆对环境的影响

应用厂址周围的人口与食谱调查资料以及反应堆参数 ,计算了该堆及其同位素生产线在正常运行及事故工况下厂址控制区边界的最大个人有效剂量当量和80km范围内的集体有效剂量当量。计算结果表明 :在正常运行时 ,厂址控制区边界最大个人有效剂量当量为6 0×10 -3mSv/a ,80km范围内的集体有效剂量当量为0 35人·mSv/a。反应堆最大假想事故事故下 ,所致厂址限制区外(500m)公众最大全身有效剂量当量为2 1×10-2mSv ,甲状腺剂量为3 8mSv ;事故持续30天后 ,80km范围内的集体有效剂量当量为0 14人·Sv(全身)和97人·Sv(甲状腺) ;正常运行工况和最大事故期间对本地区环境的影响都是可以接受的     

RASCAL及其在核事故后果评价中的应用

介绍了美国核管会用于核与辐射事故后果分析的辐射评价系统(RASCAL)的主要功能和特性,重点分析了RASCAL的源项计算剂量模块、场外监测数据计算剂量模块、气象数据处理模块,以及源项计算模式、大气输运扩散模式和剂量计算模式。最后,将RASCAL应用于我国某核电厂事故应急演习中,评价分析事故情景下的放射性影响,并将其结果通过Google Earth进行三维展示。     

田湾核电厂址事故后果评价中天气取样方案的比较研究

本文基于田湾核电厂址1998年9月1日至1999年8月31日一整年的逐时气象数据、SF6实测扩散参数和评价区(40km×40km)各网格(2km×2km)人口分布等实测资料,对依据秦山、田湾核电厂址和惠安拟选核电厂址多年逐时气象数据统计分析后提出的五个天气取样候选方案,估算了某假想事故在评价区内造成的集体剂量,得到事故集体剂量余补累积概率分布函数(即CCFD曲线)。同时应用整年“逐时滑移”事故释放起始时刻方法计算了事故集体剂量的CCFD曲线,即“标准”CCFD曲线,并将五类天气取样候选方案获得的95%累积概率水平事故集体剂量值与由“标准”CCFD曲线得到的相应值作比较。结果表明,天气取样候选方案四最佳,此方案给出的95%累积概率水平事故集体剂量与由“标准”CCFD曲线得到的相应值的相对偏差仅为3%。     

核设施环境评价软件包(NGLAR)

介绍了基于微机的核设施环境评价软件包(NGLAR)的主要内容、设计原则和特点。该软件包包括:核设施气态流出物常规和事故释放环境评价程序(NGAS和NACC)、核设施液态流出物常规和事故释放环境评价程序(NLIQ)以及核设施环境数据库(NRED)。核设施气态流出物常规和事故释放环境评价程序,用于大气弥散计算和公众剂量估算,给出核设施周围放射性核素的空气浓度、地面沉积浓度和动植物产品中的浓度,并进而估算核     

HFETR十年运行对公众辐射危害分析

根据高通量工程试验堆(HFETR)十年运行期间放射性流出物的排放量、剂量学模式与参数、以及危害估算模式,对堆址80km 范围内公众的有效剂量和辐射危害进行了计算和分析。辐射危害的最大个人危险1.34×10~(-10)—2.24×10~(-7),为可忽略的危害水平,且低于我国不同产业非辐射死亡的个人危险(10~(-5)—10~(-3));而群体危险8.45×10~(-7)—2.88×10~(-3)人·a~(-1),与堆址 80km 范围非辐射致死性癌症死亡人数(3.44—3.78)×10~3人·a~(-1)相比,也是可以忽略的。     

Preparation of Zn/TiO2 powder and its photocatalytic performance for oxidation of P-nitrophenol

Zn-doped TiO2 catalysts were prepared using a sol-gel method and characterized by XPS,UV-Vis, BET, XRD in this study. Under the irradiation of simulant sunlight, the photocatalytic activity for the degradation of p-nitrophenol was studied too. After irradiation for 2.5 h, the degradation percentage of p-nitrophenol could rise to more than 80 %. The results showed that the spectrum absorption band edge of Zn/TiO2 powder does not broaden obviously comparing with pure TiO2 powder. Zinc exists as Zn （11）. When calcined at 973 K, there is a new phase as ZnTiO3 in Zn/TiO2 catalyst. The order of photocatalytic activity of Zn/TiO2 catalysts calcined at different temperatures for p-nitrophenol is 773 K 〉 673 K 〉 873 K 〉 573 K 〉 973 K and the photocatalytic activity of Zn/TiO2 catalyst calcined at 773 K is better than TiO2 catalysts heated at the same temperature, and outclasses that of commercial TiO2 catalyst. It also showed that the photocatalytic degradation of p-nitrophenol follows first-order kinetics under the irradiation of simulant sunlight.     

Current status of radiation therapy for prostate cancer

Radiotherapy for the treatment of prostate cancer has been extensively explored in the past. Along with the comprehensive understanding of the biology of prostate cancer and rapid advances in terms of technology, the out- come of treatment for the patients with prostate cancer has improved. The authors review radiotherapy as the primary treatment for the disease, with particular emphasis on the technological advances from both the radiobiological and radiophysics aspects. Nonconventional fractionated irradiation like hyper- or hypo-fractionation has been imple- mented in the clinic, the final results still need to be confirmed in the future. Technological advances like IMRT, IGRT, in the last two decades have significantly improved the delivery of external radiotherapy to the prostate. This has re- sulted in an overall increase in the total dose that can be safely delivered to the prostate, which has led to modest im- provements in the biochemical outcome. However, establishing the standard therapy for prostate cancer remains con- troversial. It is hoped that the next decades will bring continued advances in the development of biologicals that will further improve current clinical outcomes.     

水平管内含空气蒸汽强制对流冷凝换热模型研究

为研究含空气蒸汽在水平管内强制对流冷凝换热特性,基于对传热传质过程的分析,建立了管内为环状流与波状流条件下的流动冷凝换热模型。从潜热、显热和液膜3个环节对整个换热过程进行建模,最终得到计算局部冷凝换热系数的理论关系式。模型预测结果与实验数据的对比表明,二者相对偏差在±20%以内,验证了该换热模型的准确性与适用性。通过进一步的研究发现：从换热管入口至出口,随着冷凝的进行,管内换热主要热阻由液膜热阻向气液界面的凝结热阻转变;主流气体对流换热过程基本可忽略。     

Investigations on landmine detection by BF3 detector

Experiments were carried out to investigate the possible use of neutron backscattering for the detection of polyethylene (PE) sample buried in the soil. In detection of landmine by neutrons, the neutron detector and its shield play an important role. In this paper, the effects of graphite, heavy water, polyethylene and boric acid moderators on the flux of back scattered neutrons were investigated. We have also experimentally verified the effect of BF3 detector shield and obtained good agreement with theory.     

Web Services interface of SSRF archive data analysis system

Accelerator database stores various static parameters and real-time data of accelerator. SSRF (Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility) adopts relational database to save the data. We developed a data retrieval system based on XML Web Services for accessing the archive data. It includes a bottom layer interface and an interface applicable for accelerator physics. Client samples exemplifying how to consume the interface are given. The users can browse, retrieve and plot data by the client samples. Also, we give a method to test its stability. The test result and performance are described.     

Assessment of radioactivity levels in some oil samples from the western desert, Egypt

Distributions of natural gamma-emitting radionuclides were determined in 93 oil samples collected from some petroleum fields in the western desert of Egypt. The radioisotope activities in the area under investigation lay in the range of (21 ± 4) to (38 ± 13) Bq?L-1 for 226Ra, (9 ± 2) to (15 ± 5) Bq?L-1 for 232Th, and (154 ± 28) to (303 ± 54) Bq?L-1 for 40K. The mean values were 27, 12, and 201 Bq?L-1, respectively. Among oils, variations in radionuclide ac- tivities could be on account of differences in TDS, HCO3, and Ba, with high or low pH. In this environment, oil prop- erties differently affected the mobilization of natural radionuclides. The range of 226Ra variation had been compared with available data from other countries. The calculated absorbed dose rate ranged from 22.33 to 32.66 nGy?h-1 in lo- cation (B) and (E) respectively, which was less than the accepted value.     

Preparation and properties of 117m Sn(IV)-TTHMP in in-vitro and in small animals

In this work,TTHMP was synthesized and labelled with 117m Sn.The preparation conditions,stability and lipophilicity of 117m Sn(IV)-TTHMP were investigated.Biodistribution of the complex in rabbits and mice was studied.It was found that the quantity of TTHMP and pH value of the prepararion solution had vital effects on the labeling yield of 117m Sn(IV)-TTHMP.It was also found that 117m Sn(IV)-TTHMP was hydrophilic and stable at room temperature and 37℃ in open air 117m Sn(IV)-TTHMP showed unexpectedly high bone uptake and bone-to-blood ratio in the animals.This made it potentially useful as an reagent for skeletal scintigraphy and radiotherapy of bone tumors.     

The role of AGFA high-energy CR in the calibration and quality control of multileaf collimators （MLC）

Linear accelerators equipped with multileaf collimators （MLC） are becoming more common and are widely used in the intensity-modulated radiotherapy （IMRT）. There is an imperative need to ensure the commissioning specification of the linear accelerators for the sake of quality assurance （QA） and quality control （QC）. This paper is aimed to investigate the role of AGFA high-energy CR （Computed Radiography） in calibrating dynamic multileaf collimators and evaluating the accuracy of the leaf position. The result shows that AGFA high-energy CR can easily and conveniently be used to calibrate MLC and verify its position. Hence, the application of AGFA high-energy CR is proved to be an accurate and time-saving method for routine MLC QC, especially when MLC calibration adjustments are required.     

微型X射线管空气比释动能和能谱的测量

为研究微型X射线管的特性,通过电离室测量光管出射口30 cm远处的空气比释动能,使用高纯锗探测器分别测量了Ag过滤和Cu过滤下的X射线能谱。结果表明,空气比释动能随电流的增加有线性增加的趋势,能谱图明显的观察到银的两个特征X射线。完成了微型X射线管空气比释动能和能谱的测量方法以及实验测量的工作,为微型x射线管下辐射质的建立提够了条件基础。     

Gamma-ray attenuation technique for measuring void fraction in horizontal gas-liquid two-phase flow

The measurement of void fraction is of importance to the oil industry and chemical industry. In this article, the principle and mathematical method of determining the void fraction of horizontal gas-liquid flow by using a single-energy γ-ray system is described. The γ-ray source is the radioactive isotope of 241Am with γ-ray energy of 59.5 keV. The time-averaged value of the void fraction in a 50.0-mm i.d. transparent horizontal pipeline is measured under various combinations of the liquid flow and gas flow. It is found that increasing the gas flow rate at a fixed liquid flow rate would increase the void fraction. Test data are compared with the predictions of the correlations and a good agreement is found. The result shows that the designed γ-ray system can be used for measuring the void fraction in a horizontal gas-liquid two-phase flow with high accuracy.