Building envelope shape design in early stages of the design process: Integrating architectural design systems and energy simulation

The envelope shape, the most salient design characteristic in a building, has significant influence on its energy performance. However, in the early design stages, when the envelope shape is defined, energy performance information is normally nonexistent, due to modeling for energy simulation being a time-consuming task, frequently overlooked at this phase. This paper presents a methodology to assist design decisions regarding the building envelope shape considering its implications on energy performance. Basically, this methodology involves a flexible design system, to generate alternative envelope shape designs, with integrated energy simulation, to calculate the energy demand of each design. Shape grammars are particularly suitable to encode architectural design systems, given their ability to encode compositional design principles. Their downside is the complexity in developing computer implementations. This methodology converts a grammar into a parametric design system and is illustrated with an application to the grammar for Frank Lloyd Wright's prairie houses.     

Designing-in performance: A framework for evolutionary energy performance feedback in early stage design

Multidisciplinary design optimization (MDO) has been identified as a potential means for integrating design and energy performance domains but has not been fully explored for the specific demands of early stage architectural design. In response a design framework, titled Evolutionary Energy Performance Feedback for Design (EEPFD), is developed to support early stage design decision-making by providing rapid iteration with performance feedback through parameterization, automation, and multi-objective optimization. This paper details the development and initial validation of EEPFD through two identified needs of early stage design: 1) the ability to accommodate formal variety and varying degrees of geometric complexity; and 2) the ability to provide improved performance feedback for multiple objective functions. Through experimental cases the research presents effective application of EEPFD for architectural design.     

Building model reconstruction based on sensed object location information

The continuous collection of data about the state of facilities appears increasingly feasible due to advances in sensing technologies. In this context, we explore the application of tag-based object location sensing to reconstruct models of existing buildings. We introduce the concept of tag-based building representations. Under certain conditions, these relatively unstructured representations are complete for the automated conversion to boundary-based building representations, which are useful for various construction-related applications. We describe solid modelling routines and spatial queries that facilitate the conversion from tag-based to boundary-based building representations. We provide a case study modelled in a system prototype to demonstrate how the conversion procedure works.     

Historic Building Information Modelling: performance assessment for diagnosis-aided information modelling and management

Building Information Modelling, new paradigm of digital design and management, shows great potential for the refurbishment process, as it represents a possible way out of criticalities that occur in documentation and preservation of existing assets, if connected to cognitive automation. The combination of BIM with automation systems improves the quality control during diagnosis, design and work execution, and the labour savings, which is particularly relevant for rapid intervention in case of hazardous conditions.Therefore, the paper is going to address a methodological discussion concerning complete “as-built” parametric models of historical buildings, supporting the design of refurbishment and conservation interventions. Although some reviews of the state of the art exist on the topic of Historic Building Information Modelling, the present research introduces a different perspective on HBIM modelling, with diagnosis and performance assessment as key-aspects, in terms of automating performance assessment.Specifically, from the data collection of contributions regarding HBIM/BIM, diagnostics and monitoring on existing buildings and infrastructures, a critical review by selected criteria is developed. Nevertheless, general methods and tools for information management and exchange tasks in BIM are briefly described as well, since they are considered useful for future developments of HBIM approach. The core of the critical analysis is focused on the scientific and technical relations among HBIM models, diagnosis and performance assessment features. In addition, the review identifies specific activities and relative tools and methods for knowledge acquisition and semantic enrichment.Finally, gaps in knowledge of the current literature are outlined and discussed, with specific focus on performance assessment in HBIM. In this regard, a new methodology toward Diagnosis-Aided Historic Building Information Modelling and Management (DA-HBIMM) is proposed as a framework to be developed in order to address smart knowledge acquisition, collection and notification of assessed performances and eventual risks, by cognitive automation and artificial intelligence, in the near future.     

Theoretical performance assessment of an integrated photovoltaic and earth air heat exchanger greenhouse using energy and exergy analysis methods

In this paper, a simplified mathematical model develops to study round the year effectiveness of photovoltaic/thermal (PV/T) and earth air heat exchanger (EAHE) integrated with a greenhouse, located at IIT Delhi, India. The solar energy application through photovoltaic system and earth air heat exchanger (EAHE) for heating and cooling of a greenhouse is studied with the help of this simplified mathematical model. Calculations are done for four types of weather conditions (a, b, c and d types) in New Delhi, India. The paper compares greenhouse air temperatures when it is operated with photovoltaic/thermal (PV/T) during daytime coupled with earth air heat exchanger (EAHE) at night, with air temperatures when it is operated exclusively with photovoltaic/thermal system (PV/T) and earth air heat exchanger (EAHE), for 24 h. The results reveal that air temperature inside the greenhouse can be increased by around 7-8 °C during winter season, when the system is operated with photovoltaic (PV/T), coupled with earth air heat exchanger (EAHE) at night. From the results, it is seen that the hourly useful thermal energy generated, during daytime and night, when the system is operated with photovoltaic (PV/T) coupled with earth air heat exchanger (EAHE), is 33 MJ and 24.5 MJ, respectively. The yearly thermal energy generated by the system has been calculated to be 24728.8 kWh, while the net electrical energy savings for the year is 805.9 kWh and the annual thermal exergy energy generated is 1006.2 kWh.     

智能建筑中的建筑节能设计

智能建筑必须是可持续发展的,建筑节能作为可持续发展战略的重要环节,应该成为智能建筑设计中的重点。本文站在建筑师立场,介绍建筑能耗构成和节能需求,探讨智能建筑的节能控制途径、以及对可再生能源的利用方法,对于实现建筑的生态可持续发展有重要意义。     

应以建筑节能设计需要标识块体墙材砌体的热物理性能检测参数

针对目前外墙热工节能设计计算中,对由不同类型块体墙材与砌筑砂浆构成的砌体热阻和热惰性指标缺少相应的计算参数,难以进行计算确定的实际问题,提出应以建筑节能设计需要标识块体墙材砌体的热物理性能检测参数。分析提出了以砌体的当量导热系数λe及平均蓄热系数Sm作为计算砌体热阻及热惰性指标的两个热物理性能计算参数的依据和取值方法。     

An enhanced linear regression-based building energy model (LRBEM+) for early design

The design community lacks simple, data-driven energy assessment tools to explore energy-efficient alternatives during the early stages of building design. A promising option is to utilize a whole building energy simulation engine (e.g. EnergyPlus) within a Monte Carlo simulation framework to develop a linear regression-based building energy model (LRBEM) that can predict idealized heating and cooling loads based on parameters relevant to early design. Previous work was limited to medium-sized US commercial office buildings with rectangular geometries. A key limitation is addressed in this paper by considering complex geometries. A reformulated model, LRBEM+, is developed and tested with a suite of building geometries that represent limiting cases. The resultant relative error between LRBEM+ and EnergyPlus is generally less than 10%. Furthermore, LRBEM+ correctly predicts the direction and magnitude of changes in heating and cooling loads in response to changes in the most influential early design parameters.     

设计工作中应重视建筑节能设计

分析了我国建筑节能设计的重要性,从规划节能设计、建筑单体节能设计及可再生能源的运用等方面深入探讨了建筑节能设计,以提高人们对建筑节能的认识,促进建筑节能工作的发展。     

Drama,play-making and ambiguity in the early stages of design

A number of techniques from drama and theatre have been appropriated for use in design to stage performances with and about users. In this paper, we address how drama and play-making can benefit design at moments other than staging. Building on the work of drama-in-education scholar Gavin Bolton, we articulate design-relevant learning qualities of using drama in design. We recognise that significant moments of learning about human conditions and technology take place in making and managing staged performances. We point to how significant but often implicit design decisions are taken in the making of a play and study their conditioning effect on the continuation of a design process. The focus of our inquiry is on the development of an oblique angle and its indirect directive qualities as a pre-set framing for using drama in design as well as an emergent framing that follows from using drama in design.     

Computer-generated physical modelling in the early stages of the design process

This paper illustrates some of the opportunities arising from the introduction of computer-generated physical modelling¹ in the early stages of the architectural design process. The use of this technology in the design process differs from previous research and practise in that it looks at the use of computer-generated physical modelling recursively in design process rather than as a means to create a final presentation model [W.J. Mitchell, M. McCullough, Digital Design Media, Van Nostrand Reihnold, New York, 1994]. Previous research in the field by the author identified recursive strategy in the design process as the area in which computer-generated physical modelling offers unique opportunities to the designer. Three unique advantages in the use of computer-generated physical modelling technology are illustrated by three case studies. These advantages are: (1) understanding kinetic design, (2) understanding design involving complex geometry and (3) understanding design at the interface with the human body.     

建筑信息模型与建设工程项目管理

建筑信息模型(Building Information Modeling,BIM)是近两年来出现的一项新技术,正引领着建筑业信息技术走向更高的层次.它的全面应用,将对建设工程项目管理产生无可估量的影响,为建筑业的发展带来巨大的效益,使整个工程的质量和效率显著提高,成本降低.     

Building energy model reduction using model-cluster-reduce pipeline

This paper introduces a novel building energy model reduction pipeline called ‘model-cluster-reduce’. It is centred around using clustering techniques to identify archetypes and eliminate redundant zones. An experiment was conducted in this paper using a detailed EnergyPlus model generated from building information modelling directly. A total number of four reduced models were generated and compared against the original model, random select models and an expert model. The reduced models estimated annual energy simulation and parametric simulation results within 5% error margin, while reducing the overall simulation time by 95%. The proposed method – which is aimed at large models where inter-zone heat transfer is not significant – can be used to approximate parametric simulations or optimizations with greatly reduced runtime.     

A simulation model to study the impact of early information on design duration and redesign

In the design process, it is common to utilize early information from precedent activities to shorten the project duration instead of having to wait for the confirmed parameter values to arrive after full analysis. However, the estimated preliminary parameter might be different from that obtained after the full analysis. Consequently, redesign may be needed in downstream activities to correct this discrepancy. Total amount of induced redesign may adversely impact loss of productivity and overall design completion. Furthermore, redesign requires additional resources which may exaggerate the project completion for a project with limited resources. This study presents a simulation model to describe the effect of utilizing early information on redesign and total design duration. The paper characterizes the reduction in project duration while accounting for the impact of redesign through sensitivity studies of the parameters of the simulation model. The sensitivity studies would provide valuable insight that project managers can take into account when utilizing early information in design.     

Enhanced energy conservation in houses through high performance design

Key design features of high performance houses are investigated for improving energy efficiency in cold climates. Reference dwellings with typical constructions and system designs are compared with high performance houses using the best technology available. The dwellings used for reference are a multi-family apartment building and a single-family detached house, designed according to a mix of Nordic building codes of 2001. The high performance houses designed fulfilled the target requirements of IEA Task 28, Sustainable Solar Housing. Simulations of the buildings are performed using the computer programme DEROB-LTH and results from simulations give the hourly space-heating demand and peak load of the buildings. A comparison of reference houses to high performance solutions shows that the space-heating demand can be reduced by up to 83% for single-family houses and by up to 85% for apartment buildings. The climate data used for all simulations is Stockholm, Sweden. The environmental effects in terms of CO₂ equivalent emissions and use of non-renewable primary energy are quantified for each building type and construction. The energy saving potential of high performance houses in cold climates is demonstrated.     

长富金茂大厦中震性能设计

以高295m的长富金茂大厦为例,检验了整体结构在中震作用下的反应是否满足抗震要求。中震作用下对各受力构件分别采取相应量化的方法分析其性能状态:对连梁,分析其剪切屈服比值和弯曲屈服比值,控制两者数值大小实现大震时连梁剪切屈服后于弯曲屈服的性能目标;对剪力墙和框架柱,对轴力和弯矩受力状态采用N-M包络曲线法验证,对剪切屈服状态采用规范的计算公式复核;对框架组合梁,其弯曲屈服验算采用弯矩-曲率曲线验算;对伸臂桁架上下弦,分别考虑轴力和弯矩的共同作用,采用N-M曲线验算;对伸臂桁架腹杆,其轴力屈服验算方法采用钢结构规范的计算公式复核。上述验算结果表明该结构在中震下能满足拟定的中震性能目标。     

建筑能耗制约因素与节能设计分析

建筑节能是实现可持续发展的迫切要求。论述了制约建筑能耗的三类因素,从建筑物微气候、建筑构造和设备提出建筑节能设计途径。     

符合幼儿心理发展的建筑环境设计

基于对幼儿期心理发展的研究,分析了该阶段儿童发展的几大特征,在此基础上提出了符合幼儿发展的建筑环境设计要求,从而为儿童创造一个适合其成长的环境。     

Glazing energy performance and design optimization with daylighting

This study systematically explores the influence of glazing systems on component loads and annual energy use in prototypical office buildings. The DOE-2.1B building energy simulation program, which contains an integrated daylighting model, is used to determine fenestration energy performance in diverse climates. The sensitivity of total energy use to orientation, window area, glazing properties (U-value, shading coefficient, visible transmittance), window management strategy, installed lighting power, and lighting control strategy are all described. We examine the conditions under which daylighting reduces net anual energy use as well as those conditions under which energy use may increase. Combinations of wall and fenestration properties that minimize net energy requirements as a function of climate and orientation are described.