THE NONLINEAR CUSP-CATASTROPHE MODEL OF THE SEDIMENT TRANSPORT RATE

1 .　ＩＮＴＲＯＤＵＣＴＩＯＮＦｒｏｍｔｈｅｆｉｒｓｔｅｑｕａｔｉｏｎｏｆｓｅｄｉｍｅｎｔｔｒａｎｓｐｏｒｔｒａｔｅｏｆＰ .Ｄｕｂｏｙｓｉｎ 1879,ｔｈｅｓｅｄｉｍｅｎｔｔｒａｎｓｐｏｒｔｒａｔｅｈａｓｂｅｅｎｓｔｕｄｉｅｄｂｙｍａｎｙｉｎｖｅｓｔｉｇａｔｏ     

Study of the natural vibration characteristics of water motion in the moon pool by the semi-analytical method

The three-dimensional natural vibration characteristics of water inside a moon pool of an ocean structures are studied. The governing equations are derived based on the linear potential flow theory, and the boundary condition of the total opening bottom suggested by Molin is adopted. A semi-analytical method is used to solve the governing equations, and the natural frequencies and the motion modes are obtained. Two types of motions are studied:(1) the piston motion in the vertical direction, and(2) the sloshing motion of the free surface. The influences of moon pool's structural parameters on the natural frequencies, and the modal shapes are analyzed.     

SEASONAL VARIATIONS OF CIRCULATION AND SUSPENDED MATTER TRANSPORT IN THE YELLOW AND EAST CHINA SEAS

1 .　ＩＮＴＲＯＤＵＣＴＩＯＮＴｈｅＹｅｌｌｏｗＳｅａａｎｄＥａｓｔＣｈｉｎａＳｅａ (ＥＣＳ)ａｒｅｍａｒｇｉｎａｌｓｅａｓｏｆｔｈｅｎｏｒｔｈｗｅｓｔＰａｃｉｆｉｃＯｃｅａｎａｎｄｈａｖｅｅｘｐａｎｓｉｖｅｃｏｎｔｉｎｅｎｔａｌｓｈｅｌｖｅｓ .ＴｈｅｕｎｉｑｕｅａｎｄｓｔｒｉｋｉｎｇｆｅａｔｕｒｅｓｏｆｔｈｅＹｅｌｌｏｗＳｅａａｎｄｔｈｅＥＣＳａｒｅｔｈａｔｔｈｅｒｅａｒｅｓｔｒｏｎｇｔｉｄａｌｃｕｒｒｅｎｔ ,ｓｔｒｏｎｇｍｏｎｓｏｏｎｉｎｆｌｕｅｎｃｅａｎｄｆｒｅｓｈｗａｔｅｒｉｎｆｌｏｗｆｒ…     

NUMERICAL STUDY OF THE PITCHING MOTIONS OF SUPERCAVITA-TING VEHICLES

The pitching motions of supercavitating vehicles could not be avoided due to the lost water buoyancy.In order to have some insight for the design of the supercavitating vehicles,the fixed frequency and free pitching motions are investigated.A numerical predicting method based on the relative motion principle and the non-inertia coordinate system is proposed to simulate the free pitching motions of supercavitating vehicles in the longitudinal plane.Homogeneous and two fluid multiphase models are used to predict the natural and the ventilated supercavitating flows.In the fixed frequency pitching motions,a variety of working conditions are considered,including the pitching angular velocities and the supercavity scales and the results are found to be consistent with the available experimental results in literature.The mesh deformation technology controlled by the moment of momentum equation is adopted to study the free pitching motions and finally to obtain the planing states proposed by Savchenko.The numerical method is validated for predicting the pitching motions of supercavitating vehicles and is found to enjoy better calculation efficiency as comparing with the mesh regeneration technology.     

泥沙运动统计理论前沿研究成果

本文是作者数十年来以力学和概率论相结合的途径,广泛、深入研究泥沙运动统计理论的主要成果。其中包括泥沙运动的概化模式;单颗泥沙运动力学及统计规律;床面泥沙4种状态之间的转移概率及交换强度;不同状态之间的多种输沙率(而不是现有的两种)研究;泥沙起动规律及起动流速;从理论上导出的床面泥沙的边界条件;一维不平衡输沙规律及相应的数学模型;推移质与床沙和悬沙同时交换的不平衡输沙;床沙冲刷粗化与交换粗化规律;推移质点源、线源及退化面源扩散。另外,文中还给出了由泥沙运动统计理论带动的泥沙研究领域其他成果,如挟沙能力级配及有效床沙级配、粗细泥沙交换、挟沙能力多值性以及黄河高含沙量时的"揭底冲刷"。     

振荡流场在海洋物质长期输运过程中的作用

关于潮流对物质长期输运过程的作用，早期侧重于考虑潮流振荡部分的影响，潮致余流被揭示之后倾向于强调非振荡部分的影响。本文采用一个新的海洋物质长期输运模型，通过数值实验发现潮流的振荡部分，或者更一般性地说振荡流场对物质长期输运过程的影响，不仅可以与潮流的非振荡部分和涡团的扩散作用相比拟，而且在浅海通常大大强于后面二者。振荡流场的平流输运作用可以等效地参数化为扩散作用，这种参数化具有相当高的准确性，并且全场仅仅依赖于唯一的具有长度量纲的经验常数。研究还发现振荡流场长期输运作用数值模拟适用迎风差分格式，而不适用中心差分格式。     

泥沙输移强度计算公式的再研究

输沙强度计算公式的精度，在很大程度上取决于水流强度指标的选取。本文在对以往各种水流强度指标分析的基础上，提出了统一的水流强度指标形式，并由此推导出一般形式的输沙强度计算公式，该公式可概括现有的有关输沙公式。同时利用多组实测水槽资料对公式中的系数进行了率定，与其它几个输沙强度公式比较表明，本文公式具有较高的精度。     

THE VERTICAL THERMAL STRUCTURE OF THE INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE MODE FROM WOCE DATA

1 .　ＩＮＴＲＯＤＵＣＴＩＯＮＩｔｉｓｋｎｏｗｎｔｈａｔｔｈｅｔｒｏｐｉｃａｌｏｃｅａｎ ａｔｍｏｓｐｈｅｒｅｓｙｓｔｅｍｉｓｓｅｎｓｉｔｉｖｅｔｏｓｍａｌｌｆｌｕｃｔｕａｔｉｏｎｓｉｎｔｈｅｓｅａｓｕｒｆａｃｅｔｅｍｐｅｒａｔｕｒｅ (ＰａｌｍｅｒａｎｄＭａｎｓｆｉｅｌｄ ,1 986) .Ｔｈｉｓｓｅｎｓｉｔｉｖｉｔｙｓｔｅｍｓｆｏｒｍｔｈｅｓｉｍｉｌａｒｉｔｙｉｎｓｃａｌｅｓｏｆｍｏｔｉｏｎｂｅｔｗｅｅｎａｔｍｏｓｐｈｅｒｅａｎｄｏｃｅａｎｎｅａｒｔｈｅｅ ｑｕａｔｏｒ.Ｉｎｔｈｅｌａｓｔｔｗｏｄｅｃａｄ…     

AN ACCURATE SOLUTION OF THE LINEAR THEORY OF THE WIND-DRIVEN OCEAN CIRCULATION-I. THE GENERALIZED SOLUTION

To model the wind-driven ocean circulation of the isobath rectangular basin, the linear vorticity equation with the meridional friction term was used compared to the Munk's theory on the ocean circulation. The generalized solution of the vorticity equation was thus worked out in the sense of Fourier averaging by using the corrected Fourier expansion. The method to obtain the undetermined coefficients was presented using the viscous boundary conditions.     

冰波运动特性及盖移质输冰能力研究

冰下盖移质冰颗粒集体运动时易形成一种特殊的冰情现象——冰波，其运动特性与冰塞形成、堆积演变及输冰能力密切相关。为探究冰波运动特性及盖移质输冰能力，借鉴泥沙输移理论，从理论层面建立了冰波运动的基本控制方程与盖移质输冰率方程，进一步推求了无量纲盖移质输冰强度（输冰能力）与水流强度的本构关系。结果表明:冰波形成需要一定的水力条件，冰波波高与背流面波长的变化及表征水流强度的弗劳德数Fr相关，同时也受水深、冰下阻力等因素的综合影响；建立的输冰率公式体现了输冰能力与水流条件的关系，且考虑了冰盖影响，优化了输冰能力的计算结果；总体上，输冰能力与水流强度呈复杂的函数关系，但水流强度仍是体现输冰能力的主要指标与便捷指标。研究结果可为寒区河流输冰能力的计算提供理论参考，同时可辅助揭示河流冰塞的形成机理。     

A physical,movable-bed model for non-uniform sediment transport,fluvial erosion and bank failure in rivers

Sediment transport processes in rivers continue to pose a challenge when designing movable-bed physical models, particularly for reproducing the grain sorting and bank erosion (fluvial erosion and mass failure). This paper presents and discusses scale effects of a specific scaling approach for multi-grain size mixtures that preserves similarity of initial motion for each grain size class and of the bank stability coefficient between the model and the prototype, but relaxes strict similarity of the Shields and particle Reynolds numbers. This approach is appropriate when bed load transport near incipient motion conditions is being studied, and allows for larger grain size scales than when full Shields parameter similarity is enforced. As part of an environmental project to rehabilitate sediment transport through bank erosion, this method has been applied to scale a Froude number criterion physical model of a reach of the Old Rhine (France). This has resulted in an undistorted scale of 40, and the use of sand as the model bank material. Each grain size has a different geometrical scale. The time scale for sediment motion is grain size and flow discharge dependent. An average time scale of 6 has therefore been used (four model hours = one prototype day). A strategy devised for the field case consists of two higher, larger island groynes that replace the three existing groynes, producing bank erosion for flow rates below the mean annual flow rate. Extrapolation of model behaviour to the prototype is not a major problem, but the volume of eroded bank material may be underestimated, mainly because of the relaxation of the Shields number similarity and the apparent cohesive properties of the model bank material.     

CRITICAL UNIT STREAM POWER FOR SEDIMENT TRANSPORT

1 .　ＩＮＴＲＯＤＵＣＴＩＯＮＡＮＤＬＩＴＥＲＡＴＵＲＥＲＥＶＩＥＷＩｎｃｉｐｉｅｎｔｍｏｔｉｏｎｉｓａｓｐｅｃｉａｌｃａｓｅｏｆｓｅｄｉｍｅｎｔｔｒａｎｓｐｏｒｔ ,ａｎｄｔｈｅｔｒａｎｓｐｏｒｔｒａｔｅｏｒｃｏｎｃｅｎｔｒａｔｉｏｎｉｓｚｅｒｏｏｒａｓｍａｌｌｖａｌｕｅｔｈｅｎ .Ｗｉｔｈｔｈｅｅｘｃｅｐｔｉｏｎｏｆｐｒｏｂａｂｉｌｉｓｔｉｃａｎｄｒｅｇｒｅｓｓｉｏｎａｐｐｒｏａｃｈ ,ｓｅｄｉｍｅｎｔｔｒａｎｓｐｏｒｔｅｑｕａｔｉｏｎｃａｎｂｅｅｘｐｒｅｓｓｅｄｉｎｏｎｅｏｆｔｈｅｆｏｌｌｏｗｉ…     

一维非饱和溶质随机运移模型的谱分析

本文根据宏观尺度条件下溶质运移的随机特征，在不考虑孔隙弥散的条件下，对一维非饱和溶质运移方程进行了简化。假设流速场及溶质浓度无普空间平稳随机函数，通过对一维非饱和溶运移的简化方程进行平均处理，导出了与小尺度对流一弥散方程相似的宏观尺度溶质运移的基本方程，并由谱分析导出了宏观弥散系数及溶质浓度方差的表达式。应用宏观尺度溶驼移方程为基础的数学模型对野外盐分迁移过程进行了模拟。模拟所得的溶质平均浓度及浓     

Time-domain hydrodynamic analysis of pontoon-plate floating breakwater

The hydrodynamic behaviors of a floating breakwater consisting of a rectangular pontoon and horizontal plates are studied theoretically. The fluid motion is idealized as two-dimensional linear potential flow. The motions of the floating breakwater are assumed to be two-dimensional in sway, heave, and roll. The solution to the fluid motion is derived by transforming the governing differential equation into the integral equation on the boundary in time domain with the Green’s function method. The motion equations of the floating breakwater are established and solved with the fourth-order Runge-Kutta method to obtain the displacement and velocity of the breakwater. The mooring forces are computed with the static method. The computational results of the wave transmission coefficient, the motion responses, and the mooring forces of the pontoon-plate floating breakwater are given. It is indicated that the relative width of the pontoon is an important factor influencing the wave transmission coefficient of the floating breakwater. The transmission coefficient decreases obviously as the relative width of the pontoon increases. The horizontal plates help to reduce the wave transmission over the floating breakwater. The motion responses and the mooring forces of the pontoon-plate floating breakwater are less than those of the pontoon floating breakwater. The mooring force at the offshore side is larger than that at the onshore side.     

一维河网非恒定流及悬沙数学模型的节点控制方法

本文的一维河网非恒定流及悬沙数学模型，是根据以一维圣维南方程组，悬沙非平衡输运方程及水位、含沙量节点控制法而建立。首先，利用单一河流有限差分方程组转换形式和节点处质量、能量守恒性，写出所有节点的水位控制方程组。求解此不规则稀疏矩阵方程组得到得有节点的水位，再由单一河流非恒定流的求解方法可获得所有单一河流的断面水位和流量。基于水注的节点水位控制法，本文提出了节点悬沙控制法。假设节点处冲刷或淤积较小，所有节点的含沙量控制方程组可通过输沙量守恒方程用矩阵形式写出。求解此不规则稀疏矩阵方程组，得到所有节点处的含沙量。所有单一河流断面处的含沙量通过单一河流悬沙输运的求解方法获得。本文介绍的模型适用于各种河网类型。作为检验，该模型成功地应用于珠江三角洲流域河网水流及悬沙的数值计算。     

伶仃洋海区二维不平衡非均匀输沙数学模型

采用贴体正交曲线坐标下的水流运动方程及悬移质平衡输移方程等建立了伶仃洋海区二维不平衡非均匀输沙模型。其中泥沙输移的非均匀性采用分组粒径法来模拟，根据实测的泥沙级配资料，模型将泥沙分13组。针对河口泥沙双向交换的特点，对泥沙冲淤函数作了改进。并采用最新的实测地形资料和洪、枯两组水文组合条件对伶仃洋海区主要水文站点的实测资料进行验证，其水流、泥沙运动验证精度基本都能达到规范要求，海区含沙量分布与遥感图十分相似。     

CONCENTRATION DISTRIBUTION OF SEDIMENT IN BED LOAD LAYER

In this paper the concentration profile in bed load layer is derived based on kinetic theory. According to observations, particles moving in near wall region behave differently during ejection and sweeping of turbulence burst, as indicates that they are subject to different influences from turbulence, and therefore, the forces acting on particles are not the same. Consequently, particles moving in bed load layer are classified into two groups, one lifted upward by ejections, the other carried back to bed by sweepings, and the forces corresponding to upward and downward motions are proposed. By solving the basic transport equation of kinetic theory, the velocity distribution functions, upward and downward fluxes of particles in bed load layer are derived. Upon assumption of equilibrium sediment transport, concentration profile in bed load layer is obtained. Verification is also presented in this paper, which shows that the concentration profile produced by the relation proposed in this paper agrees with observations well.     

STUDY ON THE ANGLE OF REPOSE OF NONUNIFORM SEDIMENT

A conception of exposure degree is used in this article to account for the hiding and exposure mechanism of nonuniform sediment transport. The force arms of particles on the bed slope are assumed to be a function of the exposure degree, which is stochastically related to the size and gradation of bed materials. Based on this conception, the formula for the angle of repose of nonuniform sediment is developed. The angle of repose of nonuniform sediment is experimentally investigated in rotation drum at the rolling motion of sediment particles. The nonuniform sediment is gotten from the mixture of two kinds of uniform sediment with different weight ratios and two experimental plans that one for changing the weight ratio of two kinds of uniform sediment from 1:9 to 9:1 and the other changing the uniform sediment size and weight ratio are used. The effect of the rotation speed and the filling degree on the angle of repose is investigated, too. Finally, the formula has been tested against a wide range of laboratory data, the prediction by the newly proposed formulas is very good.     

区域饱和-非饱和多孔介质的溶质运移简化模型

在迭代求解区域饱和非饱和拟三维渗流模型的基础上，建立区域溶质运移简化模型。该模型将溶质运动在非饱和带简化为一维垂直运动，饱和带简化为二维剖面运动，在非饱和带与饱和带分别形成对流_弥散方程，并通过维持近饱和带溶质质量守恒组成统一的系统，采用有限单元法数值处理技巧，在同一个矩阵方程中求解饱和与非饱和含水层的浓度变化。该模型无需迭代计算，大大减少工作量，为求解区域溶质运移问题提供了新方法。算例验证表明，区域溶质运移简化模型技术可行，结果可信。     

河道及河口一维及二维嵌套泥沙数学模型

建立了一种河道及河口一、二维嵌套的泥沙数学模型，对基本的控制方程、方程的离散和求解方法、嵌套连接条件以及非均匀沙的处理等问题进行了研究。以非恒定非均匀不平衡输沙理论作为本文建模的基础，为方便处理，通过交界面的水位、流量和含沙量等的传递，在每一迭代内进行耦合计算。数值模拟结果与实测资料吻合较好，且计算省时，表明本文建立的嵌套模型是一种解决某些实际工程问题的可靠的和高效的工具。