液体抗拉强度与空化比尺效应

本文讨论了在动水力学法测量液体抗拉强度时小文杜时管中有空化，而喉部却出现了“负抗拉强度”的原因。同时利用小文杜里管作为空化器件，探讨了空化比尺效应，说明液体抗拉强度只是影响了临界空化压力pc，而在产生初生空化时,空泡也同样影响到参考点的压力pu。     

砂浆孔板洞临界空化荷载的实验测量及数值计算

本文介绍了一套用于测量空化荷载的自制仪器；给出了与砂浆孔板洞初生空蚀相应的临界空花荷载的测量结果；根据空泡动力方程；利用格尔莫方法数值模拟了与实验条件相应的空泡运动过程，并将计算的临界空化荷载与实验结果进行了比较。     

某水库底孔减压模型试验研究

讨论了形成初生空化数比尺效应的水动力原因及热动力原因,从Rayleigh-plesset泡动力方程出发建议了初生空化数比尺效应的修正方法,用减压模型测定了某水库底孔事故平板门槽及泄槽突扩跌坎后的模型初生空化数KiM及给出了经空化比尺效应修正后的原型初生空化数Kip。     

壅塞空化器空化噪声实验研究

为了避免水力机械产生空蚀破坏,目前对空化噪声的研究主要集中在空泡的初生问题,而为了有效利用空泡溃灭能量,研究空化时空泡溃灭强度的报道却较为少见。该文在不同背压下,利用水听器对不同壅塞管直径的壅塞空化器测试空化噪声信号,采用声压级差法和噪声能量比值法分析测试结果,探索壅塞管直径和背压对壅塞空化器空化特性的影响。结果表明:空化噪声信号的声压级差法和噪声能量比值法分析的结果基本一致,壅塞空化器在背压孔当量直径d=3.5―6.0 mm的背压范围内,都会产生明显的空化;不同壅塞管直径的壅塞空化器产生强烈空化都有相应的最佳背压范围,且随着壅塞管直径的增大,最佳背压范围会逐渐缩小;在最佳背压范围内,壅塞管直径和背压的变化对壅塞空化器产生的空化强度影响较小。研究成果完善了壅塞空化器设计的理论基础。     

初生空化数比尺效应的修正

在初生空化位置写出了随流运动的球泡动力方程，估计了方程各项在空化初生时的近似值；以现有的实测资料为依据，选择了能识别的气核失稳的临界半径Rc的大小；给出了原型初生空化数与模型初生空化数的简单关系式；列出了碧口水库孔板洞4个不同比尺减压模型的实测初生空化数，这些模型初生空化数的值相差很大，但由这4个模型初生空化数和本文给出的换算关系得到的原型初生空化数很接近，这原型初生空化数与原型观测结果定性一致。     

初生空化的模型数据应用到原型上的问题

初生空化数由韦伯数Ｗ和空泡相对膨胀速度Ｍ所组成。在分析了中，德联合对比试验数据的基础上，发现Ｗ和Ｍ的关系呈一条对数直线。由模型试验得到直线方程后，再根据原型的空化数决定韦伯数，从直线上求得Ｍ值，有了Ｗ和Ｍ，就可得原型的初生空化数，从而判断在原型水流中是否发生空化。     

空化机理和比尺效应综述

对空化的形成机理、液体气核存在机理、空化发生的判别指标等进行了总结回顾,综合分析了液体粘性、表面张力、气核含量和压强分布等因素对空化初生的影响,对空化试验中存在的比尺效应,介绍了相关比尺效应的经验公式及应遵循的模型比尺,指出空化机理和比尺效应的研究还有待进一步深入.     

初生空化比尺效应的讨论和验证

讨论了在常规循环水洞或在减压箱中进行模型空化试验时,关于初生空化比尺效应的不同观点.指出了在减压箱空化试验中使用的相似律存在的缺陷.为了有效研究初生空化比尺效应,规范液体的抗拉强度为零是必要的.用最新试验成果-喷嘴的初生空化特性,再次验证了经验的初生空化比尺效应.     

水质对空化初生的影响

本文着重分析水质对空比初生的影响，提出了以水抗拉强度和表面张力为参数的空化数表达式。证明，即使水体在同一建筑物，设备或物体上，空化初生差别很大，可有不同的初生空化数，为了消除水质的影响，文中提出了相应的准则和准数。     

空化现象及其模型试验预测的可靠性

预测水力机械和装置中绕流构件的空化特性，是在空化试验设备中进行模型试验的目的，然而尽管采用了谨慎的测试方法和半经验的比尺关系，试验结果的分散性仍然较大。近年来，在对空化初生的比尺效应进行大规模试验研究的过程中，试验液体的抗拉强度受到特别重视。试验清楚地表明，在未考虑水质的情况下，空化试验结果，尤其是初生空化试验的结果分散性较大，据此既不可能确定绕流物体的特征值，也不可能推导出初生空化的比尺关系。通过精确控制空化试验中试验用水的抗拉强度，可以清楚地得出普遍适用的速度、尺寸和粘性比尺影响的简单关系。     

ZERO-TENSILE STRENGTH FOR RESULT COMPARISON IN CAVITATION INCEPTION TESTS

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CAVITATION INCEPTION WITNESSED BY SOUND PRESSURE LEVEL IN MODEL TEST AND PROTOTYPE OBSERVATION

The paper concerns with the relationship between cavitation inception and Sound Pressure Level (SPL). A case study for the Xiaolangdi Hydro-proiect was taken as a typical example, which demonstrated the standard criterion of SPL indicating cavitation inception. Cavitation inception of an orifice plate used for energy dissipation in a tunnel spillway was witnessed and verified both in model test and prototype observation. A design criterion was proposed for a cavitationfree hydraulic structure which can be served as a reference for designers as well as researchers. Consequently, scale effects were discussed with an aim at suggesting an appropriate factor of safety in design.     

掺气水流的气泡尺寸检测

近年研究表明,高速水流泄水建筑物的掺气减蚀效果,不仅与掺气浓度有关,还应考虑气泡密度;认为0.2 mm或0.5 mm以下的微小气泡在掺气减蚀中起主要作用,可能只要很小掺气浓度即可达到掺气减蚀效果。因此在掺气减蚀研究中,必须加强对气泡尺寸的检测。分析总结了针式掺气流速仪应用经验,建议气泡当量尺寸直接采用探针检测得出的中值尺寸d50。虽然预计d50、气泡间距比实际偏大,气泡密度偏小,但是测量成果对于研究掺气减蚀机理,制定掺气减蚀的新标准,有重大意义。     

The effect of water quality on tip vortex cavitation inception

The inception of tip vortex cavitation is very sensitive to water quality. In order to quantify the effect of water quality on the inception of tip vortex cavitation, we develop a motion model to describe the migration and growth of nuclei in water. An analytical solution of migration of nuclei in a vortex flow is obtained so that the capture times of various nuclei can be given out directly. A criterion is built to determine the critical nucleus in a certain nuclei spectra distribution. Tensile strength of the critical nucleus is used to quantify the effect of water quality and correct the tip vortex cavitation inception number. Finally this change of cavitation inception number is compared with experimental results to validate our model.     

初生空化数公式的优化研究

初生空化数是衡量过流体型是否发生空化的判别标准。传统的托马公式认为液流负压值达到液体饱和蒸汽压时即发生空化。近来研究表明,气核和液体抗拉强度等对初生空化有重要影响。有学者认为把托马公式中的液体饱和蒸汽压替换为临界压强更为合理。本文在已有研究的基础上,对空化初生机理和影响空化初生的因素进行分析。认为空化仅是气核克服表面张力和液体饱和蒸汽压膨胀而形成的,并没有克服液体抗拉强度,且在空化源附近的液体几乎不具有抗拉强度,并基于此提出新的初生空化数公式。     

脉动压力及压力梯度对不平整突体空化初生的影响

本文对六种不平整突体在正负压力梯度状况下的初生空化数进行了试验研究和理论分析，并根据气泡动力学方程建立了脉动压力与气泡振荡半径之间的关系，讨论了脉动压力及压力梯度对不平整突体空化初生的影响，试验结果表明，同一突体在负压力梯度状况下的初生空化数高于正压力梯度状况下的初生空化数；对于非流线型突体，在负压力梯度状况下空化初生时的壁面脉动压力强度低于正压力梯度状况下的脉动压力强度，脉动压力峰值约为七至十二倍的脉动压力均方根值。     

掺气减蚀保护作用的新概念

利用针式掺气流速仪测量原型和模型掺气浓度场、流速场，气泡尺寸及其概率分布的研究成果表明，原型水流韦伯数高，形成微小气泡的能力比模型强，气泡上浮慢，接近底部的小尺寸气泡概率及掺气浓度比模型大。初步研究认为：0.2mm或0.5mm以下的微小气泡在掺气减蚀中起着主要作用，可能只要很小掺气浓度即可达到掺气减蚀的效果。因此以小尺寸气泡的掺气浓度，作为判断掺气减蚀保护作用的指标将更为准确。     

EXPERIMENTAL ESTIMATION OF A SCALING EXPONENT FOR TIP VORTEX CAVITATION VIA ITS INCEPTION TEST IN FULL- ANDMODEL-SHIP

Tip vortex cavitation noise of marine propeller became primary concerns to reduce hazardous environmental impacts from commercial ship or to keep the underwater surveillance of naval ships. The investigations of the tip vortex and its induced noise are normally conducted through the model test in a water cavitation tunnel. However the Reynolds number of model-test is much smaller than that of the full-scale, which subsequently results in the difference of tip vortex cavitation inception. Hence, the scaling law between model-and full-scales needs to be identified prior to the prediction and assessment of propeller noise in full scale. From previous researches, it is generally known that the incipient caivtation number of tip vortex can be represented as a power of the Reynolds number. However, the power exponent for scaling, which is the main focus of this research, has not been clearly studied yet. This paper deals with the estimation of scaling exponent based on tip vortex cavitation inception test in both full-and model-scale ships. Acoustical measurements as well as several kind of signal processing technique for an inception criterion suggest the scaling exponent as 0.30. The scaling value proposed in this study shows slight difference to the one of most recent research. Besides, extrapolation of model-ship noise measurement using the proposed one predicts the full-scale noise measurement with an acceptable discrepancy.     

NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF BUBBLE FLOW INTERACTIONS

Bubble flow interaction can be important in many practical engineering applications. For instance, cavitation is a problem of interaction between nuclei and local pressure field variations including turbulent oscillations and large scale pressure variations. Various types of behaviours fundamentally depend on the relative sizes of the nuclei and the length scales of the pressure variations as well as the relative importance of bubble natural periods of oscillation and the characteristic time of the field pressure variations. Similarly, bubbles can significantly affect the performance of lifting devices or propulsors. We present here some fundamental numerical studies of bubble dynamics and deformation, then a practical method using a multi-bubble Surface Averaged Pressure (DF-Multi-SAP©) to simulate cavitation inception and scaling, and connect this with more precise 3-D simulations. This same method is then extended to the study of two-way coupling between a viscous compressible flow and a bubble population in the flow field.