利奈唑胺对革兰阳性球菌的体外抗菌活性研究

目的 检测利奈唑胺对临床分离的金黄色葡萄球菌、表皮葡萄球菌、溶血葡萄球菌、粪肠球菌、屎肠球菌等革兰阳性球菌的体外扰菌活性.为临床合理使用抗生素提供依据.方法 采用VITEK-32全自动微生物分析仪和ATB自动微生物分析仪鉴定和药敏系统对临床分离的常见革兰阳性球菌267株进行鉴定和药敏试验.根据其药敏结果 比较8种抗菌药物对葡萄球菌、肠球菌的抗菌活性.结果 在临床分离的267株菌中金黄色葡萄球菌111株,MRSA 74株(占66.7%).凝同酶阴性葡萄球菌96株(表皮葡萄球菌57株、溶血葡萄球菌39株),MRCNS有80株(占86.0%),粪肠球菌45株,屎肠球菌13株.利奈唑胺对207株葡萄球菌、58株肠球菌体外抗菌活性分别为100%、93.1%,与万古霉素相当,明显高于其他常用的抗生索(如红霉素、头孢唑林、环丙沙星等).其对金黄色葡萄球菌、凝同酶阴性葡萄球菌、肠球菌的MIC50和MIC90分别为1,1mg/L;1,1mg/L;2,4mg/L.结论 耐甲氧西林葡萄球菌发生率高,多重耐药严重,利奈唑胺对葡萄球菌的抗菌活性与万占霉索相当,对肠球菌也有较强的抗菌活性.葡萄球菌、肠球菌对左氧氟沙星、四环素、红霉素均产生了不同程度的耐药性.     

泰地唑胺对革兰阳性球菌的体外抗菌活性研究

目的研究革兰阳性球菌对新型噁唑烷酮类抗菌药物——泰地唑胺的敏感性,并探讨泰地唑胺不敏感菌株的耐药机制。方法收集1 069株革兰阳性球菌[耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)202株、甲氧西林敏感金黄色葡萄球菌(MSSA)294株、凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌(CoNS)115株、粪肠球菌206株、屎肠球菌55株、无乳链球菌159株和咽峡炎链球菌群菌株38株]非重复临床分离株。采用微量肉汤稀释法检测所有菌株对泰地唑胺和利奈唑胺的最小抑菌浓度(MIC),分析泰地唑胺和利奈唑胺MIC值的差异,比较2种抗菌药物的抗菌活性;采用聚合酶链反应(PCR)检测泰地唑胺/利奈唑胺不敏感菌株的耐药基因。结果所有葡萄球菌(MIC≤0.5μg/mL)、屎肠球菌(MIC≤0.5μg/mL)和链球菌(MIC≤0.25μg/mL)均对泰地唑胺敏感,粪肠球菌对泰地唑胺的敏感率为94.7%,检测出11株泰地唑胺和利奈唑胺均不敏感粪肠球菌(泰地唑胺MIC=1μg/mL,利奈唑胺MIC=8μg/mL)。泰地唑胺的抗菌活性是利奈唑胺的4～8倍。泰地唑胺/利奈唑胺不敏感菌株只携带optrA基因。结论泰地唑胺作为治疗革兰阳性球菌感染的一种新型抗菌药物,具有较大的应用价值,但携带optrA基因的泰地唑胺不敏感肠球菌值得关注。     

临床标本中革兰氏阳性球菌耐药性分析

目的：对抚州市妇幼保健医院临床分离的革兰阳性球菌的分布情况及常用抗菌药物的耐药性进行分析,为临床医师合理使用抗菌药物经验性治疗感染性疾病提供参考。方法收集本院2012年1月至2013年8月临床送检的痰、血液、尿液及各种分泌物、引流物等标本。细菌鉴定及主要药敏试验采用黑马迪尔的革兰阳性球菌系统,用纸片扩散法（K-B法）做药敏补充试验,用WHONET 5.6做统计分析。结果共分离出250株革兰阳性球菌,其中以金黄色葡萄球菌为主,占26.4%,其次为表皮葡萄球菌,占17.2%,溶血葡萄球菌、屎肠球菌、粪肠球菌、肺炎链球菌所占比例分别为7.6%、7.6%、4.4%、0.8%。金黄色葡萄球菌中耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌检出率占48.5％。所有葡萄球菌对万古霉素、利奈唑胺及替考拉宁均敏感;屎肠球菌和粪肠球菌均对万古霉素、替考拉宁和复方新诺明敏感;2株肺炎链球菌均对万古霉素、替考拉宁、利奈唑胺和复方新诺明敏感,对青霉素均耐药。结论葡萄球菌、肠球菌、肺炎链球菌耐药性需加强监测,并采取有效控制措施。     

肠球菌的临床分布特征及对利奈唑胺等新型抗菌药物的耐药性分析

目的:研究肠球菌属的分布特征及对利奈唑胺、奎奴普丁/达福普丁等新型抗菌药物的耐药性,为临床合理用药提供依据。方法:使用VITEK2-compact全自动微生物分析仪进行细菌鉴定。药敏实验采用最小抑菌浓度(MIC)法,运用统计学软件EpiInfor2000、WHONE5.4分析实验数据。结果:在所有170株受检肠球菌中,屎肠球菌、粪肠球菌、其他肠球菌分别占52.9%、41.2%和5.9%。检出肠球菌株数最多的标本是尿液,其余为胆汁和血液等。药敏结果表明,肠球菌属总体耐药水平较高,仅对万古霉素和利奈唑胺极度敏感,屎肠球菌除对氯霉素、四环素、奎奴普丁/达福普丁的耐药率低于粪肠球菌以外,对其他多数抗生素的耐药率均高于粪肠球菌。利奈唑胺对屎肠球菌和粪肠球菌的MIC值大多为1和2μg/L。72%粪肠球菌对奎奴普丁/达福普丁的MIC值大于2μg/L,而80%的屎肠球菌对其的MIC值则小于2 mg/L。结论:临床肠球菌属感染以屎肠球菌、粪肠球菌为主,屎肠球菌对大多数抗生素的耐药率均高于粪肠球菌。利奈唑胺对屎肠球菌和粪肠球菌均显示出了强大的抗菌活性,而奎奴普丁/达福普丁只对屎肠球菌有较好的抗菌活性。临床治疗应根据药敏试验合理应用抗菌药物,或选用利奈唑胺治疗耐万古霉素的肠球菌所引起的感染,同时密切关注抗菌药物的MIC值变化,以此延长药物的使用寿命。     

苍南县革兰阳性菌监测状况与耐药性分析

目的探讨苍南县革兰阳性菌分布情况,并分析其耐药性,为临床积极预防与控制医院感染提供参考依据。方法对2016年1月—2017年12月苍南县第二人民医院分离的517株革兰阳性菌、苍南县第三人民医院分离的463株革兰阳性菌和苍南县人民医院分离的869株革兰阳性菌进行菌种鉴定和体外药物敏感性试验。结果 1 849株革兰阳性菌中,金黄色葡萄球菌718株(38.83%)、表皮葡萄球菌431株(23.31%)、溶血葡萄球菌240株(12.98%)、肺炎链球菌60株(3.24%)、无乳链球菌100株(5.41%)、粪肠球菌200株(10.82%)、屎肠球菌100株(5.41%)。718株金黄色葡萄球菌中耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)为481株(66.99%)。所有葡萄球菌均对替加环素和利奈唑胺敏感。粪肠球菌对万古霉素和替加环素均敏感(100.0%),对利奈唑胺的耐药率为2.0%。屎肠球菌对利奈唑胺及替加环素的耐药率均为1.0%。肺炎链球菌对替加环素和万古霉素均敏感(100.0%)。结论苍南县革兰阳性细菌中主要以金黄色葡萄球菌为主,其次为表皮葡萄球菌;且MRSA高达66.99%,肠球菌也存在不同程度的耐药性。     

革兰阳性球菌对利奈唑胺等抗菌药物体外药敏分析

目的了解临床分离革兰阳性球菌种类及其对抗菌药物的敏感性。方法统计2010年1~9月临床标本中分离的革兰阳性球菌及其药敏情况。结果所有分离菌株中葡萄球菌占70%,居首位;其次为肠球菌21.4%、链球菌8.3%。体外药敏试验表明所有革兰阳性球菌对利奈唑胺敏感,出现1株耐万古霉素的屎肠球菌(VRE)。结论葡萄球菌、肠球菌是临床最常见的革兰阳性球菌;利奈唑胺是治疗多重耐药阳性球菌感染的又一新型药物。     

粪肠球菌和屎肠球菌的临床分布及耐药监测研究

目的 研究临床感染患者中粪肠球菌和屎肠球菌的临床分布、对抗菌药物的敏感性以及耐药情况。方法北京积水潭医院2014年1月至2015年12月临床送检的感染标本,分离粪肠球菌和屎肠球菌进行鉴定和药敏分析。结果 分离出粪肠球菌184株,屎肠球菌109株。粪肠球菌药物敏感性从高到低依次为万古霉素、替考拉宁、氨苄西林、呋喃妥因、利奈唑胺、高浓度庆大霉素。屎肠球菌药物敏感性从高到低依次为替考拉宁、利奈唑胺、万古霉素、四环素、高浓度庆大霉素。检测出耐高浓度庆大霉素(HLGR)粪肠球菌75株,分离率为40.76%,HLGR屎肠球菌48株,分离率为44.04%。检测出2株耐万古霉素的粪肠球菌,分离率为1.09%,9株耐万古霉素霉素的屎肠球菌,分离率为8.26%。结论 肠球菌属的总体耐药率较高,且综合评价屎肠球菌的耐药性高于粪肠球菌,但肠球菌属对于万古霉素、利奈唑胺、替考拉宁等仍然保持较高的敏感性,临床上应选用合适的方法对肠球菌属进行耐药性检测,根据药敏结果选择适当的抗菌药物治疗。     

2011年四川省肿瘤医院细菌耐药性监测

目的了解2011年四川省肿瘤医院临床分离株对常用抗菌药物的耐药性.方法采用 MIC 法对1582株临床分离株进行药敏试验.按美国临床实验室标准化协会2009版判读结果.结果1582株临床分离株中革兰阳性球菌占10.1%(160/1582),革兰阴性杆菌占89.9%(1422/1582).耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MR‐SA)的检出率占金黄色葡萄球菌的26.1%.葡萄球菌中甲氧西林耐药株对β‐内酰胺类抗菌药物和其他测试药的耐药率显著高于甲氧西林敏感株,未发现万古霉素和利奈唑胺耐药株.肠球菌属中屎肠球菌对多数测试药物的耐药率高于粪肠球菌,出现1株耐万古霉素菌株,无利奈唑胺耐药株.革兰阴性肠杆菌中,大肠埃希菌和克雷伯菌属产ESBLs 株分别为66.5%和21.2%.产 ESBLs 菌株对大多β‐内酰胺类抗菌药物高度耐药.亚安培南对肠杆菌科细菌抗菌活性最强.出现了较多的多重耐药鲍曼不动杆菌.结论该院细菌耐药性较2010年有增长趋势,尤其出现了耐万古霉素的肠球菌且多重耐药鲍曼不动杆菌显著增多,应引起注意,并及早采取防控措施.     

230株肠球菌的临床分布及耐药性分析

目的了解我院肠球菌在临床标本中的分布及其耐药情况,为临床合理治疗肠球菌感染提供依据。方法对我院2011年1月至2013年6月各类临床标本进行分离培养。菌株鉴定采用全自动细菌鉴定仪,药物敏感性试验采用纸片扩散法．数据采用WHONET5．4软件进行分析和统计。结果从各种临床标本中共分离到肠球菌230株,其中粪肠球菌100株,屎肠球菌107株。标本主要来源于尿液（59．13％）、胆汁（17．39％）和血液（10．00％）。从粪肠球菌和屎肠球菌药物敏感试验对比来看．屎肠球菌的耐药性强于粪肠球菌。在受试抗菌药物中．肠球菌对替考拉宁的耐药率最低,其次为利奈唑胺和万古霉素。结论替考拉宁、利奈唑胺和万古霉素是对肠球菌抑制率最高的药物,但临床已检出耐万古霉素和利奈唑胺的肠球菌。由于肠球菌种的差异其耐药性有较大差异．临床应根据药敏试验结果合理选择抗菌药物。     

2010年中国12所教学医院革兰阳性球菌耐药性研究

目的调查2010年我国12所教学医院临床分离的革兰阳性球菌的耐药性。方法收集2010年6-12月9个城市12所教学医院临床分离的1 181株非重复革兰阳性球菌。采用琼脂稀释法测定抗菌药物的最低抑菌浓度(MIC)值,计算不同病原菌对常用临床抗菌药物的耐药率。结果金葡菌和凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌中耐苯唑西林菌株分别占40.6%(191/470)和79.6%(187/236);不同标本苯唑西林耐药金葡菌(MRSA)检出率为22.2%～72.7%。在ICU患者中,MRSA的检出率为71.4%,高于MRSA在住院患者中的比率。未发现对替考拉宁、万古霉素和利奈唑胺耐药的金葡菌;替加环素对金葡菌的MIC值范围为0.032～0.5 mg/L。在肠球菌属中发现10株屎肠球菌和2株粪肠球菌对万古霉素耐药。粪肠球菌和屎肠球菌对替加环素的敏感率均为100%,对利奈唑胺的敏感率分别为98.3%和100%。按青霉素非脑膜炎株折点判读,肺炎链球菌中青霉素耐药株(PRSP)的比率为6.0%(14/232),其中5岁以下儿童中PRSP的比率为13.8%(9/65),65岁以上的老人中PRSP的发生率为5.1%(3/59);未发现对替考拉宁、万古霉素、利奈唑胺、替加环素耐药的肺炎链球菌。结论葡萄球菌中MRSA检出率在ICU患者中较门诊和住院患者高,MRSA主要分离自呼吸道标本和各种分泌物和脓液标本。万古霉素耐药的肠球菌在我国发生率低。PRSP在5岁以下儿童中的比率明显高于其他年龄组。替考拉宁、万古霉素、利奈唑胺、替加环素对葡萄球菌、粪肠球菌、屎肠球菌和肺炎链球菌具有很好的抗菌活性。     

In vitro activity of CI-934 and other antimicrobial agents against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria

The activity of CI-934, a new carboxy-quinolone antibiotic, against gram-positive cocci and bacilli and gram-negative bacilli was compared with that of reference antibiotics. CI-934 demonstrated excellent activity against gram-positive organisms, including Corynebacterium sp. In addition, although the activity of CI-934 against gram-negative bacilli was less than that reported for similar agents, it was comparable to that of aminoglycosidic aminocyclitol antibiotics.     

Two new treatment options for infections due to drug-resistant gram-positive cocci

Gram-positive cocci, including enterococci and Staphylococcus aureus, have become the leading cause of hospital-acquired infections, and their resistance to antibiotics is increasing. Two important new drugs-quinupristin/dalfopristin (Synercid) and linezolid (Zyvox)-were designed specifically to treat infections due to drug-resistant gram-positive cocci. But their use must be tempered by their cost, toxicity, and concerns about further development of resistant strains.     

Comparative in vitro inhibitory and killing activity of cefpirome, ceftazidime, and cefotaxime against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, enterococci, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and methicillin-susceptible and -resistant and tolerant and nontolerant Staphylococcus aureus.

With a macrotube dilution method, MICs and MBCs were determined for three aminothiazolyl cephalosporins, cefpirome (HR 810), ceftazidime, and cefotaxime, against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, enterococci, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and methicillin-resistant, -susceptible, and -tolerant strains of Staphylococcus aureus. Comparatively, cefpirome was the most active agent against all gram-positive cocci, including enterococci and methicillin-resistant S. aureus, and was as active as ceftazidime against P. aeruginosa. MBCs of cefpirome were within two dilutions of the MICs for 91% of P. aeruginosa and 90% of gram-positive cocci strains tested, except methicillin-resistant S. aureus, for which the MBCs were within three dilutions for 90% of strains.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of aztreonam alone and in combination against bacterial isolates from pediatric patients

We examined 134 pediatric clinical isolates of Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and gram-positive cocci for susceptibility to aztreonam alone and in combination with seven other antibiotics. All 98 gram-negative isolates were susceptible to aztreonam with similar inhibitory and bactericidal activity. Combinations of aztreonam with cefoxitin, ampicillin, or clindamycin were generally indifferent or additive. Synergism was occasionally seen against enteric organisms with aztreonam plus cefoxitin or clindamycin. Combinations of tobramycin and aztreonam were synergistic (62%) against P. aeruginosa; aztreonam plus piperacillin or ticarcillin was additive. Aztreonam did not affect the activity of nafcillin against Staphylococcus aureus, or of ampicillin against species of Streptococcus group B or D. Antagonism was seen only with aztreonam plus cefoxitin against Enterobacter species, but not at clinically significant concentrations. Several combinations of antibiotics with aztreonam should be appropriate for initial therapy of infections in children without major risks of antibacterial antagonism.     

In vitro activity of moxalactam against pathogenic bacteria and its comparison with other antibiotics

843 isolates from clinical specimens were tested against moxalactam by disc agar diffusion. The bacteria used in this study consisted of Escherichia coli, Enterobacter aerogenes, Enterobacter agglomerans, Enterobacter cloacae, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis, Providencia rettgeri, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Serratia marcescens, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis and group B and group D Streptococci. In vitro activity of moxalactam was compared with the following antibiotics: ampicillin, amikacin, carbenicillin, cefamandole, cefoxitin, cephalothin, chloramphenicol, clindamycin, colistin, erythromycin, gentamicin, oxacillin, penicillin, tetracycline, tobramycin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and vancomycin. Of the 471 strains of Enterobacteriaceae tested, 466 (98.9%) were susceptible to moxalactam. Except for penicillin G, the gram-positive cocci were generally more resistant to moxalactam than the other beta-lactam antibiotics. Moxalactam was comparable to gentamicin, as far as its activity against P. aeruginosa was concerned, but was less effective than amikacin, tobramycin, carbenicillin or colistin.     

Comparative in vitro study of teichomycin A2.

Teichomycin A2 was evaluated in vitro against clinical isolates, and its activity was compared with that of other antibiotics. This compound was very active against all organisms tested; its activity was comparable to that of vancomycin, and it was superior to several other antibiotics when tested against gram-positive cocci. Because of its in vitro activity, it deserves clinical evaluation.     

162例下呼吸道医院感染的病原菌分布及药敏分析

目的:研究本院下呼吸道医院感染病原菌种类及药敏情况。方法:采集晨起合格痰或经气管插管采集的下呼吸道分泌物,用血平皿和巧克力平皿接种培养分离出的病原菌,用法国生物梅里埃API鉴定系统鉴定,药敏试验采用K-B法。结果:共分离出病原菌162株,其中以革兰阴性杆菌为主,共139株,占85.8%;革兰阳性球菌共23株,占14.2%。革兰阴性杆菌对碳青霉烯类抗生素和β内酰胺类抗生素/酶抑制剂复合制剂(头孢哌酮/舒巴坦)的敏感度较高。革兰阳性球菌主要是金黄色葡萄球菌,耐甲氧西林的金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)占73.7%,其对青霉素、苯唑西林、环丙沙星、红霉素、克林霉素有很高的耐药率(78.6%～100.0%),最为敏感的是去甲万古霉素。结论:本院发生的下呼吸道医院感染中,以革兰阴性杆菌为主,对常见抗生素耐药性较高。     

Comparative in vitro antimicrobial activity of carumonam (Ro 17-2301) and its influence on the activity of other antibiotics

The antimicrobial activity of carumonam (Ro 17-2301) was compared with that of 20 antibiotics against 338 clinical isolates. Carumonam did not possess activity against gram-positive cocci, MIC90 of carumonam were less than or equal to 0.5 mg/l for Enterobacteriaceae, except for Citrobacter (less than or equal to 8 mg/l) and less than or equal to 32 mg/l for nonfermenters. It was slightly more active than aztreonam against gentamicin-resistant bacilli (MIC90 less than or equal to 64 vs greater than or equal to 256). Combinations of carumonam with antibiotics with activity against gram-positive microorganisms were indifferent.     

Comparative in vitro activity of PD 127391, a new fluoroquinolone agent, against susceptible and resistant clinical isolates of gram-positive cocci.

We examined the in vitro activity of PD 127391, an investigational fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent, against staphylococci (including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus), enterococci (including beta-lactamase-producing and highly gentamicin-resistant isolates), and streptococci. The compound was active against all organisms tested and compared favorably with antimicrobial agents routinely used to treat infections with these organisms. On the basis of MICs for 90% of the strains tested, PD 127391 was 32-fold more active against all staphylococci, 16-fold more active against methicillin-resistant S. aureus, 8-fold more active against all streptococci, and 4-fold more active against all enterococci than ciprofloxacin. PD 127391 was shown to be more active than sparfloxacin, which in turn was shown to be more active than ciprofloxacin, against these gram-positive cocci. PD 127391 shows promise for the treatment of infections with gram-positive cocci, including organisms which are resistant to other commonly used antimicrobial agents.     

In vitro studies of BMY-28142, a new broad-spectrum cephalosporin.

BMY-28142 was compared with other broad-spectrum antibiotics against gram-positive cocci and gram-negative bacilli. BMY-28142 was highly active against all gram-negative bacilli and especially against Enterobacter cloacae, Serratia marcescens, and Morganella morganii. Its in vitro activity suggests that BMY-28142 should prove to be useful for the treatment of gram-negative bacillary infections.