基于标签的POF网络虚拟化技术研究

针对SDN新一代转发控制分离技术——协议无感知转发(POF),提出了协议字段全开放的SDN网络虚拟化架构。该架构提出了基于标签的网络虚拟化技术和POF物理交换机流表分配技术,通过网络虚拟化中间件将POF交换机与POF控制器之间传递的消息进行转换,对物理网络中传输的数据进行标签封装,从而区分不同网络切片与虚拟链路的流量信息。与已有的虚拟化中间件Flow Visor、Open Virtex、Co Visor等相比,该虚拟化中间件全面支持POF协议,通过物理网络中的数据的标签化处理,实现了SDN转发平面全字段开放的网络虚拟化。同时,基于该套架构,实现了POF网络虚拟化中间件系统POFHyper Visor,并验证了该POF网络虚拟化中间件系统的功能与性能,经测试,虚拟化消息处理能力损失在17.1%~29.9%。     

一种协议无感知交换机的设计与实现

协议无感知转发(POF)支持任意协议的解析和处理,增强了软件定义网络(SDN)的可编程能力.为应对高速网络的性能需求,设计并实现了基于多核网络处理器平台的POF交换机,通过引入流缓存以提高POF数据路径的执行效率;为优化交换机的多核性能扩展性,基于硬件平台实现了基于流的负载均衡,以及流缓存的管理方案.实验结果表明,基于...     

SDN交换机转发规则TCAM存储优化综述

软件定义网络(SDN)将传统网络的控制平面和数据平面解耦,通过控制平面的控制器灵活地对网络进行管理,目前应用最广泛的控制协议是OpenFlow.三态内容寻址存储器(TCAM)查找速度快、支持三态掩码存储,在SDN网络中应用广泛.但TCAM成本高、功耗大,并且在存储含有范围字段匹配域的规则时候存在范围膨胀问题,因此交换机中可存储的转发规则数量,尤其是匹配域的数量和类型都比较多的OpenFlow规则数目非常有限,这成为约束SDN网络大规模扩展和应用的瓶颈.研究机构从不同角度提出了针对SDN中交换机转发规则的TCAM存储优化方案.本文从转发规则存储架构优化、本地交换机转发规则压缩、全局转发规则动态优化以及控制器参与的网络转发规则管理四个角度总结了相关研究工作,并提出了适合未来SDN网络的转发规则存储的综合优化方案.     

基于SDN的CDN体系架构及关键技术研究

互联网应用带来流量持续增长,CDN成为提升用户体验的必然选择。在新业务需求和新技术的双重驱动下,电信运营商CDN需要提升CDN智能化能力,以适应快速变化的新业务。SDN是一种新型网络架构,通过将网络设备控制平面与数据转发平面分离,实现了网络的灵活控制。本文首先分析了SDN对CDN发展的影响,然后介绍了基于SDN的CDN体系架构,最后对实现基于SDN的CDN的关键技术进行探讨。     

基于软件定义的可重构卷积神经网络架构设计

为满足卷积神经网络业务处理的灵活性和高性能需求,提出一种基于软件定义的可重构卷积神经网络架构.该架构采用归一化处理流程实现卷积层网络的动态重构与运算模式的加速.采用AHB和AXI的双总线架构,实现卷积神经网络的流水计算.通过软件定义在FPGA上实现了不同网络结构下的数据集实时处理.实验结果表明,所设计的FPGA电路能够...     

SDN性能优化技术研究综述

软件定义网络(Software-Defined Network,SDN)是一种新兴的网络架构,完全解耦了数据平面与控制平面。控制平面集中制定并下发全网决策,数据平面单纯负责数据转发。通过控制平面的开放接口,SDN实现了网络的可编程性。在未来SDN大面积部署应用的过程中,各个平面的性能优化技术将面临诸多挑战。首先,分析了SDN架构中控制平面和数据平面的性能优化技术的发展现状。其次,总结了各平面性能优化过程中所面临的问题。最后,展望了SDN性能优化方面的未来研究趋势。     

基于FPGA的高性能网络报文分类算法研究

随着网络带宽和报文转发线速的快速增长,报文分类成为各种网络应用中的关键技术。早期的报文分类算法无法满足大规模规则集和高吞吐量的需求,因此提出一个启发式高效比特选择报文分类算法,采用局部最优策略动态选择比特来建立决策树,无需复制规则,能够节省存储资源。同时,基于该算法并结合硬件特性设计了一种基于现场可编程逻辑门阵列（Field Programmable Gate Array,FPGA）的多流水线架构分类器。实验结果表明,基于单片FPGA可以对64字节报文数据包实现超过400 Gb/s的吞吐量,并且支持128 000条五元组规则集。     

基于协议无感知转发技术的信息中心网络：设计、实现与应用

软件定义网络(SDN)的核心思想是将网络中控制平面和数据平面进行解耦,采用集中控制的方式给用户提供开放可编程的接口。信息中心网络(ICN)则集中在对内容进行命名和基于内容名字的路由。协议无感知转发(POF)是一种支持自定义协议的SDN转发技术。随着未来网络技术的研究与发展,基于SDN思想来实现ICN则可能成为一种解决方案,因而提出了一种基于POF技术的ICN网络设计方案与实现,并搭建了基于POF技术的ICN实验床。多人视频会议应用表明,该设计方案的正确性与可行性,不仅能转发ICN数据包,还能很好地实现实时性应用。     

SDN在金融数据中心网络中的应用

从金融数据中心网络发展历程的分析出发,研判未来金融数据中心网络的发展需求,认为SDN技术是未来金融数据中心网络应用与发展的必然趋势。面对SDN技术在金融场景下应用的挑战,给出了下一代金融数据中心组网模型重构设计方案,同时创新地提出一种基于地址池规划与虚拟路由转发隔离结合的异构SDN Fabric区域互联技术,配套金融防火墙与负载均衡接入模式设计,实现跨区域路由转发控制、区域间安全策略管理,以及多租户网络信息跨域同步等功能,并在原型实现基础上进一步给出了网络数据平台性能优化的研究成果。     

FAE:一种OpenFlow协议FlowMod消息的action扩展机制

SDN网络对数据转发平面的抽象是OpenFlow等南向接口协议制定的前提,目前标准OpenFlow协议假设数据平面每个流表项由确定的规则定义和对应的动作集合组成,每个配置数据平面的FlowMod消息会携带这些规则和动作集合。然而,随着SDN应用场景的不断发展,OpenFlow协议有限的预定义动作难以满足一些新的配置需求,例如集中控制的段路由管理配置和SDPA的配置等。为了提高当前SDN对动作定义的灵活性,解除其对动作的限制,首先提出了一种基于OpenFlow协议FlowMod消息的action扩展机制FAE,该机制具有满足用户自定义动作,且动作扩展灵活简单的特点,然后基于开源的Floodlight控制器和FAST交换机实现了FAE机制,实验表明,该机制在集中控制的段路由下,可以有效地支持其管理配置中的动作。     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People

This paper provides the author's personal views and perspectives on software process improvement. Starting with his first work on technology assessment in IBM over 20 years ago, Watts Humphrey describes the process improvement work he has been directly involved in. This includes the development of the early process assessment methods, the original design of the CMM, and the introduction of the Personal Software Process (PSP)^SM and Team Software Process (TSP){^SM}. In addition to describing the original motivation for this work, the author also reviews many of the problems he and his associates encountered and why they solved them the way they did. He also comments on the outstanding issues and likely directions for future work. Finally, this work has built on the experiences and contributions of many people. Mr. Humphrey only describes work that he was personally involved in and he names many of the key contributors. However, so many people have been involved in this work that a full list of the important participants would be impractical.     

基于复小波噪声方差显著修正的SAR图像去噪

提出了一种基于复小波域统计建模与噪声方差估计显著性修正相结合的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像斑点噪声滤波方法。该方法首先通过对数变换将乘性噪声模型转化为加性噪声模型,然后对变换后的图像进行双树复小波变换(Dualtree Complex Wavelet Transform,DCWT),并对复数小波系数的统计分布进行建模。在此先验分布的基础上,通过运用贝叶斯估计方法从含噪系数中恢复原始系数,达到滤除噪声的目的。实验结果表明该方法在去除噪声的同时保留了图像的细节信息,取得了很好的降噪效果。     

How do children do mathematics with LOGO?

Abstract  This paper considers some results of a study designed to investigate the kinds of mathematical activity undertaken by children (aged between 8 and 11) as they learned to program in LOGO. A model of learning modes is proposed, which attempts to describe the ways in which children used and acquired understanding of the programming/mathematical concepts involved. The remainder of the paper is concerned with discussing the validity and limitations of the model, and its implications for further research and curriculum development.     

Editorial: Special issue on recent advances in hybrid control theory and applications

正The demands of a rapidly advancing technology for faster and more accurate controllers have always had a strong influence on the progress of automatic control theory.In recent years control problems have been arising with increasing frequency in widely different areas,which cannot be addressed using conventional control techniques.The principal reason for this is the fact that a highly competitive economy is forcing systems to operate in regimes where     

Information for Authors

正Aim The Journals of Zhejiang University-SCIENCE(A/B/C)areedited by the international board of distinguished Chinese andforeign scientists,and are aimed to present the latest devel-opments and achievements in scientific research in China andoverseas to the world’s scientific circles,especially to stimulateand promote academic exchange between Chinese and for-eign scientists everywhere.     

Enhancing a leaf radiative transfer model to estimate concentrations and in vivo specific absorption coefficients of total carotenoids and chlorophylls a and b from single-needle reflectance and transmittance

The relative concentrations of different pigments within a leaf have significant physiological and spectral consequences. Photosynthesis, light use efficiency, mass and energy exchange, and stress response are dependent on relationships among an ensemble of pigments. This ensemble also determines the visible characteristics of a leaf, which can be measured remotely and used to quantify leaf biochemistry and structure. But current remote sensing approaches are limited in their ability to resolve individual pigments. This paper focuses on the incorporation of three pigments—chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and total carotenoids—into the LIBERTY leaf radiative transfer model to better understand relationships between leaf biochemical, biophysical, and spectral properties.Pinus ponderosa and Pinus jeffreyi needles were collected from three sites in the California Sierra Nevada. Hemispheric single-leaf visible reflectance and transmittance and concentrations of chlorophylls a and b and total carotenoids of fresh needles were measured. These data were input to the enhanced LIBERTY model to estimate optical and biochemical properties of pine needles. The enhanced model successfully estimated reflectance (RMSE = 0.0255, BIAS = 0.00477, RMS%E = 16.7%), had variable success estimating transmittance (RMSE = 0.0442, BIAS = 0.0294, RMS%E = 181%), and generated very good estimates of carotenoid concentrations (RMSE = 2.48 µg/cm², BIAS = 0.143 µg/cm², RMS%E = 20.4%), good estimates of chlorophyll a concentrations (RMSE = 10.7 µg/cm², BIAS = − 0.992 µg/cm², RMS%E = 21.1%), and fair estimates of chlorophyll b concentrations (RMSE = 7.49 µg/cm², BIAS = − 2.12 µg/cm², RMS%E = 43.7%). Overall root mean squared errors of reflectance, transmittance, and pigment concentration estimates were lower for the three-pigment model than for the single-pigment model. The algorithm to estimate three in vivo specific absorption coefficients is robust, although estimated values are distorted by inconsistencies in model biophysics. The capacity to invert the model from single-leaf reflectance and transmittance was added to the model so it could be coupled with vegetation canopy models to estimate canopy biochemistry from remotely sensed data.     

Mr. Twinn’s bombes

This article discusses the history and design of the special versions of the bombe key-finding machines used by Britain’s Government Code & Cypher School (GC&CS) during World War II to attack the Enigma traffic of the Abwehr (the German military intelligence service). These special bombes were based on the design of their more numerous counterparts used against the traffic of the German armed services, but differed from them in important ways that highlight the adaptability of the British bombe design, and the power and flexibility of the diagonal board. Also discussed are the changes in the Abwehr indicating system that drove the development of these machines, the ingenious ways in which they were used, and some related developments involving the bombes used by the U.S. Navy’s cryptanalytic unit (OP-20-G).