有氧及无氧训练对血浆电解质及微量元素的影响

目的　探讨中长跑有氧与无氧训练对血浆电解质及部分微量元素的影响 .方法　上海市及上海体院田径队中长跑运动员 ,根据个人运动专长 ,安排相应专项训练 ;12名进行有氧训练 ,14名进行无氧训练 ,分别在训练前及运动后即刻抽静脉血 ,检测血乳酸等电解质及微量元素铁、铜的水平 .结果　①两组训练后 ,血乳酸、Na、Cl及无机磷(P)水平均显著升高 (p <0 .0 1) ;无氧组训练后 ,血清总钙 (Ca)及血清铁 (Fe)水平均显著升高 (p <0 .0 1) .②两组训练后 ,Cu水平显著下降 (p <0 .0 1,下降幅度均达 35 %以上 ) ;无氧组训练后 ,K水平有下降趋势 (p =0 .0 6 ) .③有氧组训练后 ,乳酸升高与K水平呈显著相关 ((r=- 0 .6 73,p <0 .0 5 ) ;无氧组训练后 ,乳酸升高与Mg水平显著相关 (r=0 .5 5 1,p<0 .0 5 ) ,与Na水平呈极显著相关 (r=0 .731,p <0 .0 1) .结论　①有氧、无氧训练对电解质及微量元素水平的影响明显不同 .②无氧训练较有氧训练更需注意运动后电解质紊乱 ,尤需注意运动后血钙水平的升高及血钾水平的下降 .     

有氧无氧训练对血乳酸的影响及相关因素分析

目的探讨中长跑有氧与无氧训练对血乳酸的影响及其相关因素. 方法上海市及上海体院田径队中长跑运动员,根据个人运动专长,安排相应专项训练;12名进行有氧训练,14名进行无氧训练,分别在训练前及运动后即刻抽静脉血,检测血乳酸等生化指标及血常规指标.结果①有氧及无氧两组运动员训练后即刻,血乳酸(LD)、白蛋白(ALB)及金属钠离子(Na+)水平均明显升高(p<0.01);而二氧化碳结合力(CO2CP)明显下降(p<0.01).②两组运动员训练后,CO2CP及淋巴细胞绝对计数(LYM)与LD水平密切相关(p<0.01);ALB含量、淋巴细胞百分比(LYM%)及中性粒细胞百分比(NEUT%)与LD水平亦呈相关(p<0.05).③有氧组训练后,LD水平与金属钾离子(K+)浓度升高相关(p<0.05);无氧组训练后LD水平与金属钠离子(Na+)浓度升高显著相关(p<0.01),但训练后K+浓度呈下降趋势.结论①有氧及无氧训练方式对血乳酸的影响存在较大差异;②除用血乳酸水平控制训练方式及强度外,还需注意与乳酸改变密切相关的生化及血常规指标的改变;③无氧训练后血钾浓度下降,与运动疲劳有关,应及时补充钾离子及含HCO3-成分的饮料.     

有氧及无氧训练对自由基清除能力的影响

目的探讨中长跑有氧、无氧训练对自由基产生及清除能力的影响.方法对田径队中长跑运动员,根据个人运动专长,安排相应专项训练;12名进行有氧训练,14名进行无氧训练,分别在训练前及运动后即刻抽静脉血,检测与自由基产生及清除有关的ROS、SOD、CAT和乳酸等其他生化指标.结果①两组训练后LD、Na水平极显著升高,Cu水平极显著下降(均p<0.01).②有氧组训练后SOD水平极显著下降(p<0.01),Mg水平显著下降(p<0.05).③无氧组训练后CAT水平显著下降(p<0.05);Ca及Fe水平极显著升高(p<0.01).④两组比较,无氧组LD、SOD、Na、Fe水平高于有氧组;K水平低于有氧组.结论①有氧训练对血浆自由基的清除能力明显强于无氧训练组.②运动后血浆铜离子水平的下降影响SOD活性及血浆自由基的清除.     

有氧及无氧训练对肾脏功能的影响

目的探讨中长跑有氧、无氧训练对肾脏功能的影响.方法上海市及上海体院田径队中长跑运动员,根据个人运动专长,安排相应专项训练;12名进行有氧训练,14名进行无氧训练,分别在训练前及运动后即刻抽静脉血,检测LD、Na、K、Cl、Ca、P、Mg、Fe、Cu、BUN、Cr、UA 及Glu等生化指标.结果①两组训练后LD、Na、Cl、P、BUN、Cr、UA水平均极显著升高(均p<0.01,尤其Cr水平运动后升幅均大于80%);Cu水平极显著下降(下降幅度均大于35%,p<0.01).②有氧组训练后Mg水平显著下降(p<0.05),无氧组则微升高.③无氧组训练后K水平呈下降(该组14人中,12人下降,两人微升,p=0.06;有氧组则微升);Ca、Fe及Glu水平极显著升高(p<0.01,有氧组均微升).结论血浆Cr水平对于运动训练强度十分敏感,可作为监控肾脏损伤的生化标志物.     

有氧无氧训练对血乳酸的影响及相关因素分析

目的　探讨中长跑有氧与无氧训练对血乳酸的影响及其相关因素 .方法　上海市及上海体院田径队中长跑运动员 ,根据个人运动专长 ,安排相应专项训练 ;12名进行有氧训练 ,14名进行无氧训练 ,分别在训练前及运动后即刻抽静脉血 ,检测血乳酸等生化指标及血常规指标 .结果　①有氧及无氧两组运动员训练后即刻 ,血乳酸 (LD)、白蛋白 (ALB)及金属钠离子 (Na )水平均明显升高 (p <0 .0 1) ;而二氧化碳结合力 (CO2 CP)明显下降 (p<0 .0 1) .②两组运动员训练后 ,CO2 CP及淋巴细胞绝对计数 (LYM)与LD水平密切相关 (p <0 .0 1) ;ALB含量、淋巴细胞百分比 (LYM % )及中性粒细胞百分比 (NEUT % )与LD水平亦呈相关 (p<0 .0 5 ) .③有氧组训练后 ,LD水平与金属钾离子 (K )浓度升高相关 (p<0 .0 5 ) ;无氧组训练后LD水平与金属钠离子 (Na )浓度升高显著相关 (p<0 .0 1) ,但训练后K 浓度呈下降趋势 .结论　①有氧及无氧训练方式对血乳酸的影响存在较大差异 ;②除用血乳酸水平控制训练方式及强度外 ,还需注意与乳酸改变密切相关的生化及血常规指标的改变 ;③无氧训练后血钾浓度下降 ,与运动疲劳有关 ,应及时补充钾离子及含HCO3 -成分的饮料 .     

有氧及无氧训练对肝脏功能的影响

目的探讨中长跑有氧、无氧训练对肝脏功能的影响.方法上海市及上海体院田径队中长跑运动员,根据个人运动专长,安排相应专项训练;12名进行有氧训练,14名进行无氧训练,分别在训练前及运动后即刻抽静脉血,检测LD、TB、DB、TP、ALB、G、A/G、ALT、AKP、AST、TBA及GGT等12项生化指标.结果①对胆红素代谢的影响:无氧及有氧训练后血浆TB及DB均极显著升高(升幅均大于13%,p<0.01),尤其无氧组训练后TB升幅达22.6%.②对蛋白质代谢的影响:无氧及有氧训练后血浆TP、ALB及G水平均极显著升高(p<0.01);运动后蛋白水平升幅无氧组均大于有氧组(分别为:14.6%,8.1%;12.4%,7.2%;18.3%,9.5%);运动后A/G呈下降趋势(无氧组p<0.05).③对肝功能相关酶类的影响:无氧及有氧训练后血浆ALT、AKP及AST活性均显著增高(除ALT在有氧组p<0.05,其余均为p<0.01);运动后酶活性升幅无氧组均大于有氧组(分别为:18.2%,8.3%;14.4%,7.7%;21.4%,17.6%);运动后GGT活性亦呈增高趋势(无氧组p<0.05).④有氧及无氧训练对于总胆汁酸的影响,有升、有降,无显著统计学差异.结论有氧或无氧训练均可影响机体免疫力,并使肝脏代谢增强、多种肝功能相关酶活性增高;无氧训练对肝脏功能的影响强度大于有氧训练.     

有氧及无氧训练对自由基清除能力的影响

目的　探讨中长跑有氧、无氧训练对自由基产生及清除能力的影响 .方法　对田径队中长跑运动员 ,根据个人运动专长 ,安排相应专项训练 ;12名进行有氧训练 ,14名进行无氧训练 ,分别在训练前及运动后即刻抽静脉血 ,检测与自由基产生及清除有关的ROS、SOD、CAT和乳酸等其他生化指标 .结果　①两组训练后LD、Na水平极显著升高 ,Cu水平极显著下降 (均p <0 .0 1) .②有氧组训练后SOD水平极显著下降 (p <0 .0 1) ,Mg水平显著下降 (p <0 .0 5 ) .③无氧组训练后CAT水平显著下降 (p <0 .0 5 ) ;Ca及Fe水平极显著升高 (p <0 .0 1) .④两组比较 ,无氧组LD、SOD、Na、Fe水平高于有氧组 ;K水平低于有氧组 .结论　①有氧训练对血浆自由基的清除能力明显强于无氧训练组 .②运动后血浆铜离子水平的下降影响SOD活性及血浆自由基的清除 .     

有氧及无氧训练对肾脏功能的影响

目的 探讨中长跑有氧、无氧训练对肾脏功能的影响。方法 上海市及上海体院田径队中长跑运动员，根据个人运动专长，安排相应专项训练；12名进行有氧训练。14名进行无氧训练，分别在训练前及运动后即刻抽静脉血，检测LD、Na、K、Cl、Ca、P、Mg、Fe、Cu、BUN、Cr、UA及Glu等生化指标。结果 ①两组训练后LD、Na、Cl、P、BUN、Cr、UA水平均极显著升高（均P〈0．01，尤其Cr水平运动后升幅均大于80％）；Cu水平极显著下降（下降幅度均大于35％，P〈0．01）。②有氧组训练后Mg水平显著下降（P〈0．05），无氧组则微升高。③无氧组训练后K水平呈下降（该组14人中，12人下降，两人微升，p=0．06；有氧组则微升）；Ca、Fe及Glu水平极显著升高（P〈0．01，有氧组均微升）。结论 血浆Cr水平对于运动训练强度十分敏感，可作为监控肾脏损伤的生化标志物。     

高强度有氧及无氧训练对运动员机体生化指标的综合影响

目的探讨中长跑有氧与无氧高强度训练对运动员机体生化指标的综合影响.方法上海市及上海体院田径队中长跑专业运动员,根据个人运动专长,安排相应专项训练;12名进行有氧训练,14名进行无氧训练;分别在训练前及运动后即刻抽静脉血,检测乳酸(LD),葡萄糖(Glu);乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)、肌酸激酶(CK)、肌酸激酶同工酶(CK-MB)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)活性、肌红蛋白(Mb)、血红蛋白(Hb)、肌钙蛋白(cTnI);总胆红素(TB)、直接胆红素(DB)、总蛋白(TP)、白蛋白(ALB)、球蛋白(G)、白蛋白/球蛋白比值(A/G)、丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)、天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶(AST)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)、总胆汁酸(TBA)、γ-谷氨酰基转移酶(GGT);钾离子(K+)、钠离子(Na+)、氯(Cl-)及无机磷(P)、血清总钙(Ca)及血清铁(Fe)、血清镁(Mg)、血清铜(Cu)、二氧化碳结合力(CO2CP);总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)、高密度胆固醇(HDL-C)、低密度胆固醇(LDL-C)、载脂蛋白AI(ApoAI)、载脂蛋白B(ApoB);血尿素氮(BUN)、血肌酐(Cr)、血尿酸(UA);淋巴细胞绝对计数(LYM)、淋巴细胞百分比(LYM%)、中性粒细胞百分比(NEUT%);超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、活性氧(ROS)等44项生化指标.结果①对于血乳酸及糖代谢的影响;②对于心肌细胞的影响;③对于肝脏功能的影响;③对于肾脏功能的影响;④对于血脂代谢的影响;⑤对于电解质代谢的影响;⑥对于自由基清除能力的影响,详细结果均见正文部分.结论①不同运动项目及训练方式对运动员生化指标的影响存在明显差异;②高强度训练后即刻运动员血清(浆)生化指标多发生大幅度改变;③高强度运动训练,最易受影响或损伤的机体细胞是心肌细胞;联合应用LD、LDH、CK、CK-MB活性及Mb等蛋白水平检测,可以更有效地监控运动员心肌细胞损伤;④血浆Cr水平对于运动训练强度十分敏感,可作为监控肾脏损伤的生化标志物;⑤有氧训练对于脂质代谢的积极因素优于无氧训练;⑥无氧训练较有氧训练更需注意运动后电解质紊乱,尤需注意运动后血钙水平的升高及血钾水平的下降;⑦运动后血浆铜离子水平的下降影响SOD活性及血浆自由基的清除;⑧高强度训练后电解质紊乱是造成急性运动疲劳的主要原因之一.     

中长跑有氧与无氧训练对血细胞的影响

目的观察有氧与无氧训练对田径运动员血细胞指标的影响.方法上海市中长跑队专业运动员12名进行有氧训练,14名进行无氧训练,分别在训练前、后进行血细胞检测.结果①两组训练后白细胞(WBC)总数均显著升高(p<0.01).中性粒细胞(NEUT)和淋巴细胞(LYM)绝对值也呈明显上升.②两组运动后红细胞(RBC)和血红蛋白(Hb)都有不同程度的升高,平均红细胞体积(MCV)轻度增大,平均红细胞血红蛋白浓度(MCHC)降低,平均红细胞血红蛋白含量(MCH)变化甚微.③血小板(PLT)训练后也呈明显上升(p<0.05).结论不同的运动训练方式对血常规指标有不同的影响.     

Modes of reinforcement and gender and culture of experimenter and subject: effects of "alien" and external reinforcement for Japanese and American men and women

In this study, we examined external and "alien" reinforcement (ER and AR. respectively) as a factor in social learning, and studied the combined effects of culture and reinforcement mode. A female (Experiment 1) and a male (Experiment 2) experimenters conducted experimental sessions. Both men and women, who grew up in the same culture as the experimenter, participated and performed the experimental task. A three-way interaction effect of experimenter gender, culture, and reinforcement mode was found on task performance. And the effect was more pronounced for a Japanese experimenter. A female and a male experimenters conducted Experiments 3 and 4, respectively; however participants this time were men and women who grew up in different cultures than the experimenter. Results indicated that the pattern of the subject gender and reinforcement mode interaction effect, when the experimenter was Japanese with American subjects, was exactly opposite to that when the experimenter was American. These experiments showed that AR was as effective for social learning as ER, and that the cultural backgrounds of experimenter and subject influenced AR and ER effectiveness.     

Timing and intensity of early fevers and the development of allergies and asthma

BACKGROUND: Early childhood fevers appear to protect against later allergies and asthma. What is not known is the time in which fevers exert this effect and whether the degree of temperature increase is important. OBJECTIVE: We sought to examine the relationship between the time and degree of early fevers and later allergies and asthma. METHODS: Eight hundred thirty-five children from southeast Michigan were enrolled at birth. Clinic records from their first 2 years were abstracted for episodes of fever. At age 6 to 7 years, children underwent allergy testing. We examined fevers occurring within 6-month intervals in the first 2 years of life and outcomes at age 6 to 7 years. The primary outcome measures were allergic sensitization, asthma, asthma with allergic sensitization, and asthma without allergic sensitization. RESULTS: In the unadjusted analysis each episode of fever between 7 and 12 months of age was associated with a lower odds of allergic sensitization (odds ratio [OR], 0.71; 95% CI, 0.54-0.93) and asthma with allergic sensitization (OR, 0.43; 95% CI, 0.21-0.90) at age 6 to 7 years. Likewise, every 1 degrees C increase in the maximum temperature between 7 and 12 months was associated with a lower odds of allergic sensitization (OR, 0.77; 95% CI, 0.61-0.96) and asthma with allergic sensitization (OR, 0.62; 95% CI, 0.40-0.94). After adjusting for potential confounders, each episode of fever between 7 and 12 months was associated with a lower likelihood of asthma with allergic sensitization (adjusted OR, 0.33; 95% CI, 0.11-0.94) at age 6 to 7 years. CONCLUSIONS: Both the timing and intensity of childhood fevers appear to be important factors in the development of allergies and asthma.     

Rates of oxygen consumption and of anaerobic glycolysis in renal cortex and medulla of adult and new-born rats and guinea-pigs

1. Rates of oxygen uptake and of anaerobic glycolysis were estimated in slices from the renal cortex and medulla (a) of adult rats and guinea-pigs, (b) of new-born (1-, 5- and 21-day-old) rats and of guinea-pigs of 1, 12, 21, 24 and 120 hr age.2. In the adult rat, Q(O2) values for the cortex were 12.55 +/- 0.20 (22) and for the medulla: 8.56 +/- 0.17 (22) mul./hr.mg dry weight, while in the new-born rat (24 hr old) they were 10.99 +/- 0.46 (12) and 9.33 +/- 0.18 (9) mul./hr.mg dry weight respectively.3. Values for Q(CO2) (N2) (anaerobic glycolysis) in the 14 hr old new-born rat were in the renal cortex 9.65 +/- 0.35 (5) and in the medulla 7.39 +/- 0.43 (5) mul./hr.mg dry weight; while in the adult they were 2.25 +/- 0.08 (16) and 5.76 +/- 0.14 (16) mul./hr.mg dry weight, respectively.4. In the adult guinea-pig values for Q(CO2) (N2) were of the same order as in the adult rat, though the rate of O(2) uptake was for the cortex 8.12 +/- 0.22 (12) and for the medulla 5.02 +/- 0.23 (11) mul./hr.mg dry weight.5. Though the Q(O2) values in the renal cortex and medulla were smaller in the 1 hr old new-born guinea-pig, they were already increasing in the 12 hr old neonate.6. The results are discussed in the light of enzyme changes occurring during the process of maturation of the nephron as indicated by histochemical observations.     

Association between functional alterations of senescence and senility and disorders of gait and balance

OBJECTIVES:

Declines in cognition and mobility are frequently observed in the elderly, and it has been suggested that the appearance of gait disorders in older individuals may constitute a marker of cognitive decline that precedes significant findings in functional performance screening tests. This study sought to evaluate the relationship between functional capacities and gait and balance in an elderly community monitored by the Preventive and Integrated Care Unit of the Hospital Adventista Silvestre in Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.

METHODS:

Elderly individuals (193 females and 90 males) were submitted to a broad geriatric evaluation, which included the following tests: 1) a performance-oriented mobility assessment (POMA) to evaluate gait; 2) a mini-mental state examination (MMSE); 3) the use of Katz and Lawton scales to assess functional capacity; 4) the application of the geriatric depression scale (GDS); and 5) a mini-nutritional assessment (MNA) scale.

RESULTS:

Reductions in MMSE, Katz and Lawton scores were associated with reductions in POMA scores, and we also observed that significant reductions in POMA scores were present in persons for whom the MMSE and Katz scores did not clearly indicate cognitive dysfunction. We also demonstrated that a decline in the scores obtained with the GDS and MNA scales was associated with a decline in the POMA scores.

CONCLUSIONS:

Considering that significant alterations in the POMA scores were observed prior to the identification of significant alterations in cognitive capacity using either the MMSE or the Katz systems, a prospective study seems warranted to assess the predictive capacity of POMA scores regarding the associated decline in functional capacity.     

男性乳腺发育症临床病理分析及雌,孕激素受体检测

对１１３例男性乳腺发育症进行临床病理分析。同时检测其中３０例乳腺组织中雌激素受体和孕激素受体分布情况，结果发现两者阳性率分别为８０．０％和８３．３３％。结合文献讨论了男性乳腺发育症的发生与高血清激素浓度及乳腺组织高受体水平的关系。