组织多普勒成像对心脏内强回声结构胎儿心功能的研究

目的 应用组织多普勒成像(TDI)结合传统超声综合评价心脏内强回声结构(ICEF)胎儿的心功能.方法 应用TDI技术的脉冲方式观察ICEF胎儿房室瓣环运动,测量其舒张早期、舒张晚期及收缩期运动的峰值速度(Em、Am、Sm);并结合传统二维、M型及脉冲多普勒超声测量胎儿心脏大小及血流速度系列参数;对照组房室瓣口血流参数与房室瓣环运动参数进行相关分析;两组间评价心脏收缩及舒张功能参数进行独立样本t检验;两组间Em/Am随孕周的变化进行直线回归分析.结果 研究组房室瓣E/A及Em/Am显著低于对照组,并与孕周呈直线关系;对照组E与Em、A与Am、E/A与Em/Am、左室缩短分数与Sm之间呈正相关;两组评价心脏大小各参数之间、心脏收缩功能参数及不同孕期Sm比较差异无统计学意义.结论 TDI可更为敏感、准确地评价胎儿心脏功能;中晚孕期ICEF胎儿心脏舒张功能下降.     

房室瓣环位移评价心室发育不良胎儿心功能的临床价值研究

目的应用M型超声心动图测量中晚孕胎儿房室瓣环位移（AVAD),探讨AVAD评价心室发育不良胎儿心功能的价值。 方法（1）选取150例孕龄19~41周的正常中晚孕胎儿,应用M型超声心动图测量AVAD［包括二尖瓣瓣环位移（MAD）和三尖瓣瓣环位移（TAD）］及左心室射血分数（LVEF）、左心室短轴缩短率（LVFS）;二维超声画迹法测量右心室舒张末期面积（RVEDA）及收缩末期面积（RVESA）,计算右心室面积变化率（RVPCA）;频谱多普勒（PW）取房室瓣口血流流速曲线,测量E、A峰值流速;组织多普勒（TDI）取房室瓣瓣环的运动流速曲线,分别测量房室瓣环舒张早期峰值流速（Em）、舒张晚期峰值流速（Am）及收缩期峰值流速（Sm）。定量分析AVAD与孕周（GA）及常规心室功能参数间的相关性。（2）选取49例心室发育不良胎儿（其中左心室发育不良组23例,右心室发育不良组26例）,随机选择上述150例正常胎儿中的30例为对照组,应用M型超声心动图测量其AVAD,并比较3组的差别。 结果（1）正常中晚孕胎儿AVAD随GA增加而增长,AVAD与E、A及Em、Am、Sm呈正相关,其中MAD与E、A、Em、Am、Sm呈正相关（r=0.347、0.290、0.407、0.393、0.517,P均<0.01）,TAD与E、A、Em、Am、Sm呈正相关（r=0.351、0.320、0.497、0.403、0.598,P均<0.01）;MAD与LVEF、LVFS无相关性（r=0.199、0.258,P均>0.05）,TAD与RVPCA呈正相关（r=0.837,P<0.01）。（2）左心室发育不良组的MAD较对照组减小［（7.11±0.56）mm vs（7.80±0.87）mm］、TAD较对照组增大［（9.78±2.11）mm vs （9.38±1.51）mm］,差异均有统计学意义（t=2.98、2.47,P均<0.05）;右心室发育不良组的MAD较对照组增大［（8.35±0.69）mm vs （7.80±0.87）mm］、TAD较对照组减小［（7.98±1.69）mm vs（9.38±1.51）mm］,差异均有统计学意义（t=2.42、4.18,P均<0.05）。 结论AVAD是评价胎儿心室长轴功能有价值的参数,可有效评估心室发育不良胎儿的心功能,并有助于此类胎儿的产前咨询。     

组织多普勒超声评价母体糖尿病胎儿的心脏纵向功能

目的 利用组织多普勒成像(tissue Doppler imaging,TDI)测量母体糖尿病时胎儿心脏的纵向功能.方法 应用TDI测量14例母体糖尿病胎儿(fetuses of diabetic mothers,FDM)和30例正常妊娠胎儿左室游离壁、室间隔、右室游离壁与房室环交界处收缩期Sm波、舒张早期Em波和舒张晚期Am波,计算Em/Am比值;M-超测量房室瓣环位移(D).分别测量右室游离壁、左室游离壁及室间隔厚度.记录左心室射血分数(EF).结果 (1)FDM组左室游离壁Sm增高,左室游离壁、右室游离壁及室间隔Am增高,左室游离壁及室间隔Em/Am比值降低;(2)FDM组左室及室间隔心肌运动幅度增加;(3)FDM组室间隔增厚;(4)FDM组Sm、Em、Am、Em/Am、D及心肌厚度与血糖水平无相关关系.结论 母体糖尿病时,即使血糖控制较理想,胎儿心脏纵轴功能也会发生改变.TDI是评价胎儿心脏纵轴功能的敏感指标.     

组织多普勒成像评价急性心肌梗死患者自体骨髓干细胞移植治疗后左室舒张功能

目的应用组织多普勒成像(TDI)技术评价心肌干细胞移植治疗急性心肌梗死对左室舒张功能的影响。方法自体骨髓干细胞移植治疗急性心肌梗死患者共26例,随访3个月,治疗前、后用TDI技术分别测量左室二尖瓣环水平的收缩期峰值速度(Sm),舒张早期峰值速度(Em),舒张晚期峰值速度(Am)及Em/Am,并与血流多普勒指标E峰速度(E),A峰速度(A)、E/A及E峰减速时间(EDT)进行比较,评价自体骨髓干细胞移植治疗急性心肌梗死对左室舒张功能的影响。结果治疗后EDT较治疗前降低(P<0.05),治疗后Em及Em/Am较治疗前升高(P<0.05),治疗后E、A、E/A、Sm、Am较治疗前比较差异无统计学意义。结论自体骨髓干细胞移植治疗急性心肌梗死后,左室舒张功能明显改善,TDI技术在评价左室舒张功能方面较二尖瓣血流频谱更准确、敏感。     

组织多普勒显像评价二尖瓣置换术后左心室功能

目的 探讨应用组织多普勒显像(TDI)评价二尖瓣置换(MVR)术后左室功能的临床价值.方法 45例接受MVR术后3个月以上患者为病例组,根据心律分为心房颤动组和窦性心律组,并选取30例正常人为对照组.应用常规超声心动图测量左房室腔大小、机械瓣口流速、射血分数等指标;应用TDI测量心尖四腔观二尖瓣环间隔处和侧壁处运动收缩期峰值速度(Sm)、舒张期峰值速度(Em)、等容舒张时间(IVRT);计算E/Em.结果 ①与对照组相比,MVR组二尖瓣环Sm、Em均明显减低,IVRT延长(P＜0.001),但窦性心律组与心房颤动组之间差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);②MVR组E/Em较对照组明显增高,二者差异有统计学意义(P＜0.001),且E/Em与IVRT呈正相关;以E/Em＞15.0为最佳截断值,评价左室舒张功能变化的敏感性为91.11%,特异性为90.32%,ROC曲线下面积为0.9548±0.0402.结论 TDI能够准确评价MVR后左室功能,E/Em作为一种评价心肌舒张和左室充盈压的量化指标可以评价MVR术后患者左室舒张功能.     

双脉冲波多普勒评价正常成年人二尖瓣环不同位点组织运动特征

目的 应用双脉冲波多普勒(DPW)技术同步评价二尖瓣环不同位点组织运动差异,探讨不同位点组织运动参数在左心室功能评价中的价值.方法 DPW技术获取112例健康成年人二尖瓣环侧壁、后间隔、下壁和前壁以及后壁5个位点组织运动速度频谱.测量峰值及起始时间和达峰时间;计算E/A、Em/Am、E/Em和左室射血分数(LVEF)、左室短轴缩短率(LVFS).结果 ①Sm、Em、Am及Em/Am游离壁瓣环均大于间隔瓣环(P＜0.05),E/Em间隔瓣环大于游离壁瓣环;Sm峰后壁瓣环最先开始加速,加速时间最短(P＜0.01);Em峰各位点间时间参数差异无统计学意义;Am峰起始、达峰时间游离壁较间隔延迟,加速时间间隔长于游离壁(P＜0.05).②相关分析表明,仅后壁瓣环位点Sm峰值速度与LVEF、LVFS具有相关性(r=0.243,r=0.227,P＜0.01);前壁、后壁瓣环Em/Am与E/A相关性最高(均为r=0.545,P＜0.01).结论 正常成年人不同二尖瓣环位点间组织运动峰值速度和时序存在差异;在不同位点评价左室功能的结果也不同.     

定量组织速度成像评价正常胎儿房室环运动

目的 应用定量组织速度成像(QTVI)检测正常胎儿房室环运动速度并分析其与孕龄和心率的关系.方法 对受检正常胎儿187例,采用QTVI检测不同孕龄二尖瓣环、三尖瓣环及室间隔收缩期运动速度(Sm)、舒张早期运动速度(Em)、舒张晚期运动速度(Am)及心率,分别比较不同孕期房室环运动速度间差异,并观察其与孕龄和心率的关系.结果 (1)胎儿二尖瓣环、三尖瓣环及室间隔Sm、Em、Am均随孕龄增加而增加,与心率无线性相关;除二尖瓣环Em外,各取样部位运动速度的提高集中发生在33～36周;(2)各孕龄胎儿的Em均低于Am;(3)三尖瓣环Sm、Em、Am高于二尖瓣环及室间隔(P＜0.01),二尖瓣环与室间隔Sm、Em、Am间差异无统计学意义.结论 QTVI能够评估正常胎儿心脏功能,并观察其动态变化,揭示胎儿心脏功能的发育成熟过程.     

组织多普勒成像评价儿童单心室心功能的研究

目的探讨组织多普勒成像技术在单心室心功能检测中的价值。方法应用组织多普勒检测47例功能性单心室患儿和28例正常儿童的房室瓣环运动速度等指标,并和有创、无创心功能指标对比。结果单心室患者邻近残余心腔侧的房室瓣环Sm、Em、Em/Am比值显著低于非残余心腔侧的相应指标。与正常儿童相比,单心室患者房室瓣环两侧的Sm、Em、Em/Am比值显著降低;QSm间期显著延长。正常儿童的二尖瓣环Em/Am比值与二尖瓣血流E/A比值呈显著正相关;单心室组房室瓣环Em/Am比值与房室瓣血流E/A比值有较好的一致性。单心室患者的QSm间期与心导管测定Max(dp/dt)之间呈显著负相关(r=-0.657),Sm与Max(dp/dt)之间无显著相关性。结论组织多普勒在检测单心室异常室壁运动、评价舒张功能方面具有一定的价值,QSm间期是评价单心室收缩功能的有用指标。     

E/Em评价中晚孕期正常胎儿心脏舒张功能的研究

目的 建立中晚孕期正常胎儿心脏舒张功能指标E/Em的参考值,与传统超声及组织多普勒成像技术(tissue Doppler image,TDI)评价心脏舒张功能指标进行综合分析,并探讨不同孕期该指标的演变规律.方法 327例孕18～42周正常胎儿选为研究对象,PWD测量房室瓣口血流E、A,TDI测量Em、Am、Sm,计算E/A、Em/Am、E/Em,对各组参数之间的差异及E/Em随孕周的演变规律分别进行分析.结果 E/Em与各参数均呈负相关;同一胎儿右心室E/Em小于左心室,其余右心室舒张功能参数均大于左心室;E/Em与孕周呈直线关系,随着孕周增加,E/Em呈递减趋势,并且晚孕组递减幅度较中孕组大.结论 E/Em与胎儿心室充盈压密切相关,能够可靠地反映心脏舒张功能,是一个简单、敏感、可靠的指标,建立正常中晚孕期胎儿E/Em的正常值范围,并研究其在不同孕期的演变规律,对于围产期胎儿心功能不全的准确评估具有重要的临床价值.     

Tei指数、二尖瓣瓣环位移和E/A比值对妊娠期高血压疾病胎儿左心功能的探讨

目的应用脉冲多普勒(PW)测量胎儿心脏左室Tei指数、二尖瓣口E/A比值并用M-型超声测量胎儿二尖瓣瓣环位移(MAD),为产前评估妊娠期高血压疾病胎儿左心功能提供重要信息。方法选取377例正常妊娠孕妇作为对照组和68例妊娠期高血压疾病孕妇作为疾病组,用PW获得所有胎儿左室Tei指数及二尖瓣口E/A比值。用M型超声获得所有胎儿MAD。结果疾病组胎儿左室Tei指数高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);疾病组胎儿MAD、E/A比值均低于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论 Tei指数、MAD及E/A比值三者联合能够对胎儿心功能作出正确的判断,能够指导临床工作及选择最佳分娩时机提供重要的参考依据。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Molecular characterization of virulence and antimicrobial resistance profile of Shigella species isolated from children with moderate to severe diarrhea in northeastern Brazil

Molecular characterization of virulence and antimicrobial resistance profiles were determined for Shigella species isolated from children with diarrhea in Fortaleza, Brazil. Fecal specimens were collected along with socioeconomic and clinical data from children with moderate to severe diarrhea requiring emergency care. Shigella spp. were isolated by standard microbiological techniques, and we developed 4 multiplex polymerase chain reaction assays to detect 16 virulence-related genes (VRGs). Antimicrobial susceptibility tests were performed using disk diffusion assays. S. flexneri and S. sonnei were the predominant serogroups. S. flexneri was associated with low monthly incomes; more severe disease; higher number of VRGs; and presence of pic, set, and sepA genes. The SepA gene was associated with more intense abdominal pain. S. flexneri was correlated with resistance to ampicillin and chloramphenicol, whereas S. sonnei was associated with resistance to azithromycin. Strains harboring higher numbers of VRGs were associated with resistance to more antimicrobials. We highlight the correlation between presence of S. flexneri and sepA, and increased virulence and suggest a link to socioeconomic change in northeastern Brazil. Additionally, antimicrobial resistance was associated with serogroup specificity in Shigella spp. and increased bacterial VRGs.     

护理干预对面部中重度寻常型痤疮的临床疗效影响分析

目的研究护理干预对面部中重度寻常型痤疮的临床疗效影响。方法选取本院在2014年4月~2016年7月诊治的136例面部中重度寻常型痤疮患者,随机分为研究组与对照组,每组68例;所有患者均依据其情况给予对应的治疗,其中对照组在治疗期间给予常规护理,研究组在对照组的基础上再给予综合性护理干预,比较两组的治疗效果及护理满意度情况等。结果患者在接受治疗和护理后,研究组中度与重度患者的治疗效果较对照组均明显提高(P0.05),研究组护理满意度较对照组明显增高(P0.05)。结论对面部中重度寻常型痤疮患者在其治疗期间给予综合性护理干预,具有良好的效果。