动态CT对肺内孤立性结节诊断价值的探讨

目的：探讨动态ＣＴ对肺内孤立性结节的诊断价值。方法：３５例直径６～４０ｍｍ的肺内孤立性结节,其中１９例肺癌,１２例结核球,２例炎性肉芽肿,２例错构瘤。对肺内孤立性结节进行薄层平扫后,以１．５ｍｌ／ｓ肘静脉注射碘对比剂后３０ｓ、２ｍｉｎ及５ｍｉｎ于相同二个中心层面进行动态增强扫描,计算结节最大强化ＣＴ值,描绘结节的时间—密度曲线,分析结节的强化类型。结果：全部肺癌和炎性肉芽肿显著增强,结核球无明显增强（Ｐ＜０．０１）。肺癌的时间—密度曲线表现逐渐升高,且大多数肺癌强化的峰值在注射对比剂后５ｍｉｎ,与良性结节明显不同。全部肺癌、错构瘤、结核球和炎性肉芽肿各例表现完全强化型,１例错构瘤和６例结核球表现无强化型,５例结核球表现边缘环状强化型,１例炎性肉芽肿表现周围强化型。结论：最大强化ＣＴ值＞２０ＨＵ的结节提示肺癌和少数活动性良性结节,无强化和／或边缘环状强化的结节提示结核球。     

螺旋CT增强扫描在孤立性肺结节诊断中的价值

目的 评价螺旋CT动态增强薄层扫描对孤立性肺结节（SPN）的诊断价值。资料与方法 回顾性分析79例经手术病理和临床观察证实的SPN患者的CT资料。其中周围型肺癌47例，结核瘤23例。炎性结节7例，错构瘤2例。在静脉注射碘对比剂100ml(3.5ml/s)前后，对病灶进行一系列薄层扫描，测量增强前后各扫描层面的CT值，计算结节的最大强化CT值和SPN/A0值。描绘结节的时间-密度曲线，分析结节的强化类型。结果 肺癌和炎性结节的最大强化值与结核瘤有非常显著性差异；肺癌和炎性结节的SPN/Ao值与结核瘤有非常显著性差异；肺癌和炎性结节的最大强化CT值和SPN/Ao值无显著性差异。肺癌和炎性结节的各时相强化值在注射碘对比剂40s,2min无显著性差异。在5min,8min有显著性差异。平扫3组间CT值无显著性差异。32例肺癌，5例结核瘤，2例炎性结节呈不均匀强化；12例肺癌，2例炎性结节呈均匀强化；3例肺癌，6例结核瘤和2例炎性结节呈周围型强化；9例结核瘤和1例错构瘤呈包膜样强化；1例炎性结节，3例结核瘤和1例错构瘤无强化，结论 螺旋CT增强薄层扫描能准确判断SPN的强化程度及类型。可提高SPN的诊断准确率。     

CT增强扫描鉴别诊断肺内孤立小结节价值

目的评价CT增强扫描鉴别诊断肺内孤立小结节的价值。材料与方法直径8～20mm肺内孤立小结节患者26例小肺癌12例,灶性肺炎7例,结核结节4例,硬化性血管瘤1例,错构瘤2例。增强扫描前后均行薄层扫描(1．5～5mm层厚)。分别进行CT平扫及CT增强诊断的前瞻性对比研究。结果CT平扫诊断正确率为65％,CT增强后诊断正确率为77％,二者无显著差异。小肺癌、灶性肺炎及肺结核结节的平均增强CT值分别为42Hu,37Hu和3Hu。1例错构瘤和1例血管瘤因增强CT值大于40Hu而误诊为肺癌。结论CT增强对肺结核结节的诊断有帮助,肺癌和肺炎性病灶的CT增强鉴别诊断有困难。应强调以病灶基本形态为依据,增强CT对鉴别诊断有价值。1．0cm以下病灶的CT值测量不准确。     

HRCT扫描结合MSCT动态增强扫描在肺内孤立性结节的诊断价值

目的：评价HRCT扫描结合MSCT动态增强扫描在诊断肺内孤立性结节（SPNs）的价值。方法：收集直径小于3cm的肺内孤立性结节患者48例,其中周围型肺癌28例,单发转移瘤5例,肺炎性假瘤5例,结核瘤4例,肺血管瘤2例,支气管肺腺瘤2例、肺错构瘤2例。48例患者均先行常规胸部CT扫描,然后对兴趣区行HRCT扫描,然后行胸部动态增强扫描,并测量其CT值增强幅度。结果：HRCT扫描结合MSCT动态增强扫描诊断肺内孤立性小结节的正确率为90%,HRCT扫描可以更好显示病灶边缘特征及内部结构,动态增强扫描可见肺内恶性结节大多均匀增强,且增强CT值大于20HU,平均增强CT值为35HU。良性结节多周边增强,且增强CT值小于10HU。结论：根据SPNs的HRCT基本形态特征,并结合MSCT动态增强扫描强化特征有助于肺内孤立性结节的定性诊断,提高术前诊断正确率。     

肺内孤立性结节性病变的CT鉴别诊断（附3O例分析）

目的：探讨肺内孤立性结节（SPN）的CT表现，以提高CT扫描对肺内孤立性结节的鉴别诊断。方法：分析CT诊断经临床及手术病理证实的SPN 30例。结果：周围型肺癌14例，结核球7例，球形肺炎3例，错构瘤3例，单发转移瘤2例。纤维瘤1例。结论：CT薄层及高分辨扫描SPN的表现特征对结节的鉴别诊断是一项理想的检查方法，对肺内多数结节可以做出正确诊断。     

螺旋CT动态增强扫描对孤立性肺结节定性诊断的价值

目的:分析良恶性孤立性肺结节(SPN)的动态强化特点,探讨动态SCT增强扫描对SPN定性诊断的价值。方法:对50例SPN患者进行螺旋CT同层动态增强扫描,对比剂总量100ml,注射流率3ml/s,延迟15s开始扫描,至180s结束,测量结节中心增强前后的CT值,分析最大强化值及时间-密度曲线(TAC),全部病例经手术病理证实。结果:肺炎性结节及恶性结节均显著强化,肺炎性结节强化峰值的时间较肺癌结节延迟。恶性结节的TAC表现为陡峭的上升支后有一较长的平台期,炎性结节的TAC表现为上升支平缓,部分见降支。结核球等其它良性SPN无明显强化。结论:动态SCT增强扫描对SPN定性诊断有较高价值。SPN的强化峰值及TAC形态有助于良、恶性病变的鉴别诊断。     

螺旋CT动态增强扫描对孤立性肺结节及其周围血管表现的分析

目的探讨肺内孤立性结节动态增强扫描的强化程度，强化曲线与其周围血管强化的异常改变。资料与方法回顾性分析42例经手术、病理证实的≤3cm的孤立性肺结节，行螺旋CT动态增强扫描，其中周围型肺癌19例，结核瘤8例，炎性结节15例，在静脉注射碘对比剂100ml（3．5ml／s）前后，对病灶进行薄层扫描，测量增强前后各扫描层面的CT值，计算结节的最大强化CT值，时间-密度曲线及其周围肺血管改变，确定结节的强化类型。结果肺癌和炎性结节的最大强化值与结核瘤有非常显著性差异，周围型肺癌的强化范围20～70Hu，平均40Hu，在15例炎性结节中有9例强化后CT值〉70Hu，8例结核瘤强化后CT值均〈20Hu，结节强化‘类型：完全强化型26例，其中肺癌16例，炎性结节10例；周围强化型9例，其中结核瘤6例，炎性结节3例；包膜强化型5例，其中肺癌3例，结核瘤2例；表现结节内血管征8例，其中肺癌6例，炎性结节3例；肺血管纠集征9例，其中肺癌8例。炎性结节2例。结论周围型肺癌、炎性结节较结核瘤显著强化，强化值≤12提示为结核瘤，结节内血管征及血管纠集征则对鉴别诊断炎性结节具有重要意义。     

CT动态增强扫描对周围型肺癌的诊断评价

目的　探讨动态增强CT对肺癌的诊断价值。方法　选择直径≤ 4cm的孤立性肺结节 42例行动态CT增强研究 ,其中经病理及临床证实的周围型肺癌 3 0例 ,测量其增强前后各时间段扫描的CT值变化 ,绘制时间 -密度曲线 ,分析肺癌的增强特征。结果　孤立性肺结节静注碘剂 10 0ml后 ,所有肺癌均显著强化 ,分 3个类型 :均匀小结节状强化 19例 ,不均匀中心团块状强化 5例和周边不规则强化 6例。结论　动态CT增强扫描对周围型肺癌的诊断及鉴别诊断极具价值     

动态容积CT增强扫描对肺内小结节的鉴别诊断价值

目的:探讨动态容积CT动态增强扫描对肺内小结节的鉴别诊断意义.方法:经手术病理证实肺内小结节36例,其中小肺癌10例,炎性结节12例,结核球14例,术前均行CT平扫及注药后行动态增强扫描.根据病灶平扫CT值及不同时间增强扫描的CT值分析,结果:小肺癌与结核、炎症的平扫CT值无显著差异.结核球的强化程度明显低于小肺癌和炎性结节,但炎性结节与小肺癌的CT强化程度无显著差异.小肺癌、炎性结节和结核球三种痛变增强后的CT值变化程度不同.结论:动态容积CT动态增强扫描对肺内孤立性小结节鉴别诊断有意义.     

Gd-DTPA增强MRI诊断肺内结节

目的：研究Gd-DTPA增强MRI在孤立性肺结节鉴别诊断中的作用。材料和方法：对26例≤3cm的孤立肺内结节(肺癌16例，结核10例)进行了常规和动态Gd-DTPA增强MRI检查，测量病灶的增强程度，分析MRI表现并与病理对照。结果：16例肺癌在静脉注入Gd-DTPA后均有强化，表现为实体均匀(9例)和不均匀(7例)增强，而多数(8／10)结核球表现为环形增强。肺癌平均增强71%，与结核球(23%）有显著差异。肺癌结节的动态增强曲线也与结核球不同。结论：肺癌与结核球的MRI增强形态和增强程度不同，对鉴别诊断很有帮助。     

Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) - validation of a Swedish version

The Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) is a self-administered instrument measuring outcome after knee injury at impairment, disability, and handicap level in five subscales. Reliability, validity, and responsiveness of a Swedish version was assessed in 142 patients who underwent arthroscopy because of injury to the menisci, anterior cruciate ligament, or cartilage of the knee. The clinimetric properties were found to be good and comparable to the American version of the KOOS. Comparison to the Short Form-36 and the Lysholm knee scoring scale revealed expected correlations and construct validity. Item by item, symptoms and functional limitations were compared between diagnostic groups. High responsiveness was found three months after arthroscopic partial meniscectomy for all subscales but Activities of Daily Living.     

Endovascular management of carotid-cavernous fistulas

Objective To investigate endovascular treatment of traumatic direct carotid-cavernous fistulas （CCF） and their complications such as pseudoaneurysms. Methods： Over a five-year period, 22 patients with traumatic direct CCFs were treated endovascularly in our institution. Thirteen patients were treated once with the result of CCF occluded, 8 twice and 1 three times. Treatment modalities included balloon occlusion of the CCF, sacrifice of the ipsilateral internal carotid artery with detachable balloon, coll embolization of the cavernous sinus and secondary pseudoaneurysms, and covered-stem management of the pseudoaneurysms. Results All the direct CCFs were successfully managed endovascularly. Four patients developed a pseudoaneurysm after the occlusion of the CCF with an incidence of pseudoaneurysm formation of 18.2% （4/22）. A total number of 8 patients experienced permanent occlusion of the ICA with a rate of ICA occlusion reaching 36.4% （8/22）. Followed up through telephone consultation from 6 months to 5 years, all did well with no recurrence of CCF symptoms and signs. Conclusion Traumatic direct CCFs can be successfully managed with endovascular means. The pseudoaneurysms secondary to the occlusion of the CCFs can be occluded with stent-assisted coiling and implantation of covered stents.     

The role of interventional radiology in trauma

Introduction Interventional Radiology has evolved into a specialty having enormous input into the care of the traumatized patient.In all hospitals,regardless of size,the Interventional Radiologist must consider their relationships with the trauma service in order to     

Diagnóstico ecográfico del neumotórax

The ultrasonographic diagnosis of pneumothorax is based on the analysis of artifacts. It is possible to confirm or rule out pneumothorax by combining the following signs: lung sliding, the A and B lines, and the lung point. One fundamental advantage of lung ultrasonography is its easy access in any critical situation, especially in patients in the intensive care unit. For this reason, chest ultrasonography can be used as an alternative to plain-film X-rays and computed tomography in critical patients and in patients with normal plain films in whom pneumothorax is strongly suspected, as well as to evaluate the extent of the pneumothorax and monitor its evolution.     

Carbohydrate Supplementation during Exercise: Does It Help? How Much is Too Much?

KEY POINTS· Carbohydrate intake during exercise can delay the onset of fatigue and improve performance of prolonged exercise as well as exercise of shorter duration and greater intensity (e.g., continuous exercise lasting about 1h and intermittent high-intensity exercise), but the mechanisms by which performance is improved are different.     

The acutely limping child

Acute limping may be the result of multiple pathologies in children. The differential diagnosis varies based on the age of the child. Irrespective of age, the initial imaging work-up includes AP and frog leg radiographs of the pelvis and ultrasound; MRI may sometimes be helpful. In children less than 3 years, infections and trauma are most frequent. MRI is the imaging modality of choice when osteomyelitis is clinically suspected. Between the ages of 3 and 10 years, transient synovitis of the hip and Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease are main considerations but infection, inflammation and focal bony lesions are also considered. In children over 10 years, slipped capital femoral epiphysis also is considered.