计算机自动生成敏感性分析图的一种简单方法

本文首先概括介绍了敏感性分析的一般内容，并给出了一种绘制敏感性分析图的简单方法，即利用数理统计的知识将因素变化量看成自变量，评价指标变化量看成应变量，然后回归成一元线型函数，就可在二维直角坐标系下作出敏感性分析图，通过这种简化的作图法，就可判断出强敏感性因素和弱敏感性因素，以及它们的敏感性程度。     

利用计算机绘制敏感性分析图的探讨

首先概括介绍了敏感性分析的一般内容，并给出了一种绘制敏感性分析图的简单方法，即利用数理统计的知识将因素变化量看成自变量，评价指标变化量看成应变量，然后回归成一元线型函数，就可在二维直角坐标系下作出敏感性分析图，通过这种简化的作图法，就可判断出强敏感性因素和弱敏感性因素，以及它们的敏感性程度。     

锰硅合金炉渣中锰回收率的影响因素

根据电炉冶炼锰硅合金的实际生产经验,分析了锰硅合金生产过程中影响锰硅合金炉渣含锰量的主要因素。同时指出,只要把这些主要因素控制在合适的范围内,就可降低渣中的含锰量,提高锰的回收率。     

在连续冷却和裂纹敏感性下对亚包晶钢凝固的描述

本文描述了亚包晶钢在连续冷却条件下，凝固过程中的相转变。此外，通过采用文献中报道的数学表达式，评价了固一液相区的力学性能和空间变化，该数学表达式为相和溶质分布的比例函数。固-液相区的裂纹敏感性取决于相的比例，并且其发生在两个固相分数范围区，与冷却速率无关。对于具有最低固相分数值的区域，这种裂纹敏感性与γ相有关，而在最高固相分数值区域，则与8相有关。在包晶转变结束时，可观察到最高的相区收缩，考虑是由于在固相分数值介于0．92—0．98范围时，出现了裂纹敏感区。在高冷却速率条件下，可观察到明显的锰显微偏析，因为在高冷却速率条件下，促进了凝固模式的变化，从亚包晶模式进入到过包晶模式，并且促进从残余液相中形成固相区的扩张变化。     

高炉长寿与冷却水自动调节

决定高炉寿命的主要因素是炉体的冷却。而高炉各部位的冷却元件的热负荷均随大幅度的变化。以往的恒流量供水方式，既不能满足热负荷达到最大值或峰值时对冷却水量的要求，又在大部分时间内造成水量的过剩。采用“温差自力式调节阀”，可解决恒流量供水方式存在的问题普高炉长寿提供了重要保障，还可大大降低高炉冷却系统的水耗和电耗。     

预应变对工业纯钛TA2焊接接头拉伸力学性能的影响

以工业纯钛TA2焊接接头为研究对象，开展了预应变后的室温拉伸力学性能测试。结果表明，预应变后应力应变曲线上升，屈服强度及抗拉强度随着预应变量的增加而增加。综合考虑预应变量及应变速率影响，建立了预应变后材料强度的经验表达式。根据Hollomon本构方程，研究了预应变后应变速率敏感性指数及应变强化指数的变化，确定了预应变试样的拉伸本构方程。断口观察表明，预应变后材料延伸率下降，断口收缩率及韧窝尺寸均下降。     

福山凹陷花场——白莲地区储层敏感性研究

为确定北部湾盆地福山凹陷花场地区粘土矿物对储层敏感性的影响,以储层敏感性流动实验为基础,对福山凹陷花场—白莲北部地区流一段岩心取样进行了研究,主要分析了敏感性类型、伤害程度。结果表明:福山断陷花场—白莲地区的储层具有强水敏、强盐敏以及酸敏性变化范围大、弱—中等盐敏、弱—无速敏特征;储层流动敏感性综合评价结果为弱敏感。影响储层敏感性最直接的因素是敏感性矿物的分布,即储层所处的成岩相带决定其敏感性类型及敏感性程度。     

转炉煤气回收分析及其提高措施

以宝钢二炼钢250 t转炉煤气回收系统为背景,结合转炉煤气成分变化曲线从理论上分析了提高煤气回收量的基本途径,研究了转炉工序设备条件、原料条件、空气吸入量、回收条件、供氧强度等因素对转炉煤气回收量的影响,其中空气吸入量、回收条件、供氧强度等因素的影响尤为显著.从完善软硬件设备等方面提出了提高二炼钢转炉煤气回收水平的具体措施,实施后可取得很好的节能效果.     

基于双隐含层BP神经网络的某金矿回收率预测研究

为掌握某金矿选矿工艺影响因素对金实际回收率的作用规律并预测金的回收率,采用正交试验方法开展了金矿浮选试验,通过Pearson系数分析金回收率对不同工艺因素的敏感性,并利用双隐含层BP神经网络对金回收率进行预测。结果表明：生产过程中金回收率对不同因素的敏感性由大到小依次为2^#油用量、Na2S用量、丁基黄药用量、CuSO4用量和磨矿细度。在此基础上,选用2^#油用量、Na2S用量和丁基黄药用量3个主要影响因素,使用不同隐含层激活函数的BP神经网络对金回收率进行预测。预测结果表明：当使用“logsig”作为激活函数时,其拟合度与精度较高,拟合优度R²为0.9792,相对平均误差仅为0.666%,说明该模型能够较好地预测金回收率。研究结果对贵金属矿山生产中金属回收率的预测有一定的参考意义。     

18Cr2Ni4WA钢的临界点超塑性的研究

本文对18Cr2Ni4WA钢的临界点超塑性及其影响因素进行了研究，结果表明，在临界点(Ac1)温度变形时，由于发生相变，钢的塑性大幅度提高。临界点超塑性具有对应变速率及晶粒尺寸的敏感性。通过对变形过程中组织变化的观察与分析，探讨了临界点超塑性的微观机制。     

Dual X-ray absorptiometry quality control: comparison of visual examination and process-control charts

Dual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) is widely used to monitor treatment efficacy in reducing the rate of bone mineral loss. In order to assure the validity of these measurements, instrument quality control of the DXA scanners becomes very important. This paper compares five quality control procedures (visual inspection, Shewhart chart with sensitizing rules, Shewhart chart with sensitizing rules and a filter for clinically insignificant mean changes, moving average chart and standard deviation, and cumulative sum chart [CUSUM]) in their ability to identify scanner malfunction by means of (1) an analysis of five longitudinal phantom data sets that had been collected during a clinical trial and (2) an analysis of simulated data sets. The visual inspection method is relatively subjective and depends on the operator's experience and attention. The regular Shewhart chart with sensitizing rules has a high false alarm rate. The Shewhart chart with sensitizing rules and an additional filter for clinically insignificant mean changes has the lowest false alarm rate but a relatively low sensitivity. The CUSUM method has good sensitivity and a low false alarm rate. In addition, this method provides an estimate of the date a change in the DXA scanner performance might have occurred. The method combining a moving average chart and a moving standard deviation chart came closest to the performance of the CUSUM method. Comparing the advantages and disadvantages of all methods, we propose the use of the CUSUM method as a quality control procedure for monitoring DXA scanner performance. For clinical trials use of the more intuitive Shewhart charts may be acceptable at the individual sites provided their scanner performance is followed up by CUSUM analysis at a central quality assurance center.     

Stroop interference and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A review and meta-analysis.

Previous reviews and meta-analyses that addressed abnormal Stroop interference in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) yielded mixed results. The authors of the present study argue that the inconsistencies may reflect the problematic nature of 2 frequently used methods to quantify Stroop interference-the difference score and Golden's method (C. J. Golden, 1978). Golden's method correction for base-word reading is inadequate, and the difference score is sensitive to the nature of the outcome variable. The latter can be remedied with a ratio score. Contrasting previous meta-analyses, this meta-analysis covers all age groups and all Stroop test variants, and it excludes studies using the Golden quantification method. Mean effect sizes for interference in ADHD as quantified by difference scores relative to control scores were 0.24 across all studies but 1.11 for time-per-item studies; outcome variable was a significant moderator variable, reflecting the sensitivity of the difference score to this variable. Consistency analysis of ratio scores across 19 studies reveals more interference for the ADHD groups relative to the control groups. It is concluded that interference control is consistently compromised in individuals with ADHD. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

控制图在铜精矿中银含量检测质控管理中的应用

目前,测量不确定度的评估技术大致可以分为两类:“bottom-up”和“top-down”。“bottom-up”技术过程繁复且对化学检测实验室测量不确定度有局限性,而“top-down”技术中的控制图法不仅操作简便,还可以弥补“bottom-up”技术评定不确定度出现的局限性,控制图法作为实验室质控管理的重要手段已被广泛认可。依据标准GB/T 27407—2010,探讨了控制图在铜精矿中银含量检测质控管理的应用,对实验室日常分析工作中铜精矿质控标准样品(GBW 07166)中银含量系列结果的正态性、独立性与分辨力进行检验,作控制图,t检验并评定方法的不确定度及分析其合理性。铜精矿中银含量质控样品实测数据控制图的计算结果如下:平均值为43.8g/t,期间精密度为1.6g/t,扩展不确定度为3.2g/t,接受系列测量结果的正态性、独立性与分辨力适应性的假定,控制图中没有失控点,整个实验室检测系统处于受控状态。控制图法可反映实验室较长一段时间内的检测水平,适用于检测实验室的质量控制,具有实际应用价值。     

Testing of visual acuity in young children: an evaluation of some commonly used methods

In a comparative study of screening tests for visual acuity in young children, two groups of children were presented with three different tests. In the younger group (three to five years) three single opto-type tests were compared: Sheridan's five and seven letter matching test, the Fooks test and the E card test. The Sheridan test gave the best results and the E card test was found to be unsuitable for this age-group. The Fooks is an attractive test but was less sensitive in the detection of defects than the Sheridan test. In the older group (five to seven years) a single opto-type test, the Sheridan-Gardiner test, was compared with the E chart and the Snellen chart. The Sheridan-Gardiner test was found to have limitations in the detection of defects, including amblyopia, therefore results obtained by this method should not be considered to be directly comparable with those of the Snellen chart. The E chart gave good results in the detection of defects and there was less lateral confusion than had been expected. It has disadvantages, but there is still a place for its use in the screening of normal school-age children. The Snellen chart was the most effective test in the detection of defects, but not all the children were able to co-operate in its use. It is concluded that where it is possible to use the Snellen chart it should always be the method of choice.     

Mitochondrial DNA variable number tandem repeats (VNTRs): utility and problems in molecular ecology

Analysis of mitochondrial (mt)DNA size polymorphism in the form of variable number tandem repeats (mtVNTRs) has become an increasingly popular methodology for addressing questions in molecular ecology. When detected by PCR, mtVNTR analysis can provide a sensitive, rapid, and cost-effective measure of genetic variability that may be exploited in studies of population differentiation and biogeography. Despite the emergence of this approach, there has been little critical evaluation of its success or utility as a practical tool. In this review, we identify problematic methodological, theoretical and interpretive factors that can influence the utility of mtVNTR analysis. The reliability of the procedure is considered in terms of both detection of alleles and scoring of intra-individual allele frequencies. While many of the potential technical problems of the technique do not raise serious practical concerns, this rapid and sensitive methodology is seriously compromised by the difficulty of reliably assessing allele frequencies, of assaying only germline tissue, and in our ignorance of the mechanisms generating mtVNTR diversity. Thus, although there is a considerable potential for mtVNTR pilot studies to assess genetic diversity, the utility of the technique to resolve broader questions in molecular ecology should be treated cautiously until such a time as the system is better understood.     

Hydraulic Elements Chart for Pipe Flow Using New Definition of Hydraulic Radius

The Manning formula is used routinely to calculate the mean velocity of uniform flow. Although this empirical formula is effective when applied to uniform flow in simple rectangular or trapezoidal cross sections, the roughness coefficient of the formula is variable when examining flow in a pipe that is partially full. Thus, the coefficient must be altered depending on the relative depth of fluid in the pipe. As this seems to be due to the definition of the hydraulic radius, a new definition of hydraulic radius is proposed here that was used to calculate a hydraulic elements chart for flow in pipes with a constant roughness coefficient. The results of the calculations showed very good agreement with Camp’s chart. Furthermore, with adjustment of the “free-surface weight factor,” this method was also capable of expressing other hydraulic elements charts reported previously. This new definition of hydraulic radius can also be applied to flow in simple cross sections and may be developed further for use with compound channel flows in future studies.     

基于变邻域粒子群算法的铁水硅含量稳定性分析

影响高炉铁水硅含量的因素往往复杂多变,影响程度不一。采用鱼骨分析法收集所有可能对硅含量产生影响的因素,经过相关分析和特征选择,最终选取6个参数作为模型的输入参数。采用改进的粒子群优化算法对支持向量机(SVM)中的参数进行优化,提出基于变邻域粒子群(VNPSO)优化SVM的铁水硅含量预测模型。通过钢厂的实际生产数据进行验证,平均相对误差达到0.69%,平均绝对误差达到3.4×10~(-3),模型具有很高的预测精度。同时,绘制铁水中硅含量控制图,分析硅含量波动情况,并依此模型给出硅含量稳定性控制措施。     

Preoperative pulmonary evaluation of the thoracic surgical patient

A test designed to separate those undergoing thoracic surgery without complications and those with complications must be both highly specific and sensitive. Clearly, the difference between patients at opposite ends of the population curves is easy to identify. Spirometry can be helpful for screening, although it is not a very discriminating test. If patients fall in the overlap region between the populations, however, it is impossible to discern the risks with any certainty using low-yield tests. A test with higher sensitivity, specificity, and predictive values is necessary to ascertain such marginal differences. With this kind of analysis at hand, preoperative testing can be divided into three predictive value groups. Calculating the predictive value of each preoperative test can provide a comparative measure of usefulness of discriminative power (Table 1). In this way, spirometry, blood gas analysis, and stair climbing tolerance are shown to be poor predictors of outcome. An intermediate predictive value can be achieved using diffusion capacity, exercise-induced decreases in O2 saturation, and exercise PVR. High predictive value can be accomplished with combination indexes (PPP, possibly PRQ), measurement of VO2 at 40 watts of exercise, or VO2max. Logic dictates a step-wise preoperative evaluation using prediction value analysis (Fig.4). A flow decision chart for the preoperative evaluation of patients for pulmonary resection begins with exercise oximetry, spirometry, and blood gas analysis as general screening tests to separate those patients at minimal or no risks for complications from those patients that require further evaluation. Functional indexes (PPP, PRQ) or exercise testing can aid further in the selection of those patients in whom a nonsurgical option should be considered. Flow decision chart for the preoperative evaluation of patients for pulmonary resection should continue to evolve as new information about outcome studies is gathered. Examination of outcome data will provide us with reduction of the size of the nonoperable population, so that we can deny only those patients who truly pose a prohibitive risk.     

Examination of the degree of agreement among dental findings used for personal identification (report 5)--canonical correlation between dental findings on dental charts and those on radiographs

Findings obtained from dental charts and from radiograph taken one year later for the same individuals were examined and classified according to different criteria. Similarities between the two sources investigated by the canonical correlation method. The results obtained were as follows: 1. The correlation coefficient and the squared multiple correlations (R2) were calculated. Consequently, high similarities were seen between the two sources for the mandibular anterior teeth [sequence: see text], maxillary incisor teeth [sequence: see text], mandibular and maxillary first premolar teeth [sequence: see text], and the corresponding teeth of the same jaws. 2. Three roots showed high elucidative values by the canonical correlation method. The first root was understood to be the mandibular incisor factor, the second the maxillary incisor factor, and the third the first premolar factor. This seemed to indicate, that the similarities between the two sources in these regions were very high. 3. A study of the similarities between the two sources was done based on the individual scores of canonical variable loadings calculated in this analysis. High similarities were seen at [sequence: see text] in category 1 (intact & C1) for chart findings and category 1'(intact, C1-C3 & resin filling) for radiographic findings: at [sequence: see text] in category 2 (C2-C4, inlay & filling of repair) for chart findings and category 3'(stump of tooth) for radiographic findings; and at [sequence: see text] in category 3 (complete crown, jacket crown & post crown) for chart findings and category 3'(stump of tooth) for radiographic findings. 4. The present results suggest that if proper case in taken, one set of information can serve as a substitute for the other. In personal identification, higher efficiency may be achieved if this is borne in mind.     

喷雾干燥法制备PSZ—3Y粉末的粒度研究

用激光衍射法和BET法（Brunner-Emmett-Teller Method)研究了用喷雾干燥法制备的PSZ－3Y粉末的粒度性能。用喷雾干燥法能制得粒度均匀性好的球状PSZ－3Y粉末。影响粒度的主要因素是料液中（ZrO2 Y2O3)的浓度,其次是送料速度。从颗粒形貌图看出,颗粒表面布满了裂纹,所以这样的粉末经二次处理后,可获得超细粉末。