新型环境测试舱研制、性能评价及释放模拟

研制了一种新型环境测试舱,此舱系统可用于研究室内材料中挥发性有机物（VOCs）释放特征和释放机理。详细介绍舱的设计,讨论舱系统的优缺点,并对舱的性能进行评价测试。结果表明,温度和相对湿度的准确性分别为≤0.5℃和≤ 3.1%,空气混合水平达到92.9%,回收率达到85.2%。根据回收率实验结果,用经验模型和VB模型模拟对二氯苯（p-DCB）释放,模拟结果与实测值吻合很好。     

用于建材污染物检测的环境舱内舱设计及低本底特性验证

环境舱检测建材污染物释放量前,应尽可能降低内舱的本底浓度,以实现对污染物释放量的准确检测。从结构设计、选材、接口及配件设计等多方面考虑,设计了低本底环境舱(体积为1 m³)的内舱结构;对舱体内部的惰性材料进行了性能测试,并对60 L内舱污染物释放量进行了测试。检测结果表明,内舱所涂敷的惰性涂层能够满足环境舱的使用要求,舱壁的惰性处理不会对其本底值造成不利影响。本实验结果验证了内舱结构设计的合理性,可为环境舱的研制提供参考。     

空气净化器检测用环境试验舱研制及性能评价

研制一种大型环境试验舱,该舱整体构造主要由内舱、外舱、空气净化系统、污染源发生装置和空气采样系统组成。其中,内舱为测试舱主体部分,体积为30 m3。对舱的性能进行评价测试,结果表明:温度和相对湿度的偏差分别为δT≤2.5℃和δRH≤5%;环境舱内外压差在0～5 Pa时,舱体泄漏量为0.03～1.02 m3/h;清洗后,舱内单项污染物本底浓度小于20μg/m3,总挥发性有机物(TVOC)小于90μg/m3;以质量分数为37%的甲醛溶液作代表性污染物,4种投放量下回收率分别为86.6%、83.4%、82.9%和81.5%;舱内温度为21℃,相对湿度为40%时,甲醛、苯、甲苯等3种污染物自衰减分别为6.7%、8.9%和4.7%。实验结果表明该试验舱应用性能良好,可用于检测空气净化器性能及净化效率。     

小型环境实验舱用于评价空气净化材料净化效果

建立了用于评价被动式空气净化产品的小型环境模拟舱系统.系统以滤纸为净化材料载体,乙醛及丙酮为污染物,经过验证,空白实验及环境舱平行性良好,具有评价各类被动式空气净化产品的潜在应用价值.本实验应用此环境舱评价了2种二氧化钛光催化剂、2种超支化聚酰胺PAMAM-NH2及1种市售复合型空气净化剂的净化效果.结果表明,在经过24 h净化后,二氧化钛光触媒在自然光条件下对乙醛及丙酮的净化效率为12.2％ ～ 34.5％;超支化聚酰胺对乙醛的净化效率为35.2％ ～48.1％,对丙酮无净化作用;复合型空气净化剂对乙醛及丙酮的净化效率为15.7％ ～32.2％.     

城市居民践行低碳生活方式的环境满意度评价及环境优化探讨

在借鉴国内外现有研究基础上,尝试构建城市居民践行低碳生活方式的环境满意度评价指标体系,以西安市各县区居民作为调研对象,科学量化出城市居民对践行低碳生活方式的期望值与现实环境感知值之间的差距状态,发掘城市交通环境、居住环境、消费环境、教育认知环境在鼓励城市居民践行低碳生活方式领域存在的问题与不足之处,并对如何进一步优化低...     

中国造纸行业的环境风险评价及防范措施

结合全国造纸行业发展现状和趋势,分析了行业中的主要风险源、风险类型、产生原因、概率等进行风险预测,并提出相应的防范措施与应急预案。     

试油测试燃烧器噪声场的计算

在试油测试期间,燃烧器喷射和燃烧产生的噪声会对人员和坏境造成较大的危害,故有必要对燃烧过程中噪声预测展开研究,其结果对于评估平台燃烧噪声危害、优化作业设计及进一步采取降噪措施有重要意义。结合测试燃烧器实际情况提出相应声学计算模式。基于经典燃烧噪声理论及流体动力学噪声的Lighthill理论,通过相似准则的量纲分析方法推导出喷射及燃烧噪声计算公式,并通过声波叠加原理得到声源噪声。同时考虑指向性、扩散衰减、空气吸收、水喷淋消音等减噪因素建立测试燃烧器的噪声计算模型。结合测试燃烧器高压喷射的湍流及多相流特点开展CFD数值模拟计算,数值模拟计算噪声声压级结果与噪音模型计算结果吻合较好。通过该噪声模型计算结果与现场实测数据及某西方公司软件计算结果比较,表明该计算模型可以较好的应用于测试燃烧器噪声预测。     

动态法测试空气净化器甲醛去除性能的研究

通过动态法测试水吸收型空气净化器A和活性炭过滤吸附型净化器B对甲醛的去除性能,探索更为合理的方法以评价空气净化器对气态污染物的去除性能.对净化器A去除甲醛的短期测试结果表明,净化器对甲醛浓度为0.3、0.5、0.8和1 mg/m3的连续空气流均有明显的净化效果,对甲醛的去除速率在0.91～2.78 mg/h之间.对净化...     

双循环多级水幕脱硫塔的设计和性能测试

双循环多级水幕脱硫塔是在常规两段式湿法脱硫塔基础上加以改进而成的新型脱硫塔,其双循环浆液采用不同pH控制,低pH促进CaCO2溶解,高pH提高SO2吸收效果;同时,多级水幕强化气液流态,增加气液接触面积和传质动力,促进对SO2的吸收.实验利用SPSSV13.0软件进行正交实验设计,通过数据分析得出两个不同的优化运行方案,再利用多指标分析法中的综合平衡法进行单因素实验,得出最优运行方案.在最优运行方案条件下,即烟气流量为100 m3/h,上循环浆液pH为6.0,下循环浆液pH为4.8,上、下循环液气比均为20 L/m3,人口 SO2质量浓度为1 000mg/m3时,脱硫效率达97.8%,CaCO3利用率为95.2%,钙硫质量比约为1.03.双循环多级水幕脱硫塔具有良好的应用前景,实验结果对现场脱硫系统的调试和运行有很好的参考价值.     

Comparison of batch, stirred flow chamber, and column experiments to study adsorption, desorption and transport of carbofuran within two acidic soils

Different methods (batch, column and stirred flow chamber experiments) used for adsorption and desorption of carbofuran studies were compared. All tested methods showed that the carbofuran adsorption was higher in the soil with the higher organic matter content, whereas the opposite behaviour was observed for the percentage of carbofuran desorbed. However, different methods have revealed some discrepancies in carbofuran adsorption/desorption kinetics. Although batch method showed interesting data on equilibrium experiments, such as a low heterogeneity for the carbofuran adsorption sites independent of soil organic matter content, it had some disadvantages for carbofuran adsorption/desorption kinetic studies. The disadvantages were related with the excessive limitations of this method on kinetics, i.e., no difference could be detected between different soils. However, with column and stirred flow chamber methods the carbofuran adsorption/desorption kinetics of different soils could be compared. Moreover, the absolute values of carbofuran adsorption/desorption and its rate were higher in the stirred flow chamber than in the batch and column experiments. Using stirred flow chamber experiments the carbofuran desorption was significantly faster than its adsorption, whereas carbofuran using column experiments they were similar. These discrepancies should be considered when the results obtained only with one method is discussed.     

A new environmental chamber for evaluation of gas-phase chemical mechanisms and secondary aerosol formation

A new state-of-the-art indoor environmental chamber facility for the study of atmospheric processes leading to the formation of ozone and secondary organic aerosol (SOA) has been constructed and characterized. The chamber is designed for atmospheric chemical mechanism evaluation at low reactant concentrations under well-controlled environmental conditions. It consists of two collapsible 90 m³ FEP Teflon film reactors on pressure-controlled moveable frameworks inside a temperature-controlled enclosure flushed with purified air. Solar radiation is simulated with either a 200 kW Argon arc lamp or multiple blacklamps. Results of initial characterization experiments, all carried out at 300–305 K under dry conditions, concerning NO_x and formaldehyde offgasing, radical sources, particle loss rates, and background PM formation are described. Results of initial single organic–NO_x and simplified ambient surrogate–NO_x experiments to demonstrate the utility of the facility for mechanism evaluation under low NO_x conditions are summarized and compared with the predictions of the SAPRC-99 chemical mechanism. Overall, the results of the initial characterization and evaluation indicate that this new environmental chamber can provide high quality mechanism evaluation data for experiments with NO_x levels as low as 2 ppb, though the results indicate some problems with the gas-phase mechanism that need further study. Initial evaluation experiments for SOA formation, also carried out under dry conditions, indicate that the chamber can provide high quality secondary aerosol formation data at relatively low hydrocarbon concentrations.     

SCR系统超洁净排放调整与出口NOx均匀性分析

针对典型SCR系统普遍存在的出口烟道与烟囱处NOx在线监测值不一致的问题与超洁净排放要求,选择2台流场与喷氨格栅结构不同的SCR系统进行性能与优化调整实验。通过对喷氨格栅区域烟气分布与喷氨调整前后出口烟道内NOx分布的测试,分析了导致问题的原因与调整方案的有效性以及不同喷氨格栅结构的优劣性。结果表明：喷氨格栅区域烟气流场分布与区域喷氨量的不一致性是导致不同点位NOx浓度在线监测值不一致的原因;依据调整方案能有效实现SCR出口烟道内NOx浓度均匀分布与超洁净排放的要求;改造后,能针对烟道宽度方向上烟气不均现象进行区域喷氨量调整的喷氨格栅结构Ⅱ与更均匀的烟气分布,促使调整后的2号机组A、B两侧出口NOx浓度分布相对标准偏差明显优于1号机组。     

管式湿式电除尘器气流分布的组织与优化

管式湿式电除尘器可看作由多个线管式电除尘器并联组成,若各电除尘器之间处理烟气流量偏差过大,将导致湿式电除尘器总的除尘效率下降。采用CFD数值模拟技术,对某热力公司116 MW锅炉配套管式湿式电除尘器的内部气流分布进行研究分析,并对气流分布进行组织与优化。在电场进口断面气流速度分布满足相对均方根指标要求的基础上,将各单管处理烟气流量偏差控制在一定范围之内,以保障湿式电除尘器达到规定的排放要求。现场测试结果表明,出口粉尘浓度满足项目技术规范规定的排放要求,数值模拟结果可指导管式湿式电除尘器设计。     

环保疏浚的技术要求与环保绞刀的设计

湖泊底泥环保疏浚是消除内源性污染最快捷、最有效的方法，并为生态恢复创造条件，而环保绞刀是湖泊底泥环保疏浚的必要条件。阐述了环保疏浚的技术要求，设计了绞吸式挖泥船用环保绞刀，满足了湖泊底泥环保疏浚的需要。