中空纤维反渗透复合膜的制备及分离性能研究

通过间苯二胺水溶液和均苯三甲酰氯的正己烷溶液的界面缩聚反应,以聚砜中空纤维超滤膜为基膜,制备了聚芳香酰胺反渗透复合膜.用扫描电镜对复合膜的表面及断面进行表征,探索了复合膜在不同操作条件以及进液性质下的分离性能.研究结果表明:中空纤维反渗透复合膜具有良好的耐压密性和稳定性,在0.7MPa下具有良好的分离性能.此复合膜对NaCl、KCl、CaCl2、MgCl2、MgSO4、Na2SO4等无机盐水溶液的脱盐率不低于93.5%,通量大于21L/(m2·h);对天津市大港、小站两地的苦成水具有优异的淡化性能;对天津市自来水中的盐分也有良好的去除率.     

共挤出法制备双层中空纤维陶瓷复合膜

中空纤维陶瓷膜具有装填密度高,传质阻力低,使用寿命长等优点,被广泛用于膜分离领域。高度非对称结构的中空纤维膜有利于同时实现高通量与高截留率,本研究采用共挤出法制备双层中空纤维陶瓷复合膜,内外层纺丝液分别掺杂平均粒径为1μm和300 nm的α-Al₂O₃粉体。系统考察了内层纺丝液TiO₂掺杂量、外层纺丝液Al₂O₃/聚醚砜(PESf)质量比和煅烧温度对膜的结构与性能的影响。结果表明,在内层纺丝液TiO₂掺杂量为2wt%,外层纺丝液Al₂O₃/PESf质量比为5.60,烧结温度为1350℃的最优条件下,中空纤维膜断裂负荷为24 N、平均孔径为0.15μm、去油率为97.5%。     

中空纤维富氧复合膜的研究

以聚砜为膜材料纺制中空纤维膜，摸索出膜液的配方，改变纺丝工艺条件，纺变纺丝工艺条件，纺出性能优异的基膜。在此基础上以１０７＾＃、１＾＃、２＾＃、３＾２等硅橡胶为涂层，制备了具有一定富氧效果和透气性能的聚砜－硅橡胶中空纤维复合膜。     

硅橡胶-聚砜中空纤维复合膜的制备及性能研究

主要讨论硅橡胶 -聚砜中空纤维复合膜的制备工艺 ,并对所制备的膜组件进行透气性能研究 .考察了涂膜液浓度、涂膜压力对膜组件性能的影响 ,发现过高的涂膜压力不利于组件富氧空气通量的提高 .     

响应面法优化河套蜜瓜皮水溶性膳食纤维提取工艺的研究

以河套蜜瓜皮为原料,采用化学法对原料中水溶性膳食纤维的制备工艺进行了研究。在单因素实验的基础上,采用响应面法对影响水溶性膳食纤维得率的四个因素pH、料液比、温度和时间进行工艺优化。结果表明,化学法提取河套蜜瓜皮水溶性膳食纤维的最佳提取工艺条件为pH12、料液比1∶40（g/mL）、温度80℃,时间30min。在此条件下,河套蜜瓜皮水溶性膳食纤维得率可达25.03%,与模型高度拟合。     

中空纤维复合膜的制备及在渗透汽化过程中的应用

本文在实验的基础上,提出用“液相沉积法”,制备中空纤维复合膜对成膜机理进行了初步解释。用复合膜的电子显微镜照片和渗透汔化实验结果,证明“液相沉积法”制备复合膜的可行性。所制中空纤维复合膜用于渗透汽化实验,分离乙醇—水混合物,其分离性能符合一般规律,分离95%的乙醇水溶液时的表现活化能为71.5kJ/mol。     

聚酰胺／聚砜纳滤中空纤维复合膜的截留性能

以哌嗪水溶液为水相,均苯三甲酰氯正己烷溶液为有机相,通过在聚砜中空纤维基膜上进行界面聚合,制备出聚哌嗪均苯三甲酰胺/聚砜纳滤中空纤维复合膜,并考察其对电解质和非电解质,特别是对维生素C、柠檬酸、维生素B2、秋水仙碱、维生素B12等单组分水溶药物的截留行为.结果表明,对MgSO4、Na2SO4的截留率达到98%,对MgCl2的截留率大于70%;对一价盐NaCl的截留率小于40%;对于分子量小于200的甘露糖截留率为78%;对分子量相近的维生素C、柠檬酸的截留率更低,不到50%;而对于分子量大于300的蔗糖、棉子糖、维生素B2、秋水仙碱、维生素B12的截留率大于92%,并且具有相当的膜通量.因此,聚酰胺/聚砜纳滤中空纤维复合膜的截留分子量为200～300.     

中空纤维复合膜的制备及在渗透汽化过程中的应用

本文在实验的基础上,提出用“液相沉积法”,制备中空纤维复合膜对成膜机理进行了初步解释。用复合膜的电子显微镜照片和渗透汔化实验结果,证明“液相沉积法”制备复合膜的可行性。所制中空纤维复合膜用于渗透汽化实验,分离乙醇—水混合物,其分离性能符合一般规律,分离95%的乙醇水溶液时的表现活化能为71.5kJ/mol.     

Composition optimization of extruded starch foams using response surface methodology

Response surface methodology (RSM) was used to analyse the effect of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and calcium carbonate (CaCO₃) on the objective attributes (shipping bulk density, radial expansion ratio, compressibility and spring index) of a biodegradable cushioning extrudate. A rotatable central composite design (CCD) was used to develop models for the objective responses. The experiments were run at 105°C with a feed rate of 27.8 l/h, screw speed 500 r.p.m. and die diameter 3.92 mm. Responses were most affected by changes in polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) levels and to a lesser extent by calcium carbonate (CaCO₃) levels. Individual contour plots of the different responses were overlaid, and regions meeting the optimum shipping bulk density of 6.00 kg/m³, radial expansion ratio of 3.30, compressibility of 43.71 N, and spring index of 0.91 were identified at the PVA level of 20.23% and the CaCO₃ level of 7.89%, respectively. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Preparation and optimization of doxorubicin-loaded albumin nanoparticles using response surface methodology

Background: The objective of this work was to optimize the preparation of doxorubicin-loaded albumin nanoparticles (Dox-A-Nps) through desolvation procedures using response surface methodology (RSM). A central composite design (CCD) for four factors at five levels was used in this study.

Method: Albumin nanoparticles were prepared through a desolvation method and were optimized in the aid of CCD. Albumin concentration, amount of doxorubicin, pH values, and percentage of glutaraldehyde were selected as independent variables, particle size, zeta potential, drug loading, encapsulation efficiency, and nanoparticles yield were chosen as response variables. RSM and multiple response optimizations utilizing a quadratic polynomial equation were used to obtain an optimal formulation.

Results: The optimal formulation for Dox-A-Nps was composed of albumin concentration of 17?mg/ml, amount of doxorubicin of 2?mg/ml, pH value is 9 and percentage of glutaraldehyde of 125% of the theoretic amount, under which the optimized conditions gave rise to the actual average value of mean particle size (151?±?0.43?nm), zeta potential (?18.8?±?0.21 mV), drug loading efficiency (21.4?±?0.70%), drug entrapment efficiency (76.9?±?0.21%) and nanoparticles yield (82.0?±?0.34%). The storage stability experiments proved that Dox-A-Nps stable in 4°C over the period of 4 months. The in vitro experiments showed a burst release at the initial stage and followed by a prolonged release of Dox from albumin nanoparticles up to 60?h.

Conclusions: This study showed that the RSM-CCD method could efficiently be applied for the modeling of nanoparticles, which laid the foundation of the further research of immuno nanoparticles.     

响应面法优化PSSA/PVA共混膜催化酯化制备生物柴油

采用响应面法考察聚苯乙烯磺酸(PSSA)/聚乙烯醇(PVA)共混型催化膜催化酯化制备生物柴油工艺中催化膜用量、醇油质量比、反应时间和反应温度及其交互作用对酯化率的影响,结果发现,各因素对转化率影响顺序为:醇油比＞催化剂用量＞反应温度＞反应时间;同时,醇油比与催化剂量的交互作用对转化率的影响最强,而与反应时间相关的交互作...     

Robust optimization of concrete strength estimation using response surface methodology and Monte Carlo simulation

A new approach is proposed for the robust optimization of concrete strength estimation using response surface methodology and Monte Carlo simulation. The essence of the suggested procedure lies in the reliable prediction of concrete strength as a simple function of unit mass, water/cement ratio, age and superplasticizer content. The derived model provides sufficiently accurate results for the calibration and verification phases, the latter of which is conducted using data that were not used for model development. The results of additional analysis indicate that residuals in the calibration and verification stages have a normal distribution. Is its also shown that the uncertainty of estimated coefficient values has a statistically insignificant effect on concrete strength, confirming the reliability of the proposed model. Moreover, analysis of the effect of laboratory measurement errors indicates the robustness of concrete compressive strength against the variation in measured parameter values.     

Process optimization of preparation of ZnO-porous carbon composite from spent catalysts using one step activation

The process parameters of one step preparation of ZnO/Activated Carbon (AC) composite materials, from vinyl acetate synthesis spent catalyst were optimized using response surface methodology (RSM) and the central composite rotatable design (CCD). Regeneration temperature, time and flow rate of CO2 were the process variables, while the iodine number and the yield were the response variables. All the three process variables were found to significantly influence the yield of the regenerated carbon, while only the regeneration temperature and CO2 flow rate were found to significantly affect the iodine number. The optimized process conditions that maximize the yield and iodine adsorption capacity were identified to be a regeneration temperature of 950 degrees C, time of 120 min and flow rate of CO2 of 600 ml/min, with the corresponding yield and iodine number to be in excess of 50% and 1100 mg/g. The BET surface area of the regenerated composite was estimated to be 1263 m2/g, with micropore to mesopore ratio of 0.75. The pore volume was found to have increased 6 times as compared to the spent catalyst. The composite material (AC/ZnO) with high surface area and pore volume coupled with high yield augur economic feasibility of the process. EDS and XRD spectrum indicate presence of ZnO in the regenerated samples.     

Statistical optimization of the electrospinning process for chitosan/polylactide nanofabrication using response surface methodology

In this study, chitosan/polylactide (CP) blend solutions in trifluoroacetic acid as a co-solvent with different blend ratio were electrospun. Effects of different CP ratio and process parameters on the diameter of electrospun nanofibers were experimentally investigated. The fiber morphology and the distribution of fiber diameter were investigated by scanning electron microscopy. Response surface methodology (RSM) was used to define and evaluate a quantitative relationship between electrospinning parameters, average fiber diameters and its distribution for each chitosan–polylactide ratio. Applied voltage and polymer solution extrusion rate are the process variables which control the fiber diameter at similar spinning distances (15 cm). Fiber diameter was correlated to these variables by using a second-order polynomial function. The fibers were of diameter ranging from 94 to 389 nm. The predicted fiber diameters were in good agreement with the experimental results. Contour plots were obtained to identify the processing variables suitable for producing nanofibers. It was concluded that ratio of polylactide and chitosan in the blend polymer played an important role to the diameter of fibers and standard deviation of fiber diameter. The processing factors were found statistically significant in the production of nanofibers.     

Optimizing energy harvesting parameters using response surface methodology

Energy harvesting is a process in which energy that would otherwise be wasted is stored and then used to power a system. Due to their unique properties piezoelectric materials are ideal for energy harvesting applications. In this study a pre-stressed piezoelectric composite was pressure loaded dynamically to harvest energy. The objective of this study was to optimize, using piezoelectric diaphragms, relevant parameters that have an effect on the energy harvesting process. Parameters considered were temperature, pressure, resistance and frequency. Response surface methodology was used to develop models to identify optimal parameter ranges and also to predict power conversion capabilities for specific parameter levels. Power densities of approximately 24.27 muW/mm³ were measured at optimal conditions. The model identified an optimal temperature of 12degC and a pressure of 240 kPa, which are in agreement with experimental results.     

Simultaneous optimization of the microextraction of coffee volatiles using response surface methodology and principal component analysis

It is well known that no single experimental condition can be found under which the extraction of all the volatile compounds in a gas chromatographic analysis of roasted coffee beans by headspace-solid phase microextraction (HS-SPME) is maximized. This is due to the large number of peaks recorded. In this work, the scores vector of the first principal component obtained from PCA on chromatographic peak areas was used as the response to find the optimal conditions for simultaneous optimization of coffee volatiles extraction via response surface methodology (RSM). This strategy consists in compressing several highly correlated peak areas into a single response variable for a central composite design (CCD). RSM was used to identify an optimal factor combination that reflects a compromise between the partially conflicting behavior of the volatiles groups. This simultaneous optimization approach was compared with the desirability function method. The versatility of the PCA-RSM methodology allows it to be used in other chromatographic applications, resulting in an interpretable procedure to solve new analytical problems.