仿酶催化木素降解研究进展

综述了近年来仿酶催化木素降解的研究进展,重点介绍了木素降解的机理和产物形成做了概述总结,并对仿酶催化剂进行了介绍归纳,包括Fenton催化剂、Salen配合物、金属卟啉配合物和GIF体系等。简要分析了木素降解的机理,并给出采用不同仿酶催化剂降解木素的代表性案例。鉴于传统的木素降解方法条件较为苛刻且不符合环保要求,为了使木素在温和环保的条件中降解,文中专门对仿酶催化剂的处理条件作了较详细的介绍。最后展望了仿酶催化木素降解的发展前景。对木素降解研究工作具有一定参考价值。     

氮源浓度和芳香化合物对白腐菌Panus conchatus产木素降解酶…

白腐菌Ｐａｎｕｓｃｏｎｃｈａｔｕｓ只分泌锰过氧化的酶和漆酶，不分泌木素过氧化物酶。该菌分泌这两种酶的能力大大高分子同样培养基条件下的Ｐｌｅｕｒｏｔｕｓｓａｊｏｒ－ｃａｊｕ。氮源浓度对Ｐａｎｕｓｃｏｎｃｈａｔｕｓ分泌木素降解酶的能力有显著影响，高氮条件可能是这种类型的白腐菌生产木素降解酶的必要条件，研究不同芳香化合物以Ｐａｎｕｓｃｏｎｃｈａｔｕｓ木素降解酶分泌情况的影响发现，紫丁胺醛和香豆酸对其锰过     

针叶木硫酸盐浆中残留木素的GIF体系仿酶降解机理的研究

由于针叶木硫酸盐浆中的残留木素含有大量难降解的LCC结构及其它缩合型木素结构,所以硫酸盐浆的分离木素可以用作难降解型木素大分子的一种结构模型。文章采用Cu2+/吡啶/过氧化氢组成的GIF仿酶体系对马尾松硫酸盐未漂浆的纤维素酶酶解木素(CEL)进行了仿酶降解,并对降解产物进行了分离和化学组成分析。通过FT-IR以及GC-MS测定,解析了CEL在降解过程中的结构变化,并对CEL的仿酶降解机理进行了探讨。研究结果表明:这种仿酶降解方法对浆中残留木素有较强的降解能力,一部分木素大分子被氧化降解为香草醛和香草酸等低分子化合物,使得降解后的产物中羰基和羟基增多。研究发现木素在仿酶体系中存在苯环及其侧链上C-H键的破坏、木素结构中Ca-Cb连接键的断裂、苯环的开环等反应。因此,该项研究可以为开发纸浆的仿酶漂白技术提供理论依据。     

应用黄孢原毛平革菌处理工业废水的研究进展

黄孢原毛平革菌能有效降解各种有机污染物，因此可用来净化工业废水。其降解主要依赖于它产生的胞外木素降解酶系，此酶系主要由木素过氧化物酶、锰过氧化物酶组成，本文介绍了黄孢原毛平革菌的降解机制和它在处理工业废水主要是造纸废水和印染废水方面的研究进展并对其应用前景进行了探讨。     

生物漂白过程木素结构的红外光谱分析

利用富里埃变换红外光谱技术分析了尾叶桉硫酸盐浆原浆的残余木素、经生物处理后浆的残余木素及生物处理后纸浆经氢氧化钠抽出的木素。结果证实 ,在漆酶 助剂生物处理纸浆的过程碳水化合物不发生氧化 ,而木素的Cα羟基发生氧化产生α -羰基 ;酶作用后纸浆进一步碱处理导致木素溶出。从溶出木素的结构分析 ,推断纸浆中具有紫丁香基结构的残余木素优先发生降解     

大豆种皮过氧化物酶在木素降解与苯酚聚合中的应用

以大豆种皮过氧化物酶（Soybesnhullperoxidase，SHP，E．C．1.111．7）替代水煮过氧化物酶（LigninperoxidaseLiP）和锰过氧化物酶（Manganese－dependentperoxidase，MnP），以工业木素（木素磺酸盐和黑液木素）及天然木素（杉木木素）为材料，研究了SHP在正常催化条件下对木素的氧化作用。结果表明，SHP在水相系统中对工业木素和天然木素虽无降解作用，但在微水有机相中SHP对天然木素有部分解聚作用。利用SHP在水相体系中催化的酚聚合反应对含酚废水进行处理，则发现水相中SHP稳定性好，lmol／L的SHP和lmnlol／L的H202在15mitt内对终浓度为lmmol／L宋酚溶液的酚去除率达98％以上，提示SHP作为一种较理想的氧化还原酶用于含酚废水处理值得深入研究。     

白腐菌Panus conchatus降解稻草木素机理研究：（二）木素降解产物高分子 …

用定量＾１３Ｃ－ＮＭＲ技术研究了稻草经白腐菌Ｐａｎｕｓ ｃｏｎｃｈａｔｕｓ降解后木素的高分子部分的结构特征变化。与未经生物作用的森素相比较，发现发酵稻草木素的＾１３Ｃ－ＮＭＲ谱图出现了新的吸收峰以及某些吸收峰的强度有明显变化。这些变化证实了在生物作用过程木素大分子中形成了醌类以及α－羟基酸的结构，这些类型的结构特别有利于木素进一步降解。并同时证实木素生物降解过程中发生β－Ｏ－４，Ｃα－Ｃβ及Ｃβ－     

锰过氧化物酶(MnP)的研究进展

锰过氧化物酶是一种能降解木素的酶,由担子真菌中的特定种属产生,广泛应用于生物制浆、纸浆的酶法漂白、有机污染物的降解和环境的生物修复等方面。本文全面介绍了锰过氧化物酶的产生菌、催化机理、以及基因工程方面的研究成果,并对其可能带来的工业应用前景以及今后的研究方向进行了展望。     

木素对纤维素酶解的影响及纤维素酶解

用氧-碱-蒽醌蒸煮麦草所得纤维素为原料,研究了木素对纤维素酶解的影响及纤维素的酶解,结果表明:对不同木素含量的纤维素,其木素含量越低,纤维素的酶解率就越高。对同一木素含量的纤维素,酶解同时也脱除木素,当T=40～45℃、pH=4.4、底物与酶量之比为1∶0.02时,时间30h,转速为100r/min,可获得较理想的酶解率和木素脱除率。IR结构分析可知,酶解后纤维素的1-4-β-苷键断裂,生成还原糖。     

固体培养条件下氮源对Panus conchatus酶系及漆酶同工酶的影响

在固体培养条件下 ,外加氮源对Panusconchatus产生木素降解酶有促进作用 ,其作用大小与含氮化合物的种类有关。研究发现在几种含氮化合物中 ,草酸胺对P .conchatus产木素降解酶的促进作用最显著 ,而对半纤维素酶 ,纤维素酶的产生促进作用不明显 ,在整个培养过程中 ,微晶纤维素酶活力都未检测到 ,CMC酶活力也较低。同时 ,还发现氮源对P .conchatus在固体培养条件下漆酶同工酶的产生亦有显著的影响     

云芝(Coriolus versicolor)高木质素降解活性菌株筛选的研究

从自然界中分离了32个云芝菌株，比较了它们在含愈创木酚的土豆培养基中的变色反应和对杨木粉的降解能力，表明不同的菌株对木材的降解能力和降解方式有很大的差异，但都有一定的选择性，从中筛选出了木质素降解能力较强（30天内，40％左右klason木素），选择性较高的菌株。和Phanerochaetechrysosporium相比，它们的木质素降解率提高近一倍，而综纤维素降解率则有不同程度的减少。     

木质素降解酶的酶活测试方法的评价与分析

作为最丰富的可再生有机芳香族聚合物之一,木质素的生物降解和利用具有较好的环境、经济和社会效益,但繁多的木质素降解酶活测试方法为生物降解木质素的相关研究带来一定困难。本文围绕已发现的5种重要木质素降解酶（漆酶、锰过氧化物酶、木质素过氧化物酶、多功能过氧化物酶和染料脱色过氧化物酶）,针对其来源、特性和酶与底物的作用机理,深入地比较和分析了多种木质素降解酶酶活测试方法。通过对ABTS法、 2,6-DMP法、藜芦醇法、天青B法和其他特色方法从原理到应用的综合讨论,全面评估了上述方法的底物多样性、测试条件及适用范围。此外,本文还针对木质素降解酶酶活测试研究中所存在的主要挑战提出了解决思路,旨在为生物法降解木质素及其高值化利用的研究提供有效参考和策略。     

不同培养条件对云芝(Coriolus versicolor)木质素降解酶产酶影响的研究

本文研究了不同培养条件对云芝（Coriolusversicolor）三种木质素降解前产酶的影响，发现三种木质素降解酶即水质素过氧化物酶（Lip）、赖锰标木质素过氧化物酶，（Mnp）和漆酶的产生和培养条件关系很大，添加黎芦醇（VOH）能显著地提高三种酶的产量，当VOH浓度为1mmol／L时，可使木质素过氧化物酶产量提高10倍，添加Mn2＋对赖锰木质素过氧化物酶有促进作用，但对木质素过氧化物酶有抑制作用。提高其它微量元素（Cu2+，Fe2+,Zn2+，Ca2+）等同样能显著促进三种酶的产生。采用30信浓度时，赖锰木质素过氧化物酶的量要比1培浓度时提高6倍。三种酶的最适产酶pH相差很大，木质素过氧化物酶在pH4．5～5．5左右，赖锰木质素过氧化物酶在PH5．5～6.5左右，而漆酶则抵达pH3．5～4．0．Tween80在低浓度时（0.01％-0.02％）有一定的促进作用，而在高浓度则有抑制作用。C／N比则是影响产酶的另一因素，低碳培养基比低氮培养基更适宜三种木质素降解酶的产生。同时，在低氮培养基和低碳培养基下，上述因素对三种酶产生的影响也存在显著差异。这有可能是云芝的木质素降解酶在不同的C／N下其产生机理存在差异。     

Enhanced saccharification of corn straw pretreated by alkali combining crude ligninolytic enzymes

BACKGROUND: This work investigated the monokaryogenesis of dikaryon strains of Trametes hirsuta by protoplasts regeneration for extracellular ligninolytic enzyme production. Saccharification of corn straw was enhanced by alkali pretreatment combining crude ligninolytic enzymes. RESULTS: Effectiveness of alkali pretreatment of corn straw on delignification was evaluated under different concentrations. About 45% lignin loss was achieved at the concentration of 1.5% NaOH. In addition, 79.0% sugar yield was obtained after combined pretreatment with NaOH and crude ligninolytic enzyme produced from monokaryotic strains of Trametes hirsuta. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images showed that the porosity and surface area increased significantly after combined pretreatment. The FTIR spectra indicated that great intensity changes occurred at the 890–900 cm^?1, 1509–1513 cm^?1 and 1595 cm^?1 bands. CONCLUSION: The proposed combined pretreatment removes lignin and enhances saccharification of corn straw effectively. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry     

Design of different bioreactor configurations: application to ligninolytic enzyme production in semi‐solid‐state cultivation

The production of ligninolytic enzymes by Phanerochaete chrysosporium BKM‐F‐1767 (ATCC 24725) in laboratory‐scale bioreactors was studied. The cultivations were carried out in semi‐solid‐state conditions, employing corncob as carrier, which functioned both as a place of attachment and as a source of nutrients. Several bioreactor configurations were investigated in order to determine the most suitable one for ligninolytic enzyme production: a 1‐dm³‐static‐bed bioreactor, a 1‐dm³‐static‐bed bioreactor with air diffusers into the bed, a 0.5‐dm³‐static‐bed bioreactor with air diffusers into the bed and a tray bioreactor. Although the static‐bed configurations produced maximum individual lignin peroxidase (LiP) activities about 400 U dm⁻³ (1.0‐dm³ bioreactor) and about 700 U dm⁻³ (0.5‐dm³ bioreactor), manganese‐dependent peroxidase (MnP) was not detected throughout the cultures. Nevertheless, the tray configuration led to maximum individual MnP and LiP activities of about 200 U dm⁻³ and 300 U dm⁻³, respectively. Therefore, this configuration is the most adequate of the different bioreactor configurations tested in the present work, since the ligninolytic complex formed by MnP and LiP is more efficient for its application to bio‐processing systems. In addition, the results indicated the influence of the oxygen in ligninolytic enzyme production. © 2001 Society of Chemical Industry     

木质纤维素微生物转化机理研究进展

木质纤维素是自然界中储量最大的可再生资源物质,由于木质素难以降解,阻碍了木质纤维素物质的生物转化利用,并且是相关工业生产中毒性污染物质的主要来源。自然界中存在的白腐真菌对芳香族化合物具有很强的降解能力,具有完整的木质纤维素降解体系,对这一体系的研究成为实现木质纤维素资源转化利用的关键,木腐微生物的存在,使人类通过廉价手段降解和利用木质纤维素成为可能。研究木腐微生物降解木质纤维素的机制,研究木质素降解酶类不同组分以及和小分子活性物质之间协同作用机理,筛选培育高效降解木质纤维素的菌种和木质素降解酶,为实现工业化转化利用木质纤维素奠定基础。     

Immobilized laccase on magnetic nanoparticles for enhanced lignin model compounds degradation

As a natural aromatic polymer, lignin has great potential but limited industrial application due to its complex chemical structure. Among strategies for lignin conversion, biodegradation has attracted promising interest recently in term of efficiency, selectivity and mild condition. In order to overcome the issues of poor stability and non-reusability of enzyme in the biodegradation of lignin, this work explored a protocol of immobilized laccase on magnetic nanoparticles(MNPs) with rough surfaces for enhanced lignin model compounds degradation.Scanning electron microscope with energy dispersive spectrometer(SEM-EDS), flourier transformation infrared spectroscopy(FTIR) and thermal gravimetric analysis(TGA) were utilized to characterize the immobilization of laccase. The results showed a maximum activity recovery of 64.7% towards laccase when it was incubated with MNPs and glutaraldehyde(GA) with concentrations of 6 mg·ml~(-1) and 7.5 mg·ml~(-1) for 5 h, respectively. The immobilized laccase showed improved thermal stability and pH tolerance compared with free laccase, and remained more than 80% of its initial activity after 20 days of storage at 4 ℃. In addition, about 40% residual activity of the laccase remained after 8 times cycles. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry(GC–MS) was utilized to characterize the products of lignin model compound degradation and activation, and the efficiency of immobilized laccase was calculated to be 1–5 times that of free laccase. It was proposed that the synergistic effect between MNPs and laccase displays an important role in the enhancement of stability and activity in lignin model compound biodegradation.     

Immobilized laccase on magnetic nanoparticles for enhanced lignin model compounds degradation

As a natural aromatic polymer, lignin has great potential but limited industrial application due to its complex chemical structure. Among strategies for lignin conversion, biodegradation has attracted promising interest recently in term of efficiency, selectivity and mild condition. In order to overcome the issues of poor stability and non-reusability of enzyme in the biodegradation of lignin, this work explored a protocol of immobilized laccase on magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) with rough surfaces for enhanced lignin model compounds degradation. Scanning electron microscope with energy dispersive spectrometer (SEM-EDS), flourier transformation infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) were utilized to characterize the immobilization of laccase. The results showed a maximum activity recovery of 64.7% towards laccase when it was incubated with MNPs and glutaraldehyde (GA) with concentrations of 6 mg·ml^-1 and 7.5 mg·ml^-1 for 5 h, respectively. The immobilized laccase showed improved thermal stability and pH tolerance compared with free laccase, and remained more than 80% of its initial activity after 20 days of storage at 4 ℃. In addition, about 40% residual activity of the laccase remained after 8 times cycles. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was utilized to characterize the products of lignin model compound degradation and activation, and the efficiency of immobilized laccase was calculated to be 1-5 times that of free laccase. It was proposed that the synergistic effect between MNPs and laccase displays an important role in the enhancement of stability and activity in lignin model compound biodegradation.