消除饱和土试样膜嵌入效应的体变控制系统

研制开发了一套涂除饱和砂土完全不排水三轴试验中橡皮膜嵌入效应的注水法电气式闭环体变控制试验系统及相应校正技术,该系统通过自动量测不排水三轴试验中饱和土试样内也压力的变化,利用孔压变化与单位面积膜嵌入量之间的关系来确定膜嵌入量并加以消除,试验结果表明,该试验系统及相应校正技术是有效的。     

一种新型非饱和土温控三轴试验系统的研制与初步应用

为研究温度对非饱和土水力、力学和声学性质的影响,自主研发一套带有弯曲元和精密体变量测的温控式三轴仪。本设备通过在GDS应力路径非饱和土三轴试验系统中增设温控内压力室的方式,实现了对温度变化的精确控制及量测;通过将压差传感器与温控内压力室相结合,实现了温度变化情况下试样体变的精确量测;同时增设了一套弯曲元测试系统,增加了仪器的功能,实现了温度变化情况下对试样实时波速的测试。通过对杭州湾粉细砂土开展4个温度水平的三轴剪切试验以及同一温度水平下的波速测试,结果表明:新仪器能够稳定的控制温度变化条件、精确测量温度变化条件下试样的体变以及测量温度变化条件下试样的实时波速,初步检验了仪器性能的可靠性。该设备整体结构简单,拆装方便,可实现常规非饱和(饱和)土试验与温控非饱和(饱和)土试验之间自由切换,互不干扰。设备研制的成功,将为非饱和(饱和)土的热-水-力-声耦合特性的研究提供方便有效的测试装置。     

土工三轴试验试样全表面变形测量的实现

应用 基于亚像素角点识别的计算机图像处理技术，提出并实现了一种土工三轴试验试样全表面变形观测的图像测量方法。通过一台 CMOS 摄像机，借助放置于改制压力室中的平面反光镜，实现了对试样全表面变形的实时测量。在此基础上，对原始数据进行了畸变修正及像素当量归一化，并通过引入相邻时间间隔每个计算邻域内试样等向膨胀的计算假定，求得了试样全表面变形场。最后，以饱和砂土三轴排水剪切试验为例，探讨了全表面变形场在分析试样局部化变形中的应用。     

强硫酸钠盐对饱和砂土动力特性影响的试验研究

为了研究强硫酸盐对饱和砂土动力特性的影响,配制五种不同工况饱和砂土试样。通过动三轴仪对试样土体进行动力特性试验,通过试验得到试样土体的应力曲线、应变曲线、动剪应力应变滞回曲线。结合ANSYS软件,模拟不同工况下饱和砂土的路基模型,分析其在地震荷载下Y轴的应力变化规律。结果表明：当土体达到液化时,含盐饱和砂土较不含盐饱和砂土所需振动次数更多;含盐饱和砂土中,10%含盐饱和砂土较其他三种土体达到液化时所需振动次数更多;当硫酸盐含量适当时,土体的动力特性高于普通砂土,而当硫酸盐含量继续增加时,土体的溶陷特性大于抗液化性能,土体刚度降低,抗液化性能降低。     

城市生活垃圾焚烧炉渣的三轴试验研究

采用常规三轴试验,测试了饱和炉渣的剪切强度,分析了饱和炉渣的破坏模式和强度随龄期的变化规律,结果表明:围压小的试验中,饱和试样破坏模式为脆性破坏;围压大的试验中,饱和试样破坏模式为塑性破坏;饱和试样的内摩擦角基本不随龄期变化,粘聚力随龄期增加而增加。     

饱和重塑黏土空心圆柱试样的压制技术及应用

由于黏土黏性大、受扰动易产生裂隙,采用常规的击实法和固结法所制备的空心圆柱试样存在整体不均匀、饱和度较低、切削面裂隙丰富等问题。在重塑试样击实器的基础上,研制了一种能制备实心与空心圆柱重塑试样的压样装置,可以很好地模拟天然状态下土体形成过程。依据改进的分层欠压法,试验选取最优初始欠压系数,在每层试样高度相同的条件下,严格控制每层试样的质量,而后采用抽气饱和法将所压制的试样进行饱和。通过应力路径三轴试验和纯主应力轴旋转试验,从可重复性和力学特性两个方面验证了所制备的饱和重塑黏土试样用于研究复杂应力路径下土体变形特性与本构关系的可靠性,为后续重塑土的理论与试验研究提供了重要的保证。     

花岗岩残积土剪切特性试验研究

采用GDS静三轴仪,对饱和花岗岩残积土重塑样进行了常规三轴固结排水试验,并基于三维离散元软件YADE,建立了三轴压缩试验模型,分析了花岗岩残积土的剪切特性,结果表明:在各固结围压下,饱和花岗岩残积土重塑样的应力应变曲线都表现为应变硬化,体变曲线表现出明显的剪缩性,而且随着围压的增大,试样的峰值强度增大,剪缩的程度提高。     

原状Q_3黄土湿陷特性的CT-三轴试验

利用应力控制式CT-三轴仪及CT-湿陷性三轴仪,在控制吸力的条件下,试验研究原状Q3黄土的浸水湿陷特性。做了2组共15个三轴试验,包括均压浸水试验和以双线法进行的侧向卸荷浸水试验,试验中利用CT机进行无损断面扫描,并用得到的CT数定量分析原状Q3黄土的结构性对湿陷的影响。结果表明:对于双线法湿陷试验,同一吸力和偏应力下,固结净围压大的试样湿陷变形大于固结净围压较小的试样湿陷变形,包括体应变、轴应变及偏应变量;均压浸水湿陷试验时,在试样饱和前,随着浸水量的增加CT数与浸水量之间基本呈线性关系;当试样趋于饱和时,CT数增大减缓;均压浸水湿陷试验中,在同一吸力下,固结净围压大的湿陷体应变较大,结构演化变量值也越大。     

振动扭剪试验中饱和砂的动力特性研究

<正> 一、前言由于振动扭剪仪试验的应力条件与土体在地震荷载作用下的受力条件比较接近,近年来受到国内外学者的重视。本文采用水利水电科学研究院仪器研究所1985年9月研制成功的DYJ-Ⅰ型电液振动扭剪三轴仪,研究了饱和砂土在不排水条件下的动力特性,试验采用了应变控制和应力控制两种控制方式。并与振动三轴试验的若干成果进行了对比。DYJ-Ⅰ型电液振动扭剪三轴仪及其试验的应力状态如图1,2所示。在偏压固结条件下进行应变控制循环试验时,循环剪应变被施加在水平方向,而试样轴向(铅垂方向)产生的残     

影响固结不排水剪三轴试验结果的因素分析

研究分析了试样的饱和、体变、仪器的摩阻力以及土样两端应力不均等对三轴试验造成的影响及原因，并提出了一定的改善方案，从而保证试验结果的准确性。     

相同剪切波速的原状与重塑饱和松散粉土的抗液化强度

采用剪切波速与振动三轴联合试验装置,研究了具有松散结构的原状和重塑饱和粉土抗液化强度之间的相关性。结果表明,具有松散结构的原状与重塑饱和土样的振动应变随振动次数的变化趋势是一致的。如果把重塑饱和土样的初始剪切波速恢复到原状饱和土样的初始剪切波速,重塑土样的抗液化强度也被恢复到原状土样的抗液化强度。此时,原状与重塑土样的抗液化强度与抗液化强度曲线之间的相关系数大于0.89,而且这种良好的相关性与确定破坏振次的液化判别标准无关。这里的研究结果支持饱和松散试验土样的初始剪切波速可以作为控制其抗液化强度的一个关键参数。     

前期动载对低塑性粉土静态和动态强度的影响

 低塑性粉土广泛存在于世界范围内,在地震中容易产生液化现象,然而一些基础设施破坏不仅见于地震中也发生在地震后,这就决定了研究低塑性粉土震后行为的必要性。以美国中部密西西比河沿岸低塑性粉土为试验材料,研究动载对低塑性粉土静态和动态强度的影响。在动三轴仪上对试样施加动载引起超孔隙水压力,排水重固结后,分别对2组震动后试样进行静态和动态三轴强度试验。试验结果表明,当液化水平小于0.70时,前期动载对粉土的不排水剪切强度影响不大;相反地,只有当液化水平大于0.70,密西西比河沿岸粉土的震后重固结体积应变和不排水剪切强度才伴随着液化水平的提高显著增加,但相对于砂土而言,重固结体积应变在较低的液化水平时即有明显增加。与前期动载对不排水剪切强度的影响不同,当动载所引起的液化水平为0.35或轴向应变为0.2%时,抗液化强度达到最大值,若液化水平大于0.35,抗液化强度伴随液化水平提高而降低。如果前期荷载引起较大的压应变,在重固结后第二次动载循环中,轴向压力相比轴向拉力引起较小的超孔隙水压力。     

Effects of small and large shear histories on multiple liquefaction properties of sand with initial static shear

It has been reported that soils belonging to slope grounds show different types of liquefaction behavior than those belonging to horizontal grounds. Some research has also revealed that liquefaction histories can significantly affect the shear behavior of sandy soils. However, the combined effects of the slope angle and the magnitude of past shear histories on the liquefaction properties of soils have not been studied comprehensively. Based on this background, several multiple liquefaction tests with initial static shear were conducted on Toyoura sand. In each of these tests, a single specimen was sheared several times up to small or large double amplitude shear strain under a constant volume condition using a specially designed stacked-ring shear apparatus. The behavior of the Toyoura sand observed in these tests was discussed considering various perspectives, such as the increase in relative density, the induced anisotropy, the change in liquefaction resistance, and the shear strain accumulation. The findings of this study established that shear histories of smaller magnitude had relatively less influence on densification and induced anisotropy than those of larger magnitude. Moreover, shear histories of smaller magnitude also resulted in the relatively higher liquefaction resistance of sand specimens against the next cyclic shear, while the opposite trend was observed in the case of specimens subjected to shear histories of larger magnitude. Finally, shear strain accumulated less easily in tests with small shear histories than in those with large shear histories.     

Static liquefaction behavior of saturated fiber-reinforced sand in undrained ring-shear tests

The problem of static liquefaction of sand is nowadays a classical soil mechanics subject. Using a ring-shear apparatus, we explore the possibility of fiber reinforcement as a new method to improve the liquefaction resistance of sand. In order to understand the effect of the fiber content and sand density on the static liquefaction behavior of fiber-reinforced sand, a series of undrained ring-shear tests were carried out on saturated samples with different fiber content and sand density, and the test results and mechanisms of fiber reinforcement were then analyzed. The results indicate that the undrained shear behavior of fiber-reinforced loose samples is not greatly influenced by the presence of fiber, but for medium dense and dense samples, the presence of fiber clearly affects their undrained behavior. Untreated specimens showed a continuous decrease in shear resistance after failure, while the specimens treated with fiber showed fluctuations even after shear failure, and these fluctuations become stronger with increasing fiber content. The peak shear strength increases with the fiber content, especially in dense specimens. After shearing, all the fiber-reinforced and untreated dense samples maintained structural stability, while the unreinforced loose samples showed a completely collapse of structure. The presence of fibers may thus limit or even prevent the occurrence of lateral spreading that is often observed in unreinforced sand.     

温度对非饱和膨胀土抗剪强度和变形特性的影响

共进行了4组12个控制温度、净围压和基质吸力的膨胀土三轴排水剪切试验,分析了温度对重塑非饱和膨胀土抗剪强度和变形特性的影响。试验结果表明,随温度的升高,非饱和土的抗剪强度增加,初始切线杨氏模量增大。根据试验结果建立了考虑温度影响的非饱和土抗剪强度公式和切线杨氏模量公式。     

Cyclic properties of dense to very dense silica sand

This paper presents results of a series of cyclic laboratory test performed on dense to very dense silica sand. Triaxial and direct simple shear tests were performed on reconstituted sand. The test program aimed to determine the cyclic shear strength and soil deformation properties for foundation design of offshore wind turbine structures on the Dogger Bank site, offshore United Kingdom, but is also applicable for foundation design of other offshore structures and other locations. Two sand batches were used, one with clean silica sand and one with 20% silt content. Normally consolidated specimens from both batches were reconstituted to a target relative density approximately equal to 100% and 80%. On the clean sand with a target relative density of 80%, tests were also performed on specimens with an overconsolidation ratio of OCR = 4. Various contour diagrams, presenting cyclic shear strength and average and cyclic shear strains for different number of cycles, are presented. These diagrams can be used in the front-end engineering design (FEED) stage of commercial design projects on similar soil conditions, to define soil behavior when limited cyclic data is available, or in the planning stage of a cyclic laboratory test program. Effects of precycling and fines content on the cyclic behavior of triaxial and DSS specimens are discussed.     

Aging Effects on Small Strain Shear Moduli and Liquefaction Properties of in-situ Frozen and Reconstituted Sandy Soils

In order to investigate the effects of different geological ages on liquefaction properties of sandy deposits, a series of undrained cyclic triaxial tests was performed on three kinds of in-situ frozen and their reconstituted samples which were retrieved from Holocene (Tone-river sand) and Pleistocene (Edo-river B and C sands) deposits. The specimens were subjected to isotropic consolidation at a specified confining stress which is equivalent to the in-situ overburden stress at the depth of sampling, and small strain shear moduli were measured before and during the undrained cyclic loading tests. The liquefaction properties and the small strain shear moduli were affected by not only the natural aging effect of the specimen but also the inter-locking effect that was enhanced by applying drained cyclic loading before the undrained cyclic loading tests. During liquefaction, different tendencies of degradation in the small strain shear moduli which would reflect the aging effects of the specimen were observed between Tone-river Holocene sand and Edo-river B and C Pleistocene sands. The applicability of reconstituted samples as substitutes for in-situ frozen samples was confirmed with Tone-river Holocene sand that has no cementation effect between soil particles, whereas it seems difficult to simulate fully the liquefaction behaviour of Edo-river B and C Pleistocene sands which have higher cementation effect.     

饱和砂土的剪切波速与抗液化强度相关性研究

依据扭剪振动原理,开发出剪切波速与振动三轴联合试验装置。进而针对取自20 多个工程场地、埋深在20 m 以内的12种大量原状砂土,分析了同一类土、在同一固结压力作用下,原状与重塑土样抗液化强度与其初始剪切波速之间的相关性。结果表明,当判别液化的应变标准不超过6%时,土的抗液化强度与其初始剪切波速之间存在良好的对应关系。当应变破坏标准超过6%,土的初始剪切波速与抗液化强度之间不具备唯一对应关系。     

动态三轴试验确定砂土抗液化强度

结合压电陶瓷弯曲元动测技术 ,对杭州砂进行控制剪切波速的动三轴试验 ,验证了砂土抗液化强度与弹性剪切模量间的相关性。试验结果表明 ,土体抗液化强度与其剪切模量的平方成线性关系 ,这使得结合剪切波速测试的动三轴试验研究土体液化更为简单、有效。根据研究实例 ,提出了进行液化判别的一般步骤 ,与常规方法比较后说明该方法的合理性和优越性     

瑞雷波法对液化地基的评价研究

研究采用瑞雷波法对碎石桩法加固液化地基的处理效果进行评价 ,瑞雷波法检测结果与标准贯入试验结果对比相一致 ,并建立了这两者之间的相关关系式 ,有利于瑞雷波的进一步推广应用