抗髓鞘碱性蛋白抗体及抗髓鞘少突胶质细胞糖蛋白抗体在中枢神经系统炎性脱髓鞘疾病诊断中的价值

目的探讨抗髓鞘碱性蛋白抗体(抗MBP抗体)及抗髓鞘少突胶质细胞糖蛋白抗体(抗MOG抗体)在中枢神经系统炎性脱髓鞘疾病中的表达率,并研究两种抗体对该病的临床诊断价值。方法选取我院于2012-03—2013-09收治的中枢神经系统炎性脱髓鞘疾病患者90例为实验组(MS组30例,AM组30例,NMO组30例);同时选取45例非中枢神经系统炎性疾病患者为对照组。应用ELISA方法对各组患者血清和脑脊液中抗MBP抗体、抗MOG抗体进行检测,并对比分析各组及各亚组之间表达水平差异。结果实验组在血清及CSF中的抗MOG抗体和抗MBP抗体水平均明显高于对照组(P0.05)。而各组的血清抗体阳性率与CSF差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。MS组与AM组血清及CSF中抗MOG抗体阳性率均显著低于NMO组(P0.05)。MS组血清中抗MBP抗体阳性率明显高于AM组(χ2=4.356,P0.05),其余各亚组及CSF中的抗MBP抗体水平均无显著差异(P0.05)。而MS组血清中的抗MBP抗体阳性率显著高于CSF组(χ2=5.963,P0.05)。结论中枢神经系统炎性脱髓鞘疾病患者中抗MBP抗体、抗MOG抗体高表达,对疾病诊断具有临床意义;同时血清中的抗MOG抗体和抗MBP抗体含量差异可辅助疾病各亚型的鉴别诊断。     

儿童MOG抗体阳性的中枢神经系统脱髓鞘病变12例临床特点分析

目的探讨髓鞘少突胶质细胞糖蛋白(MOG)抗体阳性的儿童中枢神经系统脱髓鞘病变的临床特点。方法回顾性分析2016年1月至2018年12月广东三九脑科医院神经内科收治的12例儿童MOG抗体阳性的中枢神经系统脱髓鞘病患者的临床症状、影像学特点、实验室检查、预后及随诊情况。结果 12例患者中男4例,女8例,起病年龄5~10岁,平均(8.0±3.1)岁。首发症状以意识水平下降、癫痫大发作等急性播散性脑脊髓膜炎(ADEM)样症状最多见(8例,8/12),其次为视力下降(5例,5/12),其中1例以ADEM样症状和视力下降同时起病。另有3例以ADEM样症状首发,起病后1周左右出现视力下降。12例患者行头颅MRI检查,11例(11/12)可见颅内异常病灶,以皮层下白质(10例,10/11)、脑干(7例,7/11)、丘脑(6例,6/11)、视神经(5例,5/11)受累为主,小脑(4例,4/11)、胼胝体(1例,1/11)亦可受累。9例患者行全脊髓MRI检查,5例(5/9)有异常病灶,均累及颈髓(5例,5/5),3例(3/5)累及胸髓,累及胸髓的病灶均为>3个椎体节段的长节段脊髓受累。12例患者行血清MOG抗体检测,11例(11/12)阳性,另1例(1/12)血清抗体阴性而脑脊液抗体阳性;8例患者行脑脊液MOG抗体检测,3例(3/8)阳性。所有患者经糖皮质激素及免疫球蛋白治疗,预后均良好,3例患者出现复发。结论MOG抗体相关的儿童中枢神经系统脱髓鞘病变以ADEM、视神经脊髓炎谱系疾病(NMOSD)最常见,往往以意识水平下降、癫痫大发作或视力下降起病,其预后相对较好,糖皮质激素治疗对缓解临床症状及预防复发有重要作用。     

光学相干断层成像术在中枢神经系统脱髓鞘疾病中的应用价值

光学相干断层成像术(optical coherence tomography,OCT)可客观清楚地显示视网膜结构变化,在眼科疾病诊疗中被广泛应用.视神经炎(optic neuritis,ON)是中枢神经系统脱髓鞘疾病的主要临床表现,可引起不同程度的视觉功能障碍.在临床工作中对视觉功能的评估方法 多样,各有利弊.现就OC...     

髓鞘少突胶质细胞糖蛋白抗体在多发性硬化中的意义

目的探讨髓鞘少突胶质细胞糖蛋白(MOG)抗体与多发性硬化(MS)临床表现及复发缓解型MS(RRMS)复发的关系。方法采用酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)对60例MS、23例其他炎性神经疾病(OIND)、29例非炎性神经疾病(NIND)以及50例神经系统正常的对照(NC)患者血清及脑脊液(CSF)MOG抗体进行检测。结果MS患者CSFMOG抗体阳性率为28.3%(17/60),明显高于NC组[2%(1/50)]和NIND组[0%(0/29)],但与OIND组[21.7%(5/23)]比较差异无统计学意义。各组血清MOG抗体均为阴性。抗体阳性率急性活动期为31.8%(14/44),与稳定期[18.75%(3/16)]比较差异无统计学意义。CSFMOG抗体阳性的RRMS患者复发时间早于阴性患者,且其第1、2年复发率均高于阴性患者。结论在部分MS患者中枢神经系统内存在异常的MOG特异性B细胞免疫应答,且CSFMOG抗体对RRMS的复发有一定预测作用。     

MOG抗体介导的特发性炎性脱髓鞘疾病

正近年来有关髓鞘少突胶质细胞糖蛋白(myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein,MOG)抗体的特发性炎性脱髓鞘疾病(idiopathic inflammatory demyelinating disease,IIDDs)的研究增多,该抗体介导的炎性脱髓鞘疾病可能成为一类IIDDs的新类型,有学者称之为MOG抗体介导的IIDDs(简称为"MOG抗体病")。此类疾病临床表现与其他类型IIDDs有一定的重叠,这些表现在AQP4抗体     

多发性硬化患者抗髓鞘少突胶质细胞糖蛋白抗体的检测及其意义

目的　检测多发性硬化 (MS)患者抗髓鞘少突胶质细胞糖蛋白抗体并探讨其意义。方法　采用EL ISA方法测定 5 6例多发性硬化患者急性期血清和脑脊液配对标本的抗髓鞘少突胶质细胞糖蛋白 (MOG)抗体 ,30例其它神经疾病 (OND)患者为对照。结果　 MS患者血清和脑脊液均可测到抗 MOG抗体 ,血清抗 MOG抗体阳性率为 35 .7% ,脑脊液抗 MOG抗体阳性率为 4 2 .8% ,OND组血清和脑脊液抗 MOG抗体阳性率均为 6 .7% ,与 OND组比较均有显著性意义 (P<0 .0 5 ) ,但血清和脑脊液比较无显著性意义 (P>0 .0 5 )。结论　多发性硬化患者血清和脑脊液中均可检测到抗 MOG抗体 ,可为临床诊断和治疗提供指导。     

髓鞘寡突胶质细胞糖蛋白抗体相关疾病的临床特点分析

目的 探讨髓鞘寡突胶质细胞糖蛋白（MOG）抗体相关疾病患者的临床特点、辅助检查、治疗及预后情况。方法 收集2019年1月至2021年1月在中南大学湘雅医院神经内科住院的24例MOG抗体相关疾病患者的临床资料,并进行回顾性分析。结果 24例患者中,男性13例,女性11例;平均年龄（31.4±14.9）岁。脑炎为最常见的表现形式（11/24）,其中皮质脑炎10例;其次为急性播散性脑脊髓炎（6/24）、横贯性脊髓炎（3/24）、视神经炎（2/24）、视神经脊髓炎（2/24）。临床表现多样,头痛发热为皮质脑炎型患者最常见症状。24例患者中,9例脑脊液压力升高（190～380 mmH₂O）;9例白细胞计数升高（18～1 800/mm³）,以单个核细胞为主;9例脑脊液蛋白升高（0.46～1.92 g/L）。所有患者血MOG抗体均为阳性,其中有6例患者脑脊液MOG抗体阳性,1例患者合并血清和脑脊液抗N-甲基-D-天冬氨酸受体（NMDAR）抗体阳性。所有患者进行了颅脑磁共振成像（MRI）检查,21例发现有颅内病变,部位累及皮质、基底节、丘脑、脑干、小脑、脑膜、视神经、颈髓和胸髓等,表现为长T1长T2异常信号,FLAIR明显高信号,DWI等信号或高信号,ADC等信号或低信号,增强后可见点线、斑片状强化或无强化。12例患者进行了脊髓MRI检查,其中有8例患者脊髓受累,病变主要位于颈髓和胸髓,常累及2个以上节段。24例患者中,除2例拒绝采用免疫治疗外,其余22例采用了激素和／或血浆置换、人免疫球蛋白治疗。除3例患者失访外,对其余21例患者进行了3～24个月的随访,15例患者预后良好,未遗留明显神经功能障碍;3例患者在激素减量过程中出现复发;3例患者遗留部分症状。结论 MOG抗体相关疾病的临床异质性大,应重视皮质脑炎型MOG抗体脑炎的诊断;脑脊液多为炎症改变,可见颅内压明显增高或白细胞数显著升高,注意与颅内感染性病变鉴别;血清MOG抗体阳性率高于脑脊液,偶可合并其他自身免疫性抗体阳性;大多数患者对免疫治疗敏感,预后良好。     

中枢神经系统炎性脱髓鞘损伤髓鞘再生的细胞学治疗

多发性硬化（MS）损伤的病理特征是髓鞘脱失。髓鞘再生近年来被认为是自身免疫性脱髓鞘疾病，尤其是MS治疗中非常有前景的方向。髓鞘再生治疗可分为内源性和外源性，所以大量的临床和实验研究都集中于通过外源性移植细胞或通过促进内源性再生机制来获得中枢神经系统脱髓鞘区域的髓鞘再生，并均取得一定的成功。本文对近年来MS髓鞘再生的细胞学治疗的现状和神经科学背景及再生髓鞘治疗的将来可能发展方向进行了评述。     

髓鞘少突胶质细胞糖蛋白抗体相关疾病研究进展

既往研究认为,髓鞘少突胶质细胞糖蛋白(MOG)是一种中枢神经系统脱髓鞘疾病的靶抗原.近年来研究发现,MOG抗体(MOG-Ab)阳性患者在临床表现、治疗效果及预后等多方面均与多发性硬化及水通道蛋白4抗体阳性的视神经脊髓炎谱系疾病患者有所不同,因此目前认为该抗体介导的疾病可能为一种新型的炎性脱髓鞘疾病,即MOG-Ab相关疾...     

视神经脊髓炎水通道蛋白4抗体分布特征及其与脑脊液寡克隆区带间关系的临床研究

目的观察视神经脊髓炎患者水通道蛋白4(AQP4)抗体在血清和脑脊液的分布特征,探讨血清AQP4抗体与脑脊液寡克隆区带之间的关系。方法采用酶联免疫吸附试验和间接免疫荧光法检测视神经脊髓炎和多发性硬化患者血清和脑脊液AQP4抗体,动态定时散射比浊法检测白蛋白和IgG,等电聚焦电泳联合免疫固定法检测脑脊液寡克隆区带,免疫印迹法检测寡克隆区带阳性视神经脊髓炎患者脑脊液电泳条带中AQP4抗体。结果视神经脊髓炎组患者血清AQP4抗体滴度[8.94(5.41,11.93)ng/ml]与多发性硬化组[7.34(4.76,12.00)ng/ml]相近(Z=-0.510,P=0.610),脑脊液AQP4抗体滴度[0.45(0.42,0.47)ng/ml]高于多发性硬化组[0.41(0.40,0.41)ng/ml;Z=-2.359,P=0.018],而且血清水平高于脑脊液(Z=-3.702,P=0.000)。视神经脊髓炎组患者脑脊液AQP4抗体阳性检出率高于多发性硬化组(5/7对1/5),但差异未达到统计学意义(Fisher确切概率法:P=0.242);复发期血清AQP4抗体滴度[8.54(5.32,11.42)ng/ml]与缓解期[9.97(5.41,13.28)ng/ml]相近(Z=-0.347,P=0.728);寡克隆区带阳性检出率低于多发性硬化组(3/13对10/14)且差异有统计学意义(Fisher确切概率法:P=0.021)。未在寡克隆区带阳性视神经脊髓炎患者的IgG电泳条带中检出AQP4抗体。结论视神经脊髓炎患者血清AQP4抗体滴度高于脑脊液,行脑脊液AQP4抗体检测具有一定临床意义。视神经脊髓炎患者鞘内合成IgG能力低于多发性硬化患者,且无针对AQP4抗原的成分。     

Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders: Features of aquaporin-4, myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein and double-seronegative-mediated subtypes

The new diagnostic classification of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) in 2015 highlights the central role of biomarkers, such as antibodies against aquaporin-4 (AQP4-Ab), in diagnosis. Also, in approximately 20–25% of patients without AQP4-Ab (NMOSD^AQP4?) the presence of an antibody directed against myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) characterizes a specific population of NMOSD patients (NMOSD^MOG+), according to their demographic and clinical data and prognoses. While double-seronegative cases (NMOSD^NEG) have not been fully described, they may correspond to the very first patients with opticospinal demyelination reported by Devic and Gault in 1894. The present report reviews the current knowledge of the pathophysiology and clinical features of NMOSD^AQP4+, NMOSD^MOG+ and NMOSD^NEG patients, and also discusses the relationship between the extended spectrum of MOG disease and NMOSD^MOG+. Finally, the current treatments for acute relapses and relapse prevention are described, with a focus on serological-based therapeutic responses and the promising new therapeutic targets.     

Quantitation of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein and myelin basic protein in the thymus and central nervous system and its relationship to the clinicopathologic features of autoimmune encephalomyelitis

There is controversy whether the amount of autoantigens expressed in the thymus regulates negative selection of autoreactive T cells and determine susceptibility or resistance to experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). In the present study, we have addressed this issue by quantifying neuroantigens in the thymus of two EAE-susceptible (LEW and LEW.1AV1) and one EAE-resistant (BN) rat strains. We further examined whether amounts of neuroantigens in various parts of the central nervous system (CNS) affect the clinical course and lesion distribution of acute and chronic EAE. Real-time PCR and histologic analyses showed that there was no significant difference in the amount and distribution of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein and myelin basic protein in the thymus and CNS among the three strains and that both acute and chronic EAE lesions in the CNS were preferentially distributed in the area where neuroantigens were abundantly present. These findings suggest that susceptibility or resistance to EAE is not regulated by the amount of the neuroantigens expressed in the thymus. Furthermore, the lesion distribution, but not the clinical course, of EAE is related to the neuroantigen expression in the CNS.     

等电聚焦电泳联合免疫印迹法检测寡克隆区带诊断神经系统炎性脱髓鞘疾病

目的 探讨等电聚焦电泳(IEF)联合免疫印迹法检测寡克隆区带(OB)在神经系统炎性脱髓鞘疾病(IDD)中的应用.方法 IEF联合免疫印迹法检测112例IDD及24例神经系统非炎性疾病(NIND)患者血清和脑脊液中OB,并进行对比分析.结果 与视神经脊髓炎(5/21,23.8%,x2=32.679)、急性播散性脑脊髓炎(1/4,Fisher精确检验)、系统性自身免疫病继发中枢神经系统IDD(3/19,15.8%,x2=37.425)、周围神经系统IDD(0,x2=51.944)和NIND(0,x2=51.944)患者比较,多发性硬化(MS)患者脑脊液OB阳性率(44/46,91.7%)显著升高(P＜0.01).IEF联合免疫印迹法检测OB诊断MS的敏感度为91.7%,特异度为89.8%,高于其他检测方法.2例急性播散性脑脊髓炎患者和1例MS患者血清和脑脊液OB有相同条带,呈"镜像分布".结论 IEF联合免疫印迹法检测OB在MS诊断中具有一定的临床价值.

Abstract：

Objective To explore the diagnostic value of oligoclonal band (OB) detected by isoelectric focusing (IEF) with immunoblotting in inflammatory demyelinating diseases (IDD) in nervous system.Methods Serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) OB was detected by IEF with immunoblotting in 112 patients with IDD ( multiple sclerosis ( MS):n = 48;neuromyelitis optica ( NMO):n = 21:acute disseminated encephalomyelitis ( ADEM):n = 4;secondary IDD from systemic autoimmune diseases:n = 19;peripheral nervous system IDD:n =20) and 24 patients with non-inflammatory neurological disease (NIND).Results CSF-restricted OB was detected in 91.7% (44/48) of MS patients,23.8% (5/21) of NMO patients(x2nmO vs MS= 32.679),1/4 of ADEM patients (Fisher' s excact test),15.8% (3/19) of secondary IDD patients (x2secondary IDD vs MS = 37.425 ),0 of peripheral nervous system IDD patients (x2peripheral nervous system IDD vs MS =37.425) and 0 of NIND patients (x2NIND vs MS =37.425).MS patients had significantly higher percentage of patients with CSF-restricted OB ( all P ＜0.01),compared with NIND and other IDD patients.The sensitivity and specificity of OB detected by IEF with immunoblotting for MS were 91.7% and 89.8%,which were higher than that of OB detected by other methods.Identical serum and CSF OB ( "mirror pattern" ) was detected in 2 of 4 ADEM patients and 1 of 48 MS patients.Conclusion IEF with immunoblotting to detect OB is a reliable method of diagnosis for MS.     

Anti-aquaporin-4 antibody in Chinese patients with central nervous system inflammatory demyelinating disorders

Objective

To determine seroprevalence of aquaporin-4 (AQP4) antibody in Chinese patients with central nervous system (CNS) inflammatory demyelinating disorders.

Methods

AQP4 antibody was detected by anti-AQP4 antibody assay. We measured seroprevalence in 200 patients with neuromyelitis optica (NMO, n = 44), multiple sclerosis (MS, n = 46), transverse myelitis (TM, n = 44), optic neuritis (ON, n = 13), acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM, n = 2), and other neurological diseases (OND, n = 51).

Results

AQP4 antibody seropositivity was 88.6% in patients with NMO, 4.3% in patients with MS, 30.8% in patients with ON and 51.7% in patients with LETM (longitudinally extensive TM). No patients with acute partial TM, ADEM, OND were positive for AQP4 antibody. Sensitivity of the test was 88.6% (95% CI 80–95) in patients with NMO. Specificity is 97.9% (95% CI 95.1–100) in 46 MS patients, with 51 OND patients as the control group. If the patients with recurrent ON, LETM were considered high risk for NMO (n = 37) and the remaining patients (n = 119) were considered controls, the sensitivity of this assay would be 48.6% (95% CI 33.4–64.1) and the specificity 97.5% (95% CI 94.7–100).

Conclusion

This study confirms that AQP4 antibody is a sensitive and specific biomarker for discrimination between NMO and other CNS autoimmune diseases.     

Cell-mediated immunity to myelin-associated glycoprotein, proteolipid protein, and myelin basic protein in multiple sclerosis

Peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) from active and stable multiple sclerosis (MS) patients, patients with other neurologic diseases (OND), and control subjects were tested for sensitization to two myelin antigens not previously examined in multiple sclerosis, using a [3H]thymidine incorporation assay. The antigens investigated were myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG) and proteolipid protein (PLP). In addition, sensitization to myelin basic protein (MBP) was also tested. Lymphocyte stimulation indices in active MS patients that were greater than 2 standard deviations above controls were as follows: 9/30 for MAG, 0/17 for PLP, and 8/81 for MBP. No control subjects responded to MAG or PLP, and only 1/29 control subjects responded to MBP. Three of the patients that responded to MAG also responded to MBP. Although the mean proliferative response to MAG and to MBP was greater in the population of active MS patients than in stable MS, ONDs, or controls, the difference was not statistically significant. The OND group was the only population which proliferated to PLP (6/16). The only statistically significant differences among the groups for all myelin antigens tested were the proportion of individuals with active MS vs. controls that responded to MAG (P less than 0.05), and OND vs. controls and active MS that responded to PLP (P less than 0.025). The greatest individual responses to the three antigens tested were to MBP in active MS patients. Elimination of the T8 (cytotoxic/suppressor) subset amplified the responses to myelin antigens in some patients and ONDs studied. These studies have demonstrated reactivity to MAG but not PLP in some patients with active MS, and reactivity to PLP in some patients with other neurologic diseases.     

The distribution of myelin-associated glycoprotein and myelin basic protein in actively demyelinating multiple sclerosis lesions

Active plaques from 4 patients with multiple sclerosis were examined for myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG) and myelin basic protein (MBP) using the peroxidase-antiperoxidase (PAP) immunocytochemical procedure applied to paraffin sections. MBP loss was intimately related to the presence of infiltrating macrophages which appeared to remove MBP-positive fragments directly off intact myelin sheaths. Phagocytosis of MAG-positive myelin sheaths was also observed. These findings support previous morphological studies that suggest that phagocytosis by macrophages of myelin attached to axons is an important mechanism of demyelination in multiple sclerosis.     

NMO-IgG在中枢神经系统脱髓鞘疾病中的诊断价值

水通道蛋白4是维持中枢神经系统正常跨膜水转运、血-脑屏障完整性和中枢神经系统内环境稳定的水通道蛋白,其特异性自身抗体NMO-IgG是视神经脊髓炎的特异性生物学标志物,但其在视神经脊髓炎中的阳性率并非100%,甚至在某些其他中枢神经系统脱髓鞘疾病中也可检测到。本文拟对NMO-IgG在中枢神经系统脱髓鞘疾病中的意义进行概述,以加深对该抗体的认识并指导中枢神经系统脱髓鞘疾病的诊断与鉴别诊断。     

Oligoclonal IgG bands synthesized in the central nervous system are present in rats with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis

OBJECTIVE: Oligoclonal bands (OBs) in electrophoresis of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) are present in multiple sclerosis and here is investigated whether these also occur in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). MATERIAL AND METHODS: Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis was induced in 42 DA rats after immunization with rat spinal chord homogenate and the occurrence of OBs were detected by electrophoresis of both sera and CSF. The relationship between disease symptoms, antibody response against myelin basic protein (MBP), myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) and appearance of OBs was studied. RESULTS: Development of CSF-specific OB was found to occur, 6 weeks after immunization, in seven of 42 rats. OB was detected in rats with an antibody response against MBP, whereas as a role no such bands were present in rats with an antibody response against MOG. Initially severe disease symptoms were correlated to a concomitant intense oligoclonal antibody response. CONCLUSION: Cerebrospinal fluid-specific OB occurs in EAE. It is present in rats with an anti-MBP, but not in rats with an anti-MOG antibody response. A severe disease results in an intense oligoclonal antibody response, which might have an anti-inflammatory effect.     

Inflammatory demyelinating diseases of the central nervous system in Niger

Background

In sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), few studies have been reported on inflammatory demyelinating diseases of the central nervous system (CNS). Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSD) seems to be the most frequent inflammatory demyelinating disease of CNS in sub-Saharan Africans or people of sub-Saharan African descent.