驱油用表面活性剂的研究

综述了驱油用表面活性剂种类、制备方法、应用和研究趋势。三次采油中阴离子型表面活性剂应用最为普遍,其中以石油磺酸盐和烷基苯磺酸盐为最多,已有工业化产品;非离子表面活性剂常与磺酸盐类表面活性剂复配使用,可提高磺酸盐表面活性剂抗二价阳离子能力;生物发酵法制备的鼠李糖脂生物表面活性剂生产成本低,环境污染小,并已有工业化产品,是一种很有潜力的驱油体系;孪生表面活性剂具有许多优异的性能,在三次采油中应用前景广阔。研制耐高含盐量、耐高温、吸附损失低、成本低的表面活性剂成为驱油用表面活性剂的研究趋势。     

驱油用表面活性剂的研究进展

介绍了表面活性剂驱提高采收率机理,以及驱油用表面活性剂研究现状。重点介绍了改性碱木质素、石油磺酸盐、烷基苯磺酸盐、混合羧酸盐等油田应用最广泛的几种表面活性剂,指出表面活性剂驱面临的问题及发展趋势。     

碱—表面活性剂—聚合物驱油技术提高原油采收率

碱、表面活性剂和聚合物都是高效的驱油剂，复配的优势在于既发挥单一驱油剂的长处，又可使其产生协同效应，获得更好的驱油效果。现场试验证明：碱－表面活性剂－聚合物（ＡＳＰ）驱油技术能采出部分剩余油，并大幅度提高采油采收率。文章讨论ＡＳＰ驱油技术的工作原理，先导试验和现场应用情况及其经济效益分析。     

用表面活性剂驱油过程中的一些特点

异常粘性原油对油层的采收率系数有明显的影响。在油田开发中、层压的实际梯度在较宽的范围内变化，因此，原油可以在这种较小压力的最大结构破坏梯度与动力压力移动梯度下渗透。这可以引起渗透层的非完全（充分）吸收，其结果是导致不均衡地开发原油储量，降低最终采收率。     

一种驱油用表面活性剂的室内研究

长庆油田属于低渗油藏,大部分区块采收率仅在30%左右,提高采收率是增加原油可采储量的重要途径,表面活性剂能大幅度提高采收率,寻找一种高效率、低成本的驱油用表面活性剂已成为石油工作者的研究热点。经过大量室内实验,研制出一种β-萘磺酸盐甲醛缩合物表面活性剂,并对其进行了各项性能评价。实验结果表明:以β-萘磺酸盐甲醛缩合物为主的复配表面活性剂各项指标达到了现场应用要求,配以合理的注入工艺,在长庆油田具有较好的推广应用前景。     

筛选驱油用表面活性剂方法初探

为解决原油在表面活性剂溶液中乳化快慢程度难以表征的问题,自制乳化测定仪器,并提出了乳化速度的概念,对其测定条件及影响因素进行了考察,通过最终的驱油实验将乳化速度与最终采收率进行了关联.实验结果表明:单纯表面活性剂体系乳化速度都较低,适量加入碱剂可以大幅度提高表面活性剂的乳化速度;在模拟地层温度(40-60℃)条件下,温度越高,乳化速度越大,乳化效果越好;最大乳化速度分别对应着适当的表面活性剂质量分数和碱质量分数.室内驱油实验发现:对于高乳化速度体系(1.8 mL/min),驱替达到含水率为98%时对应的注入孔隙体积倍数为4.5;而对于低乳化速度体系(0.2 mL/min),驱替达到同样条件,注入孔隙体积倍数仅为3.5,高乳化速度体系能多提高最终采收率超过10%.     

驱油用表面活性剂

一、前言 表面活性剂是一类具有两亲结构的特殊化学物质，它们能够吸附在表（界）面上，在加入量很少时即可显著改变表（界）面的物理化学性质，从而产生一系列的应用功能。表面活性剂分子结构由亲水基和疏水基（也称亲油基）两部分组成。其中，亲油基一般由长链烃基构成，结构上差异较小，以碳氢基团为主，碳原子在8～20之间；亲水基部分的基团种类繁多，差别较大，一般为带电的离子基团和不带电的极性基团。表面活性剂被称作“工业味精”，可以用于洗涤、润滑、食品、化妆品、农业、采油等多个行业，多个领域。在油田作业中，表面活性剂可用于油田钻井、采油和集输环节。用于采油时，能够做驱油剂、堵水剂、酸化用添加剂、降粘剂和降凝剂以及油井的清蜡和防蜡。目前，表面活性剂驱油主要是用于各种化学驱油方法中。     

聚合物/表面活性剂复合体系在稠油油藏孔隙中的微观驱油过程

为了定性研究聚合物/表面活性剂复合体系对稠油的驱替效果,用显微镜观察复配体系在均质微观玻璃模型中的驱油过程,通过图像处理技术分析图像中的残余油分布情况、计算采收率,分析了复合体系的微观驱油机理,并与表面活性剂、聚合物和水驱驱油进行了对比。结果表明,水驱采收率最终可达56.94%,残余油主要存在形式为柱状、油滴状、膜状、盲端油、簇状等;表面活性剂驱残余油主要以盲端残余油、簇状残余油的形式存在于孔隙中,1%阴离子型表面活性剂(BCJ-11)驱后采收率增幅为29.46%;聚合物驱残余油主要以油丝、油膜的形式存在,注入100 PV 1500 mg/L部分水解聚丙烯酰胺(C6725)后的采收率增幅为22.12%;复合驱残余油的存在形式为油膜,1500 mg/L C6725和0.8%BCJ-11组成的复配体系驱替后的采收率增幅为34.59%。对束缚在孔隙中的几类残余油,聚合物/表面活性剂驱油体系具有的黏弹性和低界面张力可以使油相界面形成细丝状不断运移。复合驱油体系驱替残余油波及范围大,波及区域的洗油效率高。     

驱油用表面活性剂的发展

综述了驱油用磺酸盐类、羧酸盐类、非离子．阴离子两性型、烷基多糖苷类及gemini表面活性剂的发展。总结了驱油用表面活性剂选择的界面张力指标、界面黏度指标和相行为指标。指出驱油用表面活性剂的合成从原料选择到合成工艺逐步精细化的趋势。近几年来国外较重视非离子一阴离子表面活性剂以及烷基多糖苷的研究，认为是较有潜力的新型驱油用表面活性剂。参52。     

聚合物表面活性剂溶液微观驱油特征

为从微观研究聚合物表面活性剂(简称聚表剂)的驱油机理和驱油效果,采用微观刻蚀仿真模型进行微观可视化驱油实验,并与岩心驱替实验驱油效果对比。结果表明,在微观驱油实验中,水驱后微观模型中产生6种类型残余油,而聚表剂驱后对盲端残余油的驱替效果不明显;聚表剂的驱油机理主要是通过其增黏作用、黏弹性作用和乳化作用来扩大波及体积,降低渗流阻力",拉""、拽"残余油,将大油滴乳化分散成小油滴,从而将残余油有效驱出;不同浓度的聚表剂在微观模型和岩心驱替实验中的驱油效果基本相符,聚表剂浓度越大,残余油启动能力越高,驱油效果越好。聚表剂质量浓度为2000 mg/L时的驱油效果最好,采收率增幅为19.69%。图27表1参15     

The Characterization of Natural Surfactant and Polymer and Their Use in Enhanced Recovery of Oil

Abstract

Studies have been done to examine the applicability of natural surfactant and polymer for enhanced oil recovery. A detailed investigation has been made on interfacial and rheological properties of natural guar gum polymer and surfactant obtained from extracted soapnut shell. Based on the physicochemical properties of the surfactant and polymer solutions, optimum compositions were designed for flooding experiments. Three sets of experiments were performed to study enhanced oil recovery by injecting the same pore volume of polymer, surfactant–polymer, and alkaline–surfactant–polymer slug after brine flooding. Significantly higher additional recovery (~24% original oil in place) was obtained by alkaline–surfactant–polymer flooding compared to the other two methods over waterflooding (~50% original oil in place).     

Use of Oil-in-water Pickering Emulsion Stabilized by Nanoparticles in Combination With Polymer Flood for Enhanced Oil Recovery

Efficient flooding agents are required to produce additional oil from mature reservoir. In this work, oil-in-water Pickering emulsion systems stabilized using nanoparticles, surfactant, and polymer have been developed and tested for enhanced oil recovery with and without a conventional polymer flood. Stability of nanoparticles in the dispersion of surfactant-polymer solution was tested using zeta-potential before use. Several flooding experiments have been conducted using Berea core samples at 13.6 MPa and temperatures of 313 and 353 K. It has been observed that a combination of 0.5 PV polymer flood with 0.5 PV Pickering emulsion was efficient and have resulted in 1–6% additional oil recovery as compared to 0.5 PV Pickering emulsion flooding alone. The injection of polymer flood have shown to enhance the pressure drop in the core sample after emulsion flooding and considered as an important factor for an additional recovery of oil. The effect of temperature on the viscosity of flooding agents in relation to pressure drop and oil recovery have also been investigated. Viscosity and pressure drop of emulsion flood systems have shown to marginally decrease with increase in temperature. Studies on nanoparticle retention using SEM have shown that nanoparticles were retained in the core sample during emulsion flooding which may be detrimental for permeability of core sample. It is observed that Pickering emulsion flood with polymer flood would be effective for the enhanced oil recovery suitable for matured reservoirs.     

An Experimental Study of Surfactant Polymer for Enhanced Heavy Oil Recovery Using a Glass Micromodel by Adding Nanoclay

The nanotechnology has been widely used in several other industries, and the interest in the oil industry is increasing. Nanotechnology has the potential to profoundly change enhanced oil recovery (EOR) and to improve mechanism of recovery, and it chosen as an alternative method to unlock the remaining oil resources and applied as a new EOR method in last decade. Conventional production procedures give access to on average only one-third of the original oil in place, the use of surfactants and polymers allows for recovery of up to another third of this oil. Chemical flooding is of increasing interest and significance due to high oil prices and the need to increase oil production. Objective of this research is Identification of potential of nanoclay as an appropriate agent for improving the efficiency of surfactant polymer flooding in five-spot glass micromodels. In this work a series of solvent injection experiments was conducted on horizontal glass micromodels at same conditions. Observations showed that in the case of nanoclay concentration, the nanoparticles concentration increased the slope of recovery curve and consequently improved the final oil recovery. Also, the results of experiments illustrated that improvement of heavy oil recovery in micromodel test with nanoclay (60.6%).     

聚合物驱后利用OCS表面活性剂/聚合物二元体系提高采收率的研究

为进一步提高河南双河油田聚合物驱后原油采收率,进行了聚合物驱后利用OCS表面活性剂／聚合物二元体系驱油性能的研究。结果表明,OCS表面活性剂／聚合物二元体系是一种高效驱油剂,聚合物驱后利用OCS表面活性剂／聚合物二元体系可以进一步提高原油采收率。利用交联聚合物与OCS表面活性剂／聚合物二元体系相结合进行驱油的实验结果表明,聚合物驱后先用交联聚合物进行调剖,再注入OCS表面活性剂／聚合物二元高效驱油剂,提高采收率的效果更好。     

反相乳液法制备水溶性聚合物的研究

简要介绍了反相乳液聚合机理,详细介绍了反相乳液聚合类型,分为引发剂引发的反相乳液聚合,引发剂包括油溶性引发剂和水溶性引发剂;辐射引发的反相乳液聚合;超临界中的反相乳液聚合。探讨了影响反相乳液聚合的主要因素,包括乳化剂、连续相、搅拌以及pH和氧等其他因素。概述了反相乳液聚合法在制备水溶性聚合物方面的研究和应用,包括制备阴离子水溶性聚合物、阳离子水溶性聚合物、两性离子聚合物及两亲聚合物。最后简要介绍反相乳液聚合产品的席用领域。     

反相乳液聚合制备增稠剂

通过反相乳液聚合制备了一种增稠剂，考察了交联剂、引发剂及疏水共聚单体对增稠剂性能的影响。结果表明，聚合过程中加入疏水共聚单体，可有效改善增稠剂的粘度和耐电解质性能。     

乳液聚合制备聚合物纳米微球的研究进展

聚合物纳米微球作为一种功能高分子材料,在诸多领域有着广泛的应用前景。随着乳液聚合新技术的发展,利用乳液聚合制备聚合物纳米微球的报道不断增多。综述了近年来国内外采用乳液聚合制备聚合物纳米微球的研究进展,主要包括无皂乳液聚合、种子乳液聚合、辐射乳液聚合、分散聚合、微乳液聚合、细乳液聚合和活性自由基乳液聚合,并对乳液聚合制备聚合物纳米微球的研究方向进行了展望。     

聚合物驱后油藏提高采收率技术研究

根据室内实验和现场试验效果分析了聚合物驱后油藏进一步提高原油采收率的技术潜力。室内驱油实验表明,聚合物＋表面活性剂二元复合驱提高采收率为17．6％～20．1％,提高采收率幅度高于单一表面活性剂驱（3％左右）和单一聚合物驱（11％～15％）,高于表面活性剂驱和聚合物驱二者之和,优于同等经济条件下聚合物驱的效果。孤岛中一区Ng3～6和孤东六区聚合物注入完成后接着实施二元复合驱,综合含水进一步下降,日产油量明显增加。聚合物溶液中加入粘弹性颗粒PPG（PreformedParticleGel）后,体系从偏粘性转变为偏弹性,具有较强的剖面调整能力。2009年2月在聚合物驱转后续水驱多年的孤岛中一区Ng3单元实施聚合物＋PPG驱,注入压力上升了1．4MPa,油层纵向非均质性明显改善,纵向各层吸水趋于均匀。     

以糠醛抽出油为原料制备三次采油用表面活性剂

以糠醛抽出油为原料,通过磺化制备了一种表面活性剂KOCS。界面张力测试结果表明,在强碱NaOH存在的条件下,当KOVS含量为0．2％,碱含量在0．6％～1．4％范围时,KOCS体系与大庆四厂原油可形成超低界面张力(-10^-3mN／m)。在无碱条件下,KOCS表面活性剂单独用于大港油田枣园1256断块原油时,油-水界面张力可达到10^-2mN／m。KOCS能够满足不同油田化学驱对表面活性剂的要求。     

Pre-prepared Microemulsion Flooding in Enhanced Oil Recovery: A Review

It is evident that one of the important applications of microemulsions is in enhanced oil recovery (EOR) process due to its unique properties such as ultra-low interfacial tension. The injection of microemulsion slug reduces the interfacial tension between the crude oil and reservoir brine, which leads to mobilization of substantial fraction of residual oil. In general microemulsion flooding is classified into two distinct categories, pre-prepared and in situ prepared, depending on its preparation method. The authors present a detailed discussion of microemulsion preparation and summarizes major articles on pre-prepared microemulsion flooding in EOR processes. Their review opens new horizons for the future researches on pre-prepared microemulsion flooding in EOR processes by organizing the literature data and comparing them.