基于极端气温指数的高寒内流区升温特征分析

基于高寒内流区26个国家气象站的日气温资料,利用线性趋势法、5年滑动平均等方法分析高寒内流区近49年升温特征,结果表明：（1）1969-2017年,高寒内流区整体暖化。平均气温、平均最高气温、平均最低气温均呈显著上升趋势,年平均最低气温的上升趋势是年平均最高气温的1.5倍。空间上平均最高和最低气温均呈由东南向西北增加的趋势。（2）极端气温指数暖化趋势明显,生长季长度、极端气温暖指数以及一些冷指数（日最高气温的极低值）在高寒内流区北部增暖幅度较大,冰冻日数、霜冻日数在高寒内流区西南部、南部增温明显。暖指数和生长季长度自20世纪60年代以来呈上升趋势,而一些冷指数（冷昼日数和冷夜日数）、冰冻日数、霜冻日数和气温日较差的斜率多年来呈下降趋势。（3）冷指数的减小幅度大于暖指数的增大幅度,夜指数的减小幅度大于昼指数的增大幅度。（4）高寒内流区极端高温指数（日最高气温的极高值和日最高气温的极低值）受海拔影响较大;极端高温事件主要发生在低海拔区;极端气温随着大西洋副高强度增加、面积增大、脊线指数偏大,北界指数偏大,西太平洋副高位置偏东、强度加大呈增暖趋势。     

1961—2008年淮河流域气温和降水变化趋势

利用淮河流域170个地面气象观测站观测数据,统计分析了淮河流域1961—2008年间气温和降水的时空变化趋势。结果表明:48 a间淮河流域年平均气温呈显著上升趋势,冬季平均气温的增温幅度最大,春、秋次之;年极端最低气温亦呈显著上升趋势,年极端低温日数(满足该站极端低温阈值)则呈明显下降趋势;流域西北部年极端最高气温呈显著下降趋势,流域西部年极端高温日数(满足该站极端高温阈值)呈显著下降趋势;降水量总体变化趋势未通过统计检验,但1990s开始,秋季降水量呈下降趋势,2000年之后年降水量明显增加,夏季降水量亦增加;春季和秋季降水日数呈显著下降趋势,夏季和冬季无明显变化。     

1961—2010年锡林郭勒盟极端气温事件变化分析

根据1961—2010年锡林郭勒盟的平均气温及逐日最高、最低气温资料,详细分析了年平均气温、年季平均最高、最低气温以及极端气温的变化规律和特点。结果表明:锡林郭勒盟的年平均气温与全国同步,呈显著上升趋势;年平均最高、最低气温都呈增温趋势,季平均最高、最低气温的变化存在较大的季节性差异,冬季和秋季的增暖趋势异常明显,日较差整体呈现减小趋势;高温日数呈上升趋势,低温日数均呈下降趋势。     

1965—2017年东江中上游流域气温变化特征分析

利用东江中上游江流域8个气象站1965—2017年逐日气温资料,采用线性趋势分析、小波分析和Mann-Kendall突变检验等方法分析了东江中上游流域气温的变化特征。结果表明：1965—2017年东江中上游流域年平均气温以0.17 ℃/(10 a)速率显著上升;秋季平均气温上升最显著,冬季、夏季次之,春季不显著;年高温日数以3 526 d/(10 a)的速率显著增多。年与季平均气温和年高温日数均存在突变,各气象站年与季平均气温均大致呈自南向北依次递减分布。上游的高温日数略多于中游。各气象站年平均气温上升趋势均显著,春、夏季均以连平为中心上升幅度最大,秋季为上升趋势最明显的季节,冬季以连平为中心上升趋势最显著。各气象站年高温日数增多趋势均显著,增幅最大为连平,最小为龙川。年平均气温存在4、8—9、13—14、18—19 a的周期变化,高温日数存在2、6、10—11、25—26 a的周期变化。     

鲁中地区极端高温变化特征分析

基于1966—2015年鲁中地区8个气象站日最高气温、日最低气温和相对湿度气象观测资料,利用年最高气温、高温日数、极端高温日数、暖夜日数、炎热日数和高温热浪日数等指数,研究其极端高温天气变化特征。结果表明:鲁中地区近50 a年最高气温随时间变化呈增加趋势,1990年后增加趋势明显,有6 a左右的主要变化周期,主要空间变化规律一致;极端高温天气呈增强趋势,尤其在1990年以后,年炎热日数和轻度高温热浪日数最多出现在1994年,年高温日数最多出现在1997年,年极端高温、暖夜日数和重度高温热浪日数均出现在2005年;中部地区发生极端高温天气频率高,南部山区发生频率低。     

龙川县近50年气温变化的特征分析

根据龙川县气象站1961—2010年气温资料,利用线性回归方程、Mann-Kendall突变检验等方法分析龙川县近50年气温变化特征,结果表明:龙川县气温变化呈上升趋势,气候倾向率为0.020 6℃/年;四季度气温都有不同程度的上升趋势,下半年气温上升趋势大于上半年;极端高温天气日数呈现上升趋势,极端低温天气日数呈现下降趋势,极端低温日数下降趋势明显大于极端高温日数上升趋势。     

喀什市极端气温指数长期变化及突变特征分析

利用喀什市1961—2012年逐日最高、最低、平均气温资料,采用回归分析、R/S分析、Morlet小波分析及Mann-kendall突变检验等方法,分析了喀什市极端气温长期变化趋势、持续性、周期变化及突变特征。结果表明:喀什市年平均气温呈显著上升趋势,升温率高于全球及全国水平且主要变暖从20世纪90年代开始,较全国同期增温时间滞后;极端高温、夏季日数呈显著增加趋势,极端低温、霜冻日数呈减少趋势,经R/S分析,极端气温指数及年平均气温序列具有较好的连续性,未来喀什市气温保持升高,极端高温、夏季日数增加,极端低温、霜冻日数减少;喀什市极端气温指数在时间域上包含了多个尺度的周期变化,各类极端气温指数具有不同强度的周期变化特征;近52a极端高温日数在1995年发生突变,夏季日数、极端低温、霜冻日数的突变均发生在2001年左右。     

1961~2010年西北地区极端气候事件变化特征

利用1961~2010年西北地区131个气象站的逐日平均气温、最高和最低气温及逐日降水资料,分析了西北地区极端气候事件的变化趋势及空间分布特征。结果表明:气候变暖背景下,西北地区近50 a来气温整体呈增加趋势,极端高温事件增多,极端低温事件减少;降水量呈微弱的增加趋势,极端降水事件增多;极端高温日数分别在1982年和1996年发生转折,95%、99%极端低温日数均在1980年前后发生突变,95%、99%极端降水日数分别在2000年和1980年出现转折,这与气温和降水的变化趋势一致。极端低温日数减少的幅度大于极端高温日数增加的幅度,表明气温日较差呈减小趋势,存在非对称性增温特征。空间上,增温率大的区域其极端高温日数增加,极端低温日数显著减少;95%、99%极端降水日数增率大的区域多位于降水量倾向率较高的地区。     

平顶山近50 a气温和降水变化特征分析

利用平顶山地区7个气象站1957-2008年气温和降水资料,采用直线回归法对其变化趋势进行分析,结果表明:近50 a来该地区气温呈上升趋势,夏季气温呈下降趋势,春、秋、冬季为上升趋势;在温室效应作用下,平顶山市区四季平均气温均呈上升趋势.降水量总体呈上升趋势,四季中冬、夏季为增加趋势,春、秋季为减少趋势.高温、低温、暴雨日数呈减少趋势.     

近51年新兴县的气温变化特征

分析新兴县气象观测站1958～2008年气温资料的变化特征。结果表明:近51年新兴县气温呈波动上升趋势,1997年之后平均气温进入一个迅速上升阶段,各月、季气温变化趋势不同,极端气温增温趋势显著,高温天气日数逐年增多,低温天气日数逐年减少。     

南京极值温度长期变化及其与平均温度的关系

利用1951—2009年南京日平均气温、日最高气温以及日最低气温等资料,分析了南京日最高气温和最低气温的长期演变趋势及其与平均温度的关系。结果表明：近60 a来,南京年平均气温、年平均最高气温、年平均最低气温均呈变暖趋势,20世纪90年代增温尤为明显;日最高气温,除夏季表现为降温趋势外,其他季节均为升温趋势;而四季平均气温和平均最低气温均为增温趋势;夏季气温日较差下降趋势明显,导致夏季昼夜温差减小;极端高温、低温的发生日数均呈下降趋势。极端气温与平均气温之间存在明显的相关性,且极端低温对平均气温影响更为明显。     

1961—2010年山西省极端气温年均发生频率的时空特征分析

利用山西省61个气象站点逐日最高温度、最低温度资料,采用百分位值定义法、Mann原Kendall突变检验法和Morlet小波变换等方法,分析了山西省近50 a极端温度事件年均发生频率的时空特征,结果表明：1961年以来,山西省极端高温事件年均发生频率呈显著增加趋势,趋势为6.1 d/10 a,与此同时,极端低温事件年均发生频率呈显著减少趋势,且极端气温事件的变化存在明显的区域差异;极端高温和极端低温年均发生频率均发生了突变现象,变化趋势均在20世纪90年代以来更加显著;极端高温和极端低温事件年均发生频率均呈显著波动变化,在整个研究期间极端高温存在5～6a、4～8a显著周期,极端低温存在4～5a显著周期。     

黔西南州高温天气时空变化特征分析

【目的】当前气候背景下,黔西南州的高温热浪事件越来越频繁,为了进一步揭示黔西南高温天气的时空分布特征,减少高温天气对农业、生态等各方面带来损失和不利影响。【方法】该文利用1961—2022年黔西南州8个国家气象站以及2009—2022年208个区域气象站的逐日平均气温、最高气温数据,运用常规统计方法对黔西南州高温天气的时空分布特征进行了分析。【结果】（1）空间上,黔西南州高温天气主要分布在册亨和望谟一带,呈现明显的区域性特征,同时黔西南州的平均气温、高温日数及极端最高气温均呈现东南高西北低的分布特征;（2）黔西南州高温天气主要发生在春季和夏季（4—8月）,4月和5月气温最高,而大范围高温主要出现在5月中下旬、7月中旬和8月,其中8月最为集中,持续时间最长,基本维持一个月之久,日变化上最高气温主要集中在15—17时;（3）近62 a来黔西南州平均气温和每年高温日数呈显著增加趋势。【结论】总体来看,黔西南州高温天气具有持续时间长、区域分布不均、高温频发区域集中等特征,气温随海拔高度的升高逐渐降低,高温日数频发区与南亚热带气候区密切相关。     

基于均一化资料的中国大陆极端温度的长期趋势

近百年来,全球气候变暖。这与暖日和暖夜增加,冷日和冷夜减少相关联。文章研究结果进一步证实了这一发现。本文基于1960-2012年中国大陆542个台站均一化气温资料,通过将中国大陆划分为8个次区域,利用百分位定义法计算了极端温度指数序列,同时,运用时间趋势分析法,对中国大陆各区域极端温度和极端温度指数的时空分布及变化趋势特征进行了分析。结果表明:在全球变暖的背景下,从地理分布而言,中国大陆在过去53年除西南地区外,大部分地区最低和最高温度有显著的升高趋势,其中,东北温度升高最为明显;从季节而言,冬季极端温度升高最为明显,夏季升高最少;最低温度明显升高,最高温度也有所升高,但是最低温度的升高幅度更大。冷夜和冷日出现频率呈减少趋势,暖夜和暖日出现频率呈增加趋势,其中以冷夜指数变化最为突出,均呈现一种区域差异的现象。本文利用更新的资料验证了前人的工作,也进一步分区分析,结果可为更多地区评估以及进一步的相关研究提供参考。     

Long-Term Trends in Extreme Temperatures in Hong Kong and Southern China

The observed long-term trends in extreme temperatures in Hong Kong were studied based on the meteorological data recorded at the Hong Kong Observatory Headquarters from 1885-2008. Results show that, over the past 124 years, the extreme daily minimum and maximum temperatures, as well as the length of the warm spell in Hong Kong, exhibit statistically significant long-term rising trends, while the length of the cold spell shows a statistically significant decreasing trend. The time-dependent return period analysis also indicated that the return period for daily minimum temperature at 4°C or lower lengthened considerably from 6 years in 1900 to over 150 years in 2000, while the return periods for daily maximum temperature reaching 35°C or above shortened drastically from 32 years in 1900 to 4.5 years in 2000. Past trends in extreme temperatures from selected weather stations in southern China from 1951-2004 were also assessed. Over 70% of the stations studied yielded a statistically significant rising trend in extreme daily minimum temperature, while the trend for extreme maximum temperatures was found to vary, with no significant trend established for the majority of stations.     

INVESTIGATION OF THE SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL DISTRIBUTION OF EXTREME HIGH TEMPERATURE IN CHINA WITH DETRENDED FLUCTUATION AND PERMUTATION ENTROPY

With temperatures increasing as a result of global warming,extreme high temperatures are becoming more intense and more frequent on larger scale during summer in China.In recent years,a variety of researches have examined the high temperature distribution in China.However,it hardly considers the variation of temperature data and systems when defining the threshold of extreme high temperature.In order to discern the spatio-temporal distribution of extreme heat in China,we examined the daily maximum temperature data of 83 observation stations in China from 1950 to 2008.The objective of this study was to understand the distribution characteristics of extreme high temperature events defined by Detrended Fluctuation Analysis(DFA).The statistical methods of Permutation Entropy(PE)were also used in this study to analyze the temporal distribution.The results showed that the frequency of extreme high temperature events in China presented 3 periods of 7,10—13 and 16—20 years,respectively.The abrupt changes generally happened in the 1960s,the end of 1970s and early 1980s.It was also found that the maximum frequency occurred in the early 1950s,and the frequency decreased sharply until the late 1980s when an evidently increasing trend emerged.Furthermore,the annual averaged frequency of extreme high temperature events reveals a decreasing-increasing-decreasing trend from southwest to northeast China,but an increasing-decreasing trend from southeast to northwest China.And the frequency was higher in southern region than that in northern region.Besides,the maximum and minimum of frequencies were relatively concentrated spatially.Our results also shed light on the reasons for the periods and abrupt changes of the frequency of extreme high temperature events in China.     

武汉市10个主要极端天气气候指数变化趋势分析

根据武汉市1951—2007年逐日气温、降水量计算分析了10个极端天气气候指数的变化特征。结果表明:1)4个气温指数中,年及四季高、低温阈值均为上升趋势,并造成最长热浪天数的延长和霜冻日数的减少;低温阈值升速明显快于高温阈值,高温阈值仅在春季变化显著,最长热浪天数仅在冬季变化显著;低温阈值则为极显著上升趋势,尤其是年和冬季,造成"热春"、"暖冬"频繁;暖夜、闷热、傍晚至夜间的强对流等显著增多,暖日、高温热浪增加,霜冻日大幅减少。2)6个极端降水指数以增趋势为主,其中强降水阈值、比例、日数以及最大5日降水量在冬季增趋势最明显,仅夏季强降水阈值、比例略有减小,冬季日降水强度的增大趋势、夏季持续干期的缩短趋势显著性水平分别可达0.1、0.01。3)一些气温指数在1980—1990年代发生突变,而降水指数未现突变。     

Simulation of extreme precipitation indices in the Yangtze River basin by using statistical downscaling method (SDSM)

In this study, the applicability of the statistical downscaling model (SDSM) in modeling five extreme precipitation indices including R10 (no. of days with precipitation ≥10?mm?day^?1), SDI (simple daily intensity), CDD (maximum number of consecutive dry days), R1d (maximum 1-day precipitation total) and R5d (maximum 5-day precipitation total) in the Yangtze River basin, China was investigated. The investigation mainly includes the calibration and validation of SDSM model on downscaling daily precipitation, the validation of modeling extreme precipitation indices using independent period of the NCEP reanalysis data, and the projection of future regional scenarios of extreme precipitation indices. The results showed that: (1) there existed good relationship between the observed and simulated extreme precipitation indices during validation period of 1991–2000, the amount and the change pattern of extreme precipitation indices could be reasonably simulated by SDSM. (2) Under both scenarios A2 and B2, during the projection period of 2010–2099, the changes of annual mean extreme precipitation indices in the Yangtze River basin would be not obvious in 2020s; while slightly increase in the 2050s; and significant increase in the 2080s as compared to the mean values of the base period. The summer might be the more distinct season with more projected increase of each extreme precipitation indices than in other seasons. And (3) there would be distinctive spatial distribution differences for the change of annual mean extreme precipitation indices in the river basin, but the most of Yangtze River basin would be dominated by the increasing trend.     

Trends in Precipitation Concentration and Extremes in the Mediterranean Penedès-Anoia Region, Ne Spain

The high variability of the Mediterranean climate from year to year and within each year makes it difficult to assess changes that could be associated with a climate change. In this paper some indices, such as changes in the precipitation concentration during the year, maximum 1-day and 5-day precipitation, number of wet days (total and those with precipitation higher than the 75th and 95th percentile), magnitude and frequency of extreme events (considered as the rainfall higher than that corresponding to the 99th percentile), fraction of annual total precipitation due to events exceeding the 95th and 99th percentile, strength of the events, and length and frequency of dry period (days between consecutive rains) are evaluated for the Penedès-Anoia region (NE Spain). A 80-year daily dataset (1923–2002) and two 40-year series were used to assess possible trends. The indices indicate an increase in precipitation in winter and summer and a positive trend of concentration in autumn, with a higher number of extreme events separated by longer dry periods. The total number of wet days per year increased, although it was irregularly distributed over the year, with an increase in the extremes and in the fraction of total rainfall that these events represent in autumn and winter, and with an increase of the strength of the events in autumn. These changes in rainfall distribution have negative effects on water availability for crops and contribute to accelerate erosion processes in the area.